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Optics Express

Optics Express

  • Editor: C. Martijn de Sterke
  • Vol. 20, Iss. 27 — Dec. 17, 2012
  • pp: 29131–29136

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Pyroelectric effect in green light-assisted domain reversal of Mg-doped LiNbO3 crystals

Shoujun Zheng, Yongfa Kong, Hongde Liu, Shaolin Chen, Ling Zhang, Shiguo Liu, and Jingjun Xu  »View Author Affiliations


Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 27, pp. 29131-29136 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.029131


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Abstract

We developed a real-time imaging system to probe the light-assisted domain reversal process of Mg-doped LiNbO3. An interesting phenomenon was observed where the domain appeared to reverse just after the laser was obscured. An exclusive electric field of about 350 V/mm was measured at 532 nm of light irradiation at an intensity of 6.6 × 104 W/cm2. The exclusive electric field was considered to be produced by a pyroelectric effect owing to a temperature change in the region of irradiation. The temperature change in the light-irradiated region was calculated to be about 2.3°C. Our experimental results indicate that a change of the electric field caused by the pyroelectric effect may play a significant role when LiNbO3 or other ferroelectric crystals are used under strong light.

© 2012 OSA

1. Introduction

Lithium niobate (LiNbO3 or LN) is widely studied because of its excellent properties: electro-optic, acousto-optic, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, and nonlinear optical effects [1

G. P. Banfi, P. K. Datta, V. Degiorgio, and D. Fortusini, “Wavelength shifting and amplification of optical pulses through cascaded second-order processes in periodically poled lithium niobate,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 73(2), 136–138 (1998). [CrossRef]

–3

J. A. Abernethy, C. B. E. Gawith, R. W. Eason, and P. G. R. Smith, “Demonstration and optical characteristics of electro-optic Bragg modulators in periodically poled lithium niobate in the near-infrared,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81(14), 2514–2516 (2002). [CrossRef]

]. Ferroelectric domain engineering is one of the most extensive applications of LiNbO3. The traditional domain reversal technique for LiNbO3 is direct electric field poling (EFP). But, it is hard to obtain nanoscale domains by this method. Overpoling has been used to achieve submicroscale domains, but it is hardly useful for practical applications [4

S. Grilli, P. Ferraro, S. De Nicola, A. Finizio, G. Pierattini, P. De Natale, and M. Chiarini, “Investigation on reversed domain structures in lithium niobate crystals patterned by interference lithography,” Opt. Express 11(4), 392–405 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. Recently, light-assisted domain reversal has become a novel, promising method of domain engineering for obtaining microscale and nanoscale domains [5

C. E. Valdivia, C. L. Sones, J. G. Scott, S. Mailis, R. W. Eason, D. A. Scrymgeour, V. Gopalan, T. Jungk, E. Soergel, and I. Clark, “Nanoscale surface domain formation on the +z face of lithium niobate by pulsed ultraviolet laser illumination,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86(2), 022906 (2005). [CrossRef]

,6

C. L. Sones, A. C. Muir, Y. J. Ying, S. Mailis, R. W. Eason, T. Jungk, Á. Hoffmann, and E. Soergel, “Precision nanoscale domain engineering of lithium niobate via UV laser induced inhibition of poling,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(7), 072905 (2008). [CrossRef]

], which also could be applied for quasi-phase matching, optical parametric oscillators, and nonlinear photonic crystals. Up to now, the physical mechanism of light-assisted domain reversal has not been very clear. A photo-excited space charge field was considered to be the primary reason by some researchers [7

W. Wang, Y. Kong, H. Liu, Q. Hu, S. Liu, S. Chen, and J. Xu, “Light-induced domain reversal in doped lithium niobate crystals,” J. Appl. Phys. 105(4), 043105 (2009). [CrossRef]

,8

H. Zeng, Y. Kong, T. Tian, S. Chen, L. Zhang, T. Sun, R. Rupp, and J. Xu, “Transcription of domain patterns in near-stoichiometric magnesium-doped lithium niobate,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(20), 201901 (2010). [CrossRef]

]. But other mechanisms were also proposed, such as temperature change due to strong absorption in the UV range that was thought to influence the spontaneous polarization, which plays a critical role in UV-light-assisted domain reversal [9

A. C. Muir, C. L. Sones, S. Mailis, R. W. Eason, T. Jungk, A. Hoffman, and E. Soergel, “Direct-writing of inverted domains in lithium niobate using a continuous wave ultra violet laser,” Opt. Express 16(4), 2336–2350 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. A change of lithium concentration induced by thermo-diffusion was suggested as being responsible for UV-light-induced poling inhibition [10

H. Steigerwald, M. Lilienblum, F. von Cube, Y. J. Ying, R. W. Eason, S. Mailis, B. Sturman, E. Soergel, and K. Buse, “Origin of UV-induced poling inhibition in lithium niobate crystals,” Phys. Rev. B 82(21), 214105 (2010). [CrossRef]

]. Therefore, the original mechanism of light-assisted domain reversal needs further investigation.

As is known, focused ultraviolet (UV) light can achieve domain reversal directly because of temperature change caused by the strong absorption of LiNbO3 in UV light. The amount of temperature change is estimated to be close to the Curie point of Tc = 1415 K when a UV laser light of 275 nm wavelength with an incident power of 35 mW is focused on a crystal surface to a spot focal diameter of 5 μm [11

H. Steigerwald, Y. J. Ying, R. W. Eason, K. Buse, S. Mailis, and E. Soergel, “Direct writing of ferroelectric domains on the x- and y-faces of lithium niobate using a continuous wave ultraviolet laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(6), 062902 (2011). [CrossRef]

]. However, visible light-assisted domain reversal in LiNbO3 is achieved only with the assistance of an applied external electric field. The temperature change in this process is considered not to be appreciable as a low absorption index of LiNbO3 to visible light. But, the amount of absorption to light in LN would be enhanced with the increase of input light intensity. Thermal inhibition of high-power second-harmonic generation by a fundamental wavelength-pulsed nanosecond laser in periodically poled LiNbO3 crystals has been reported [12

O. A. Louchev, N. E. Yu, S. Kurimura, and K. Kitamura, “Thermal inhibition of high-power second-harmonic generation in periodically poled LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87(13), 131101 (2005). [CrossRef]

]. Green-induced infrared absorption (GRIIRA) is responsible for this thermal inhibition. Therefore, visible light absorption with high intensity would cause a temperature change, which can hardly be neglected. On the other hand, precise control of the domain size is the main problem in light-assisted domain engineering. A real-time imaging system of the domain reversal process is critical to obtain a satisfying domain structure. Etching in HF acid, as a most popular way to observe the domain, destroys the crystal surface and does not allow us to observe real-time domain growth. In this paper, we developed a real-time imaging microscopy to probe the light-assisted domain reversal process by utilizing a polarized white light source. The domain reversal process was demonstrated on a charge-coupled device (CCD) due to the refractive index difference between the reversed and original domain regions. An interesting phenomenon was observed where the domain appeared to reverse just after the laser was in the process of light-assisted domain reversal.

2. Experimental setup and results

The samples used in this study are 1.0 mm thick z-cut 5.0 mol% Mg-doped congruent LiNbO3 provided by the R&D Center for Photon-Electro Materials of Nankai University. The minimum external electric field to assist the domain reversal at 532 nm light with irradiation intensity of 6.6 × 104 W/cm2 measures 0.85 kV/mm. Figure 1 shows the schematic presentation of the experimental setup. The 532 nm laser beam of a frequency-doubled diode-pumped Nd: YVO4 laser was focused on the -z face of the LiNbO3 sample to a spot of 6.0 μm in diameter by a 20 ×, 0.4 NA (numerical aperture) objective. A white light generated by a fiber-optics illuminator system was used as a reference source so that the -z face of LiNbO3 was displayed clearly on the CCD when the 532 nm beam was exactly focused on the -z face of the crystal. With this system, a bright spot emerges on the CCD screen corresponding to the focus position, which means that light-assisted domain reversal occurs.

Fig. 1 Schematic view of experimental setup. L1, L2, L3, and L4, lens; F, 532 nm filter; PBS, polarized beam splitter; S, sample; R, resistance; SG, signal generator; HVG, high-voltage generator; FOI, fiber optics illuminator.

A periodic domain structure was fabricated by a laser direct-writing technique. The sample was kept in the middle of a pair of insulating holders that were filled with water and fixed on a 2-dimensional micro-motion platform. A focused light of 6.6 × 104 W/cm2 was illuminated on the -z face of the sample for 6 s for each spot. An external electric field of 1.2 kV/mm was applied to assist in the domain reversal. Figure 2(a) shows a real-time image on the CCD in the domain fabrication process. Those bright spots represent reversed domains with a period of 20 μm. A microscopic image of the -z face of the sample after 10 minutes of etching in HF is presented in Fig. 2(b). Comparing Fig. 2(a) to Fig. 2(b), we can definitely make sure that our observation system can be employed to probe the light-assisted domain reversal process without etching the crystal.

Fig. 2 Comparison between real-time domain patterns on CCD (a) and microscopic domain patterns after 10 minutes etching in HF (b). Two images are in the mirror symmetry because of difference between real-time imaging system and microscopy.

With this system, an interesting phenomenon was observed where, at the condition of irradiation intensity of 6.6 × 104 W/cm2 and applied external electric field Eex of 1.0 kV/mm (which is a little more than the minimum electric field), the domain appeared to reverse just after the laser was obscured. This phenomenon is illustrated clearly in Fig. 3(a) (Media 1). From this movie we can see that no bright spot emerged on the CCD screen when the green light was focused on the crystal surface. But after the green light was obscured, a bright spot emerged a few seconds later. The green light focus was invisible due to 532 nm filters. It seems that the domain reversal was assisted by an exclusive electric field that was produced after the light was obscured. Besides, the depth of a domain assisted by a laser has been reported of no more than 60 μm inside the region of the laser focus [8

H. Zeng, Y. Kong, T. Tian, S. Chen, L. Zhang, T. Sun, R. Rupp, and J. Xu, “Transcription of domain patterns in near-stoichiometric magnesium-doped lithium niobate,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(20), 201901 (2010). [CrossRef]

]. Spots in our experiments are smaller than the size of the laser focus. Therefore, we believe that those spots are surface domains with tens of micrometers of depth.

Fig. 3 (a) Single frame excerpts from movie of light assisted domain reversal process on CCD (Media 1). It is clear that light-assisted domain reversal occurred just after the laser was obscured when applying a electric field of 1.0 kV/mm. (b) Single frame excerpts from (Media 2). It is shown that domain reversed before laser was obscured when applying a higher electric field of 1.4 kV/mm. Center of white circle is the position of laser spot. Words ‘close’ and ‘open’ on the top of movie mean close and open of light.

Then the influence of the external electric field on this phenomenon was investigated. We found that a bright spot would appear before the green light was obscured when Eex was up to 1.2 kV/mm (labeled as Eup). It means that Eup is high enough to achieve domain reversal and the “interesting phenomenon” disappears. This “disappeared phenomenon” was shown clearly in Fig. 3(b) (Media 2) that the domain reversed before the laser was obscured when applying an external electric field of 1.4 kV/mm. On the other hand, when Eex was decreased to 0.85 kV/mm (the minimum external electric field, labeled as Elower), no domain reversal happened. The interesting phenomenon was only observed when Elow < Eex < Eup. So, we proposed that an exclusive electric field Eas should be produced in the on-to-off process and assist the domain reversal. The value of Eas = Eup − Elow = 0.35 kV/mm.

The influence of irradiation time was also investigated. The relationship between irradiation time and emerging time of domain reversal was shown in Fig. 4 , where Eex is 1.1 kV/mm, irradiation intensity is 6.6 × 104 W/cm2, and the period of spots is 20 μm. Irradiation times in Fig. 4 are 4 s, 7 s, and 10 s from up to down, respectively. Figure 4(a) shows nothing happened at the end of 4 s irradiation, but as shown in Fig. 4(b) a bright spot appeared in the irradiation position in 0.4 s after the green light was obscured. Similarly, the spot in Fig. 4(d) emerged in 2.2 s after a lasting irradiation of 7 s as shown in Fig. 4(c), and the spot in Fig. 4(f) emerged in 0.9 s after a lasting irradiation of 10 s as shown in Fig. 4(e). It confirms that domain reversal only happened after the green light was obscured in spite of different irradiation times. But no direct relationship was observed between the emerging times of spot and irradiation time. Furthermore, no spot appeared if the irradiation time was less than 1.0 s. It means that Eas is hardly established in less than 1.0 s.

Fig. 4 Images of domain reversal at different times of irradiation. White arrows point to light spot, which is not seen in pictures. Nothing happened at irradiation time of 4 s (a), 7 s (c), 10 s (e), respectively. Domains appeared after the laser was obscured in 0.4 s (b), 2.2 s (d), 0.9 s (f). Images on the right parallel correspond to the images on the left.

3. Discussion and explanation

From the current understanding of light-assisted domain reversal, whatever the light-induced space charge field or light-induced thermal effect, it is strange that the domain appeared to reverse just after the laser was obscured. Generally LiNbO3 is transparent for green light, but light absorption still exists for its many defects. It was reported that 5 mol% Mg-doped congruent LN exhibited 7 × 10−3 cm−1 green-induced infrared absorption with an irradiation intensity of 3.5 kW/cm2 [13

Y. Furukawa, K. Kitamura, A. Alexandrovski, R. K. Route, M. M. Fejer, and G. Foulon, “Green-induced infrared absorption in MgO doped LiNbO3,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 78(14), 1970–1972 (2001). [CrossRef]

]. In spite of the low absorption coefficient of LiNbO3 to green light, intensive irradiation will cause the local temperature to rise. In Fe-doped LiNbO3, amplitudes of thermal gratings are ΔT~1-2 K, which yield Epyro of 250~500 V/mm with irradiation of an interfering 532 nm pulse laser [14

F. Jermann and K. Buse, “Light-induced thermal gratings in LiNbO3: Fe,” Appl. Phys. B 59(4), 437–443 (1994). [CrossRef]

]. The temperature change is up to 3.5°C at the irradiation of a 1.064 μm fundamental wavelength pulse nanosecond laser with a beam radius of 150 μm [15

K. Kitamura, H. Hatano, S. Takekawa, D. Schütze, and M. Aono, “Large pyroelectric effect in Fe-doped lithium niobate induced by a high-power short-pulse laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(8), 082903 (2010). [CrossRef]

]. Therefore, our experimental results were considered to be caused by the temperature change in the irradiation region. After the focused green light is obscured, the temperature will fall gradually. As we know, LiNbO3 is a pyroelectric crystal, and the spontaneous electric polarization change ΔPs is proportional to the temperature change ΔT, as equation Δ Ps=γ×ΔT, where γ represents the pyroelectric coefficient (−4 × 10−5 C/(K·m2) for LiNbO3). In the cooling process the pyroelectric effect will produce an electric field in the same direction of Edep (electric field of depolarization), which will assist the domain reversal. According to the equation, the local temperature change is calculated as about 2.3°C. Compared with the literature [12

O. A. Louchev, N. E. Yu, S. Kurimura, and K. Kitamura, “Thermal inhibition of high-power second-harmonic generation in periodically poled LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87(13), 131101 (2005). [CrossRef]

,14

F. Jermann and K. Buse, “Light-induced thermal gratings in LiNbO3: Fe,” Appl. Phys. B 59(4), 437–443 (1994). [CrossRef]

], the deduced temperature change is reasonable and acceptable. Heating by pulse laser-irradiation is very fast, and cooling based on thermal conduction is slow [15

K. Kitamura, H. Hatano, S. Takekawa, D. Schütze, and M. Aono, “Large pyroelectric effect in Fe-doped lithium niobate induced by a high-power short-pulse laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(8), 082903 (2010). [CrossRef]

]. In our results, domain reversal only occurred when the irradiation time was more than 1.0 s, which shows that heating by continuous wave irradiation is a slow process.

According to the above results, a model was suggested to explain the experimental phenomenon. In the original crystal, Edep induces a compensated screen charge field Escr, which is in the same magnitude of Edep, as schematically shown in Fig. 5(a) . When green light is focused on a crystal with a suitable external electric field, photo-excited charges will create a photo-induced space charge field Eph. Meanwhile, absorption of focused green light will cause the temperature to increase and an amount of spontaneous polarization begins decreasing to P’. At this time, Eex is not high enough to induce domain reversal directly, and there is no domain reversal that happened as shown in Fig. 5(b). When the green light is obscured, the temperature in the irradiated region will fall slowly and spontaneous electric polarization of the crystal will increase. P” and E”dep are the new spontaneous electric polarization and the electric field of depolarization in the process of cooling, as shown in Fig. 5(c). The electric field Eas is equal to a change of Edep (ΔEdep = E”dep – E’dep), which has the same direction of the external electric field Eex and assists in domain reversal. Because photo-excited charges are captured by defects in the crystal, Eph will sustain for a long time [16

H. Steigerwald, F. Cube, F. Luedtke, V. Dierolf, and K. Buse, “Influence of heat and UV light on the coercive field of lithium niobate crystals,” Appl. Phys. B 101(3), 535–539 (2010). [CrossRef]

]. Therefore, the new balance will be broken by the pyroelectric effect. Eventually, domain reversal happens as shown in Fig. 5(d).

Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of domain reversal assisted by pyroelectric effect. (a) Original crystal. (b) Decrease of P in heating process. (c) Increase of P at the irradiation region due to cooling when light is closed. (d) Domain reversal occurred by assistance of pyroelectric effect.

4. Conclusion

In summary, we developed a real-time imaging system to probe the light-assisted domain reversal process in LiNbO3. An interesting phenomenon was observed where the domain appeared to reverse just after the laser was obscured. An assisted electric field of 350 kV/mm was obtained at an irradiation intensity of 6.6 × 104 W/cm−2 for 5.0 mol% Mg-doped congruent LN. We proposed that the pyroelectric effect caused by temperature change produced this exclusive electric field. Then, we deduced that the temperature change in the irradiated region was about 2.3 °C.

The pyroelectric effect in LiNbO3 has many remarkable applications; e.g., pyroelectrodynamic shooting was recently reported as a promising technology for dispersing nano-droplets [17

P. Ferraro, S. Coppola, S. Grilli, M. Paturzo, and V. Vespini, “Dispensing nano-pico droplets and liquid patterning by pyroelectrodynamic shooting,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 5(6), 429–435 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. As is proved in this paper, although the pyroelectric effect in visible light-assisted domain reversal was not noticed before because the temperature change was small, it can play a significant role in the domain reversal process. Furthermore, when LiNbO3 or other ferroelectric crystals are used as nonlinear optical devices under strong light, the change of the electric field caused by the pyroelectric effect should be taken into account.

Acknowledgment

This work was supported in part by the National Key Basic Research Program of China (No. 2013CB328706), Chinese National Key Basic Research Special Fund (2011CB922003), International S&T Cooperation Program of China (2011DFA52870), Taishan Scholar Construction Project Special Fund, and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (65030091 and 65010961).

References and links

1.

G. P. Banfi, P. K. Datta, V. Degiorgio, and D. Fortusini, “Wavelength shifting and amplification of optical pulses through cascaded second-order processes in periodically poled lithium niobate,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 73(2), 136–138 (1998). [CrossRef]

2.

V. Bermúdez, J. Capmany, J. García Solé, and E. Diéguez, “Growth and second harmonic generation characterization of Er-doped bulk periodically poled LiNbO3,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 73(5), 593–595 (1998). [CrossRef]

3.

J. A. Abernethy, C. B. E. Gawith, R. W. Eason, and P. G. R. Smith, “Demonstration and optical characteristics of electro-optic Bragg modulators in periodically poled lithium niobate in the near-infrared,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81(14), 2514–2516 (2002). [CrossRef]

4.

S. Grilli, P. Ferraro, S. De Nicola, A. Finizio, G. Pierattini, P. De Natale, and M. Chiarini, “Investigation on reversed domain structures in lithium niobate crystals patterned by interference lithography,” Opt. Express 11(4), 392–405 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

5.

C. E. Valdivia, C. L. Sones, J. G. Scott, S. Mailis, R. W. Eason, D. A. Scrymgeour, V. Gopalan, T. Jungk, E. Soergel, and I. Clark, “Nanoscale surface domain formation on the +z face of lithium niobate by pulsed ultraviolet laser illumination,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86(2), 022906 (2005). [CrossRef]

6.

C. L. Sones, A. C. Muir, Y. J. Ying, S. Mailis, R. W. Eason, T. Jungk, Á. Hoffmann, and E. Soergel, “Precision nanoscale domain engineering of lithium niobate via UV laser induced inhibition of poling,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(7), 072905 (2008). [CrossRef]

7.

W. Wang, Y. Kong, H. Liu, Q. Hu, S. Liu, S. Chen, and J. Xu, “Light-induced domain reversal in doped lithium niobate crystals,” J. Appl. Phys. 105(4), 043105 (2009). [CrossRef]

8.

H. Zeng, Y. Kong, T. Tian, S. Chen, L. Zhang, T. Sun, R. Rupp, and J. Xu, “Transcription of domain patterns in near-stoichiometric magnesium-doped lithium niobate,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(20), 201901 (2010). [CrossRef]

9.

A. C. Muir, C. L. Sones, S. Mailis, R. W. Eason, T. Jungk, A. Hoffman, and E. Soergel, “Direct-writing of inverted domains in lithium niobate using a continuous wave ultra violet laser,” Opt. Express 16(4), 2336–2350 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

10.

H. Steigerwald, M. Lilienblum, F. von Cube, Y. J. Ying, R. W. Eason, S. Mailis, B. Sturman, E. Soergel, and K. Buse, “Origin of UV-induced poling inhibition in lithium niobate crystals,” Phys. Rev. B 82(21), 214105 (2010). [CrossRef]

11.

H. Steigerwald, Y. J. Ying, R. W. Eason, K. Buse, S. Mailis, and E. Soergel, “Direct writing of ferroelectric domains on the x- and y-faces of lithium niobate using a continuous wave ultraviolet laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(6), 062902 (2011). [CrossRef]

12.

O. A. Louchev, N. E. Yu, S. Kurimura, and K. Kitamura, “Thermal inhibition of high-power second-harmonic generation in periodically poled LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87(13), 131101 (2005). [CrossRef]

13.

Y. Furukawa, K. Kitamura, A. Alexandrovski, R. K. Route, M. M. Fejer, and G. Foulon, “Green-induced infrared absorption in MgO doped LiNbO3,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 78(14), 1970–1972 (2001). [CrossRef]

14.

F. Jermann and K. Buse, “Light-induced thermal gratings in LiNbO3: Fe,” Appl. Phys. B 59(4), 437–443 (1994). [CrossRef]

15.

K. Kitamura, H. Hatano, S. Takekawa, D. Schütze, and M. Aono, “Large pyroelectric effect in Fe-doped lithium niobate induced by a high-power short-pulse laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(8), 082903 (2010). [CrossRef]

16.

H. Steigerwald, F. Cube, F. Luedtke, V. Dierolf, and K. Buse, “Influence of heat and UV light on the coercive field of lithium niobate crystals,” Appl. Phys. B 101(3), 535–539 (2010). [CrossRef]

17.

P. Ferraro, S. Coppola, S. Grilli, M. Paturzo, and V. Vespini, “Dispensing nano-pico droplets and liquid patterning by pyroelectrodynamic shooting,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 5(6), 429–435 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

OCIS Codes
(110.0110) Imaging systems : Imaging systems
(120.6810) Instrumentation, measurement, and metrology : Thermal effects
(160.3730) Materials : Lithium niobate

ToC Category:
Materials

History
Original Manuscript: October 26, 2012
Revised Manuscript: December 1, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: December 2, 2012
Published: December 14, 2012

Citation
Shoujun Zheng, Yongfa Kong, Hongde Liu, Shaolin Chen, Ling Zhang, Shiguo Liu, and Jingjun Xu, "Pyroelectric effect in green light-assisted domain reversal of Mg-doped LiNbO3 crystals," Opt. Express 20, 29131-29136 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-27-29131


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References

  1. G. P. Banfi, P. K. Datta, V. Degiorgio, and D. Fortusini, “Wavelength shifting and amplification of optical pulses through cascaded second-order processes in periodically poled lithium niobate,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 73(2), 136–138 (1998). [CrossRef]
  2. V. Bermúdez, J. Capmany, J. García Solé, and E. Diéguez, “Growth and second harmonic generation characterization of Er-doped bulk periodically poled LiNbO3,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 73(5), 593–595 (1998). [CrossRef]
  3. J. A. Abernethy, C. B. E. Gawith, R. W. Eason, and P. G. R. Smith, “Demonstration and optical characteristics of electro-optic Bragg modulators in periodically poled lithium niobate in the near-infrared,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81(14), 2514–2516 (2002). [CrossRef]
  4. S. Grilli, P. Ferraro, S. De Nicola, A. Finizio, G. Pierattini, P. De Natale, and M. Chiarini, “Investigation on reversed domain structures in lithium niobate crystals patterned by interference lithography,” Opt. Express 11(4), 392–405 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. C. E. Valdivia, C. L. Sones, J. G. Scott, S. Mailis, R. W. Eason, D. A. Scrymgeour, V. Gopalan, T. Jungk, E. Soergel, and I. Clark, “Nanoscale surface domain formation on the +z face of lithium niobate by pulsed ultraviolet laser illumination,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86(2), 022906 (2005). [CrossRef]
  6. C. L. Sones, A. C. Muir, Y. J. Ying, S. Mailis, R. W. Eason, T. Jungk, Á. Hoffmann, and E. Soergel, “Precision nanoscale domain engineering of lithium niobate via UV laser induced inhibition of poling,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(7), 072905 (2008). [CrossRef]
  7. W. Wang, Y. Kong, H. Liu, Q. Hu, S. Liu, S. Chen, and J. Xu, “Light-induced domain reversal in doped lithium niobate crystals,” J. Appl. Phys. 105(4), 043105 (2009). [CrossRef]
  8. H. Zeng, Y. Kong, T. Tian, S. Chen, L. Zhang, T. Sun, R. Rupp, and J. Xu, “Transcription of domain patterns in near-stoichiometric magnesium-doped lithium niobate,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(20), 201901 (2010). [CrossRef]
  9. A. C. Muir, C. L. Sones, S. Mailis, R. W. Eason, T. Jungk, A. Hoffman, and E. Soergel, “Direct-writing of inverted domains in lithium niobate using a continuous wave ultra violet laser,” Opt. Express 16(4), 2336–2350 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  10. H. Steigerwald, M. Lilienblum, F. von Cube, Y. J. Ying, R. W. Eason, S. Mailis, B. Sturman, E. Soergel, and K. Buse, “Origin of UV-induced poling inhibition in lithium niobate crystals,” Phys. Rev. B 82(21), 214105 (2010). [CrossRef]
  11. H. Steigerwald, Y. J. Ying, R. W. Eason, K. Buse, S. Mailis, and E. Soergel, “Direct writing of ferroelectric domains on the x- and y-faces of lithium niobate using a continuous wave ultraviolet laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(6), 062902 (2011). [CrossRef]
  12. O. A. Louchev, N. E. Yu, S. Kurimura, and K. Kitamura, “Thermal inhibition of high-power second-harmonic generation in periodically poled LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87(13), 131101 (2005). [CrossRef]
  13. Y. Furukawa, K. Kitamura, A. Alexandrovski, R. K. Route, M. M. Fejer, and G. Foulon, “Green-induced infrared absorption in MgO doped LiNbO3,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 78(14), 1970–1972 (2001). [CrossRef]
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