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Optics Express

  • Editor: C. Martijn de Sterke
  • Vol. 20, Iss. 27 — Dec. 17, 2012
  • pp: 28494–28499

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Current-pulse-induced enhancement of transient photodetective effect in tilted manganite film

H. Ni, K. Zhao, J. F. Xi, X. Feng, W. F. Xiang, S. Q. Zhao, Y.-C. Kong, and H. K. Wong  »View Author Affiliations


Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 27, pp. 28494-28499 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.028494


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Abstract

A current-pulse-induced enhancement effect of transient photovoltage has been discovered in tilted manganite La2/3Ca1/3MnO3 film at room temperature. Here, by applying a pulsed current stimulus before pulse laser irradiation, we observed a significant enhancement of more than 50% in photovoltaic sensitivity. The current-pulse-induced photovoltaic enhancement can be tuned not only by the stimulating current value but also by the stimulating time. Such enhancement is time-sensitive and reproducible. This electrically induced effect, observed at room temperature, has both the benefit of a discovery in materials properties and the promise of applications for thin film manganites in photodetectors.

© 2012 OSA

1. Introduction

Due to strong couplings between charge, spin, orbit, and lattice in manganites with a perovskite-type structure, a variety of energetically competing electronic phases with different electric and magnetic properties coexist, leading to rich exotic effects. External stimuli from magnetic field, electric field, light illumination, temperature, pressure, and so on can break the subtle phase balance, resulting in the significant changes in the electric and magnetic properties [1

M. Imada, A. Fujimori, and Y. Tokura, “Metal-insulator transitions,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 70(4), 1039–1263 (1998). [CrossRef]

–18

P. R. Sagdeo, R. J. Choudhary, and D. M. Phase, “Possible origin of photoconductivity in La0.7Ca0.3MnO3,” J. Appl. Phys. 107(2), 023709 (2010). [CrossRef]

]. One of the most famous phenomena is the so-called colossal magnetoresistance (CMR), which is viewed as a magnetic-field induced insulator-to-metal (IM) transition. In this sense, these external driving forces can be used as the tuning parameters to modulate the properties of the manganites, which is of special interest from the application viewpoint. However, many effective stimuli work at low temperature, which restricts its application. Much effort has been concentrated on obtaining effective properties change using relatively small external stimuli at room temperature, such as room-temperature magnetoresistance effect [19

S. Gupta, R. Ranjit, C. Mitra, P. Raychaudhuri, and R. Pinto, “Enhanced room-temperature magnetoresistance in La0.7Sr0.3MnO3-glass composites,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 78(3), 362–364 (2001). [CrossRef]

, 20

S. Q. Liu, N. J. Wu, and A. Ignatiev, “Electric-pulse-induced reversible resistance change effect in magnetoresistive films,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76(19), 2749–2751 (2000). [CrossRef]

].

Recently researches have proved that the tilted manganite film (the epitaxial orientation of the film is tilted to the film surface normal due to the miscut substate) shows picosecond photoresponses for the laser pulse at room temperature [21

H. Ni, K. Zhao, K. J. Jin, Y. C. Kong, H. K. Wong, W. F. Xiang, S. Q. Zhao, and S. X. Zhong, “Nano-domain orientation modulation of photoresponse based on anisotropic transport in manganite films,” Euro Phys. Lett. 97(4), 46005 (2012). [CrossRef]

]. Due to the tilted structure, photoinduced nonequilibrium carriers can be separated spontaneously in the diffusion process without any applied bias leading to a transient lateral photovoltage [21

H. Ni, K. Zhao, K. J. Jin, Y. C. Kong, H. K. Wong, W. F. Xiang, S. Q. Zhao, and S. X. Zhong, “Nano-domain orientation modulation of photoresponse based on anisotropic transport in manganite films,” Euro Phys. Lett. 97(4), 46005 (2012). [CrossRef]

]. Such transient photovoltaic characteristics enable us to develop ultrafast optoelectronic devices work at or above room temperature, such as photodetectors and photoswitches. To improve photovoltaic sensitivity of manganite-based photodetectors and also to meet the demand for useful photoelectronic devices operated at and above room temperature, researches on the external stimulus effect at room temperature should be done to improve their performance. Previously we presented the voltage-tunable transient photoresponse properties in a tilted La0.4Ca0.6MnO3 film [22

X. M. Li, K. Zhao, H. Ni, S. Q. Zhao, Z. Q. Lu, Z. J. Yue, W. F. Xiang, and F. Wang, “Voltage tunable photodetecting properties of La0.4Ca0.6MnO3 films grown on miscut LaSrAlO4 substrates,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(4), 044104 (2010). [CrossRef]

]. The applied external electric field can improve or depress the sensitivity of transient photoresponse, but at the same time it also increased the lifetime of nonequilibrium carrier, leading to an increase of response time or even worse—the breakdown current will break the devices. In this paper, we reported the enhancement of transient photovoltaic responses at room temperature by pulse current stimuli in a tilted manganite film. By applying a pulsed current stimulus before laser irradiation, we observed that the photovoltaic signal displays notable enhancement. Nucleation of metallic filamentary paths induced by the pulse current play an important role in the enhancement effect.

2. Experimental details

A La2/3Ca1/3MnO3 (LCMO) thin film was deposited on a miscut MgO substrate by facing-target sputtering technique from stoichiometry targets [22

X. M. Li, K. Zhao, H. Ni, S. Q. Zhao, Z. Q. Lu, Z. J. Yue, W. F. Xiang, and F. Wang, “Voltage tunable photodetecting properties of La0.4Ca0.6MnO3 films grown on miscut LaSrAlO4 substrates,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(4), 044104 (2010). [CrossRef]

]. The miscut substrate means that the substrates were cut with a tilt angle α with respect to the [001] direction (Fig. 1(a) ). During deposition, the substrate temperature was being kept at 680 °C and oxygen partial pressure was ~30 mTorr. The film thickness of ~100 nm was controlled by sputtering time and deposition rate. After deposition, the vacuum chamber was immediately filled with 1 atm oxygen gas to improve the oxygen stoichiometry. Subsequently, we switched off the substrate heater power and let the sample cool to room temperature naturally. Cross-sectional high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (JEOL 2100) was adopted to characterize the structure of the as-deposited sample [21

H. Ni, K. Zhao, K. J. Jin, Y. C. Kong, H. K. Wong, W. F. Xiang, S. Q. Zhao, and S. X. Zhong, “Nano-domain orientation modulation of photoresponse based on anisotropic transport in manganite films,” Euro Phys. Lett. 97(4), 46005 (2012). [CrossRef]

]. The film exhibited good [101]-oriented epitaxial growth and uniform in-plane orientation.

Fig. 1 Schematic illustrations of the sample, electrode structure and the measurement circuit. (a) Diagram of the sample showing the epitaxial growth relationship of [001]MgO//[101]LCMO. α is the tilt angle. (b) Schematic diagram of the electrodes configuration and the measurement circuit.

Before transport experiments we cut the LCMO/MgO sample into 4 mm × 2.5 mm in-plane dimensions. Figure 1 shows a schematic illustration of the samples, electrode structure and the circuit of the measurement used in our experiments. Owing to the epitaxial growth, the LCMO [101] axis as well as the MgO [001] axis is tilted to the surface normal n at an angle of 10°. Rectangular colloidal silver electrodes with the size of 0.75 mm × 2.5 mm were painted on the surface of LCMO film, shown in Fig. 1(b), and an ohm contact was confirmed by the linear current-voltage characteristics. A single-pole double-throw switch (SPDT) was used to complete the conversion between current stimuli and photovoltage measurement. We adopted a Keithley 2400 source meter as the stimulating current IS source. Pulsed current stimuli (current value of IS; pulse width tS) were directly applied to the film along the tilt direction (the projection of the [101] axis to the film surface) (SPDT at position “1”). As shown in Fig. 1(b) after a relaxation time τ SPDT was changed to position “2” to record a photovoltaic signal between two silver electrodes on the surface of LCMO film by a bandwidth sampling digital oscilloscope terminated into 50 Ω under a 248 nm KrF excimer pulsed laser irradiation (a pulse width 20 ns duration, energy density of 0.2 mJmm−2 and a repetition rate of 1 Hz). An aperture with 2.5 × 2.5 mm2 in area on the surface of LCMO film was chosen to keep the laser away from irradiating electrodes.

3. Results and discussion

A transient open-circuit photovoltaic signal V0 of the LCMO film was recorded under the irradiation of a 248 nm laser pulse without any bias current application as shown in Fig. 2 . When we applied a current pulse (IS = 20 mA; tS = 2 s) to the film and measured the transient photovoltaic signals two seconds after the current-stimulated process, we found that the signal is largely enhanced by the pulse current stimulus, and the top peak photovoltage VPT and the down peak photovoltage -VPD increased rapidly from 38.8 mV and 6.4 mV to 56.0 mV and 16.0 mV for τ = 2 s, respectively. Such photoresponse enhancement due to the current pulse is reproducible strongly and depends on the relaxation time τ after the current stimulus process. With increasing of τ, the peak photovoltage undergoes a consecutive drop and reduces to 42.0 mV and 8.0 mV for VPT and -VPD at τ = 15 s, respectively. When we measured photovoltaic signals 50 seconds (τ = 50 s,) after the current stimulus, the enhancement of the photoresponse signal disappeared. It is obvious that not only the positive photovoltage but also the negative photovoltage in the waveform of the photoresponse were enhanced by the current pulse stimulus. This overall amplification is different from other signal gain mechanisms such as the applied bias [22

X. M. Li, K. Zhao, H. Ni, S. Q. Zhao, Z. Q. Lu, Z. J. Yue, W. F. Xiang, and F. Wang, “Voltage tunable photodetecting properties of La0.4Ca0.6MnO3 films grown on miscut LaSrAlO4 substrates,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(4), 044104 (2010). [CrossRef]

]. In the present measurement, it is worth note that the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the photovoltaic signal is ~20 ns which is limited by the laser pulse. For this reason, both the rise and fall times of the waveform show invariability to the current stimulus.

Fig. 2 The open-circuit photovoltaic signals under a 248 nm pulse laser irradiation after different relaxation time τ following a current stimulus (IS = 20 mA; tS = 2 s). The inset shows the corresponding top peak photovoltage VPT and down peak photovoltage –VPD as a function of relaxation time τ. The dash lines are guides to eyes.

The transient photovoltaic response is sensitive to the current pulse stimulating time. Figure 3 presented the photovoltaic enhancement with the increasing of tS (IS = 20 mA; τ = 2 s). VPT and –VPD exhibit a rapid growth to 62.0 m V and 19.6 mV, respectively, as tS increasing to 3 s. And then, further increase in tS (from 3 to 7 s) produces a slight variation of VPT and –VPD. The rate of change in photovoltage, defined as ∆VP/V0P = (VP-V0P)/V0P, can reach to ~50% and ~240% for VPT and –VPD using a current stimulus, respectively. In addition the influences on the photovoltage of different stimulating current IS (tS = 2 s; τ = 2 s) were analyzed and summarized in Fig. 4 . VPT and -VpD increase from 38.8 mV and 6.4 mV to 56.0 mV at 20 mA following a slight variation and 25.2 mV as IS increases from 0 to 40 mA. The ∆VP/V0P = (VP-V0P)/V0P reached to ~50% and ~300% for VPT and –VPD using a 40 mA current stimulus, respectively. These results suggested that the current-pulse-induced photovoltaic enhancement can be tuned not only by the stimulating time but also the stimulating current value.

Fig. 3 The open-circuit photovoltaic signals under a 248 nm pulse laser irradiation after relaxation time τ of 2 s following a current stimulus IS of 20 mA with different current stimulating time tS. The inset shows the rate of change in photovoltage, defined as ∆VP/V0P, as a function of current stimulation time tS. The dash lines are guides to eyes.
Fig. 4 The open-circuit photovoltaic signals under a 248 nm pulse laser irradiation after relaxation time τ of 2 s following different current stimulus IS with a current stimulating time tS = 2 s. The inset shows the rate of change in photovoltage, defined as ∆VP/V0P, as a function of the stimulating current IS. The dash lines are guides to eyes.

As we know, when the direct current passes through a resistance, it will generate Joule heat leading to the increase of temperature. With the increase of stimulating current or stimulating time the temperature of the film increases and accelerates the recombination of photoinduced nonequilibrium carriers. From Fig. 3, we can see that the peak voltage shows the saturation at tS>2s. Our experiments based on the temperature dependence of photovoltaic effects in tilted LCMO films also showed that the peak photovoltage kept stable in the temperature range of 300 K–673 K [23

S. S. Zhao, H. Ni, K. Zhao, Y. C. Kong, H. K. Wong, S. Q. Zhao, and W. F. Xiang, “Laser induced photovoltaic effects in manganite films for high temperature photodetecting applications in oil and gas optics,” Opt. Commun. 288, 72–75 (2013). [CrossRef]

]. Thus, we cannot simply attribute the enhancement of transient photodetective effect to the increasing temperature due to pulsed current stimuli. There should be another mechanism working in current stimulation which resulted in the enhancement of transient photovoltages.

In perovskite manganites magnetic-field can largely depress the resistance with IM transition near Curie temperature TC. Except for magnetic field, there exist several other external stimuli causing a transition from an insulating state to a metallic state, which includes pressure, optical stimuli and electric field stimuli [6

Y. Moritomo, H. Kuwahara, Y. Tomioka, and Y. Tokura, “Pressure effects on charge-ordering transitions in Perovskite manganites,” Phys. Rev. B 55(12), 7549–7556 (1997). [CrossRef]

–10

V. Kiryukhin, D. Casa, J. P. Hill, B. Keimer, A. Vigliante, Y. Tomioka, and Y. Tokura, “An X-ray-induced insulator–metal transition in a magnetoresistive manganite,” Nature 386(6627), 813–815 (1997). [CrossRef]

]. Y. Moritomo reported that application of pressure induces a metallic phase from the low-temperature side in the charge ordered insulating phase [6

Y. Moritomo, H. Kuwahara, Y. Tomioka, and Y. Tokura, “Pressure effects on charge-ordering transitions in Perovskite manganites,” Phys. Rev. B 55(12), 7549–7556 (1997). [CrossRef]

]. A. Asamitsu presented current switching of resistive states in magnetoresistive manganites [8

A. Asamitsu, Y. Tomioka, H. Kuwahara, and Y. Tokura, “Current switching of resistive states in magnetoresistive manganites,” Nature 388(6637), 50–52 (1997). [CrossRef]

]. K. Miyano found photoinduced IM transition in a perovskite manganite [9

K. Miyano, T. Tanaka, Y. Tomioka, and Y. Tokura, “Photoinduced insulator-to-metal transition in a perovskite manganite,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 78(22), 4257–4260 (1997). [CrossRef]

]. Electric-pulse-induced reversible resistance change in magnetoresistive films was also reported [20

S. Q. Liu, N. J. Wu, and A. Ignatiev, “Electric-pulse-induced reversible resistance change effect in magnetoresistive films,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76(19), 2749–2751 (2000). [CrossRef]

]. A nucleation of metallic filamentary paths was proposed at low temperature in some of the above cases.

Here, the current-pulse-stimulated enhancement effect of transient photovoltaic responses occurs in the paramagnetic insulating state of the LCMO at room temperature, and filamentary high conductivity paths should be responsible for the present results. The paths are volatile with respect to removal of the pulsed current, and occur in the paramagnetic insulating state. Ferromagnetic clusters associated with magnetic polarons can exist above TC [24

J. M. De Teresa, M. R. Ibarra, P. A. Algarabel, C. Ritter, C. Marquina, J. Blasco, J. Garcia, A. del Moral, and Z. Arnold, “Evidence for magnetic polarons in the magnetoresistive perovskites,” Nature 386(6622), 256–259 (1997). [CrossRef]

]. Within the present work, the applied big current pulse could change the shape of such ferromagnetic clusters, and arrange them directionally from an expected random state to an organized state. An improved percolation path for charge carriers through the conductive clusters could be realized resulting in filamentary paths of increased conductivity. In the transient photovoltaic process, the higher mobilities of electron and hole in metallic filamentary paths will result in a higher photoresponses. However, the paths are volatile with respect to removal of the pulsed current and disappear in a short time due to intense thermal motion above room temperature.

4. Conclusion

In conclusion, we reported current-pulse-induced enhancement of transient photodetective effect in a LCMO thin film on a miscut MgO substrate. By applying a pulsed current stimulus before pulse laser irradiation, we observed a significant enhancement of more than 50% in photovoltaic signals responded to the laser pulse. Such photoresponse enhancement by the current pulse is volatile and reproducible. This understanding of the current-stimulated enhancement of transient photovoltaic properties in manganite films should open a route for devising manganite-based photodetectors working at and above room temperature.

Acknowledgments

This work has been supported by National Key Basic Research Program of China (2013CB328706), Beijing National Science Foundation (4122064) and Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum (Beijing) (QZDX-2010-01 and KYJJ2012-06-27).

References and links

1.

M. Imada, A. Fujimori, and Y. Tokura, “Metal-insulator transitions,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 70(4), 1039–1263 (1998). [CrossRef]

2.

A. Moreo, S. Yunoki, and E. Dagotto, “Phase separation scenario for manganese oxides and related materials,” Science 283(5410), 2034–2040 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

3.

M. Fäth, S. Freisem, A. A. Menovsky, Y. Tomioka, J. Aarts, and J. A. Mydosh, “Spatially inhomogeneous metal-Insulator transition in doped manganites,” Science 285(5433), 1540–1542 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

4.

M. Uehara, S. Mori, C. H. Chen, and S.-W. Cheong, “Percolative phase separation underlies colossal magnetoresistance in mixed-valent manganites,” Nature 399(6736), 560–563 (1999). [CrossRef]

5.

V. Markovich, E. Rozenberg, G. Gorodetsky, M. Greenblatt, and W. H. McCarroll, “Suppression of the ferromagnetic-insulating phase in self-doped La0.94Mn0.98O3 crystals under pressure,” Phys. Rev. B 63(5), 054423 (2001). [CrossRef]

6.

Y. Moritomo, H. Kuwahara, Y. Tomioka, and Y. Tokura, “Pressure effects on charge-ordering transitions in Perovskite manganites,” Phys. Rev. B 55(12), 7549–7556 (1997). [CrossRef]

7.

M. Fiebig, K. Miyano, Y. Tomioka, and Y. Tokura, “Visualization of the local insulator-metal transition in Pr0.7Ca0. 3MnO3.,” Science 280(5371), 1925–1928 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

8.

A. Asamitsu, Y. Tomioka, H. Kuwahara, and Y. Tokura, “Current switching of resistive states in magnetoresistive manganites,” Nature 388(6637), 50–52 (1997). [CrossRef]

9.

K. Miyano, T. Tanaka, Y. Tomioka, and Y. Tokura, “Photoinduced insulator-to-metal transition in a perovskite manganite,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 78(22), 4257–4260 (1997). [CrossRef]

10.

V. Kiryukhin, D. Casa, J. P. Hill, B. Keimer, A. Vigliante, Y. Tomioka, and Y. Tokura, “An X-ray-induced insulator–metal transition in a magnetoresistive manganite,” Nature 386(6627), 813–815 (1997). [CrossRef]

11.

C. N. R. Rao, A. R. Raju, V. Ponnambalam, S. Parashar, and N. Kumar, “Electric-field-induced melting of the randomly pinned charge-ordered states of rare-earth manganates and associated effects,” Phys. Rev. B 61(1), 594–598 (2000). [CrossRef]

12.

V. Markovich, E. Rozenberg, Y. Yuzhelevski, G. Jung, G. Gorodetsky, D. A. Shulyatev, and Ya. M. Mukovskii, “Correlation between electroresistance and magnetoresistance in La0.82Ca0.18MnO3 single crystal,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 78(22), 3499–3501 (2001). [CrossRef]

13.

T. Wu, S. B. Ogale, J. E. Garrison, B. Nagaraj, A. Biswas, Z. Chen, R. L. Greene, R. Ramesh, T. Venkatesan, and A. J. Millis, “Electroresistance and electronic phase separation in mixed-valent manganites,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 86(26), 5998–6001 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

14.

J. Gao, S. Q. Shen, T. K. Li, and J. R. Sun, “Current-induced effect on the resistivity of epitaxial thin films of La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 and La0.85Ba0.15MnO3,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82(26), 4732–4734 (2003). [CrossRef]

15.

S. Jin, T. H. Tiefel, M. McCormack, R. A. Fastnacht, R. Ramesh, and L. H. Chen, “Thousandfold change in resistivity in magnetoresistive La-Ca-Mn-O films,” Science 264(5157), 413–415 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

16.

N. Mathur, “Colossal magnetoresistance: Not just a load of bolometers,” Nature 390(6657), 229–231 (1997). [CrossRef]

17.

E. Beyreuther, A. Thiessen, S. Grafström, K. Dörr, and L. M. Eng, “Large photoconductivity of oxygen-deficient La0.7Ca0.3MnO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter 22(17), 175506 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

18.

P. R. Sagdeo, R. J. Choudhary, and D. M. Phase, “Possible origin of photoconductivity in La0.7Ca0.3MnO3,” J. Appl. Phys. 107(2), 023709 (2010). [CrossRef]

19.

S. Gupta, R. Ranjit, C. Mitra, P. Raychaudhuri, and R. Pinto, “Enhanced room-temperature magnetoresistance in La0.7Sr0.3MnO3-glass composites,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 78(3), 362–364 (2001). [CrossRef]

20.

S. Q. Liu, N. J. Wu, and A. Ignatiev, “Electric-pulse-induced reversible resistance change effect in magnetoresistive films,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76(19), 2749–2751 (2000). [CrossRef]

21.

H. Ni, K. Zhao, K. J. Jin, Y. C. Kong, H. K. Wong, W. F. Xiang, S. Q. Zhao, and S. X. Zhong, “Nano-domain orientation modulation of photoresponse based on anisotropic transport in manganite films,” Euro Phys. Lett. 97(4), 46005 (2012). [CrossRef]

22.

X. M. Li, K. Zhao, H. Ni, S. Q. Zhao, Z. Q. Lu, Z. J. Yue, W. F. Xiang, and F. Wang, “Voltage tunable photodetecting properties of La0.4Ca0.6MnO3 films grown on miscut LaSrAlO4 substrates,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(4), 044104 (2010). [CrossRef]

23.

S. S. Zhao, H. Ni, K. Zhao, Y. C. Kong, H. K. Wong, S. Q. Zhao, and W. F. Xiang, “Laser induced photovoltaic effects in manganite films for high temperature photodetecting applications in oil and gas optics,” Opt. Commun. 288, 72–75 (2013). [CrossRef]

24.

J. M. De Teresa, M. R. Ibarra, P. A. Algarabel, C. Ritter, C. Marquina, J. Blasco, J. Garcia, A. del Moral, and Z. Arnold, “Evidence for magnetic polarons in the magnetoresistive perovskites,” Nature 386(6622), 256–259 (1997). [CrossRef]

OCIS Codes
(250.0250) Optoelectronics : Optoelectronics
(160.5335) Materials : Photosensitive materials
(310.6845) Thin films : Thin film devices and applications

ToC Category:
Optoelectronics

History
Original Manuscript: October 11, 2012
Revised Manuscript: November 19, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: November 19, 2012
Published: December 7, 2012

Citation
H. Ni, K. Zhao, J. F. Xi, X. Feng, W. F. Xiang, S. Q. Zhao, Y.-C. Kong, and H. K. Wong, "Current-pulse-induced enhancement of transient photodetective effect in tilted manganite film," Opt. Express 20, 28494-28499 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-27-28494


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References

  1. M. Imada, A. Fujimori, and Y. Tokura, “Metal-insulator transitions,” Rev. Mod. Phys.70(4), 1039–1263 (1998). [CrossRef]
  2. A. Moreo, S. Yunoki, and E. Dagotto, “Phase separation scenario for manganese oxides and related materials,” Science283(5410), 2034–2040 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. M. Fäth, S. Freisem, A. A. Menovsky, Y. Tomioka, J. Aarts, and J. A. Mydosh, “Spatially inhomogeneous metal-Insulator transition in doped manganites,” Science285(5433), 1540–1542 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. M. Uehara, S. Mori, C. H. Chen, and S.-W. Cheong, “Percolative phase separation underlies colossal magnetoresistance in mixed-valent manganites,” Nature399(6736), 560–563 (1999). [CrossRef]
  5. V. Markovich, E. Rozenberg, G. Gorodetsky, M. Greenblatt, and W. H. McCarroll, “Suppression of the ferromagnetic-insulating phase in self-doped La0.94Mn0.98O3 crystals under pressure,” Phys. Rev. B63(5), 054423 (2001). [CrossRef]
  6. Y. Moritomo, H. Kuwahara, Y. Tomioka, and Y. Tokura, “Pressure effects on charge-ordering transitions in Perovskite manganites,” Phys. Rev. B55(12), 7549–7556 (1997). [CrossRef]
  7. M. Fiebig, K. Miyano, Y. Tomioka, and Y. Tokura, “Visualization of the local insulator-metal transition in Pr0.7Ca0. 3MnO3.,” Science280(5371), 1925–1928 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. A. Asamitsu, Y. Tomioka, H. Kuwahara, and Y. Tokura, “Current switching of resistive states in magnetoresistive manganites,” Nature388(6637), 50–52 (1997). [CrossRef]
  9. K. Miyano, T. Tanaka, Y. Tomioka, and Y. Tokura, “Photoinduced insulator-to-metal transition in a perovskite manganite,” Phys. Rev. Lett.78(22), 4257–4260 (1997). [CrossRef]
  10. V. Kiryukhin, D. Casa, J. P. Hill, B. Keimer, A. Vigliante, Y. Tomioka, and Y. Tokura, “An X-ray-induced insulator–metal transition in a magnetoresistive manganite,” Nature386(6627), 813–815 (1997). [CrossRef]
  11. C. N. R. Rao, A. R. Raju, V. Ponnambalam, S. Parashar, and N. Kumar, “Electric-field-induced melting of the randomly pinned charge-ordered states of rare-earth manganates and associated effects,” Phys. Rev. B61(1), 594–598 (2000). [CrossRef]
  12. V. Markovich, E. Rozenberg, Y. Yuzhelevski, G. Jung, G. Gorodetsky, D. A. Shulyatev, and Ya. M. Mukovskii, “Correlation between electroresistance and magnetoresistance in La0.82Ca0.18MnO3 single crystal,” Appl. Phys. Lett.78(22), 3499–3501 (2001). [CrossRef]
  13. T. Wu, S. B. Ogale, J. E. Garrison, B. Nagaraj, A. Biswas, Z. Chen, R. L. Greene, R. Ramesh, T. Venkatesan, and A. J. Millis, “Electroresistance and electronic phase separation in mixed-valent manganites,” Phys. Rev. Lett.86(26), 5998–6001 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. J. Gao, S. Q. Shen, T. K. Li, and J. R. Sun, “Current-induced effect on the resistivity of epitaxial thin films of La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 and La0.85Ba0.15MnO3,” Appl. Phys. Lett.82(26), 4732–4734 (2003). [CrossRef]
  15. S. Jin, T. H. Tiefel, M. McCormack, R. A. Fastnacht, R. Ramesh, and L. H. Chen, “Thousandfold change in resistivity in magnetoresistive La-Ca-Mn-O films,” Science264(5157), 413–415 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. N. Mathur, “Colossal magnetoresistance: Not just a load of bolometers,” Nature390(6657), 229–231 (1997). [CrossRef]
  17. E. Beyreuther, A. Thiessen, S. Grafström, K. Dörr, and L. M. Eng, “Large photoconductivity of oxygen-deficient La0.7Ca0.3MnO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter22(17), 175506 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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