Inhibited local thermal effect in upconversion luminescence of YVO4:Yb3+, Er3+ inverse opals

doi:10.1364/OE.20.029673

Inhibited local thermal effect in upconversion luminescence of YVO₄:Yb³⁺, Er³⁺ inverse opals

Yongsheng Zhu, Wen Xu, Hanzhuang Zhang, Sai Xu, Yunfeng Wang, Qinlin Dai, Biao Dong, Lin Xu, and Hongwei Song »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 28, pp. 29673-29678 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.029673

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– Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Experimental
3. Results and discussion
– References and links

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Abstract

Upconversion Luminescence (UCL) of YVO₄:Yb³⁺, Er³⁺ inverse opal photonic crystals (IOPCs) was investigated in contrast to the references under the excitation of a 980-nm laser diode. Besides the traditional modification on UCL and dynamics, it is significant to observe that in the IOPCs the temperature quenching and local thermal effect was greatly suppressed.

1. Introduction

Photonic crystals (PCs), as a kind of materials with a periodically varying refractive index, have attracted intense efforts, which can control the propagation of electromagnetic waves and is of practical significance for photonic devices, biological and chemical sensors, and tunable lasers [1

M. M. Baksh, M. Jaros, and J. T. Groves, “Detection of molecular interactions at membrane surfaces through colloid phase transitions,” Nature 427(6970), 139–141 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

–4

O. B. Ayyub, J. W. Sekowski, T. I. Yang, X. Zhang, R. M. Briber, and P. Kofinas, “Color changing block copolymer films for chemical sensing of simple sugars,” Biosens. Bioelectron. 28(1), 349–354 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. The modification of PCs on spontaneous emission of embedded luminescent guests such as organic dyes, quantum dots and rare earth (RE) ions is of particular significance [5

I. S. Nikolaev, P. Lodahl, and W. L. Vos, “Fluorescence Lifetime of Emitters with Broad Homogeneous Linewidths Modified in Opal Photonic Crystals,” J. Phys. Chem. C 112(18), 7250–7254 (2008). [CrossRef]

–7

A. Oertel, C. Lengler, T. Walther, and M. Haase, “Photonic Properties of Inverse Opals Fabricated from Lanthanide-Doped LaPO₄ Nanocrystals,” Chem. Mater. 21(16), 3883–3888 (2009). [CrossRef]

]. Up to now, a number of works have been performed on the field, and some interesting phenomena have been observed, such as the observation of Lamb shift, inhibited long-scale energy transfer (ET) and improvement of luminescent quantum yield in RE ions embedded IOPCs, and so on [8

Y. S. Zhu, W. Xu, H. Z. Zhang, W. Wang, S. Xu, and H. W. Song, “Inhibited Long-Scale Energy Transfer in Dysprosium Doped Yttrium Vanadate Inverse Opal,” J. Phys. Chem. C 116(3), 2297–2302 (2012). [CrossRef]

–10

Q. Liu, H. W. Song, W. Wang, X. Bai, Y. Wang, B. Dong, L. Xu, and W. Han, “Observation of Lamb shift and modified spontaneous emission dynamics in the YBO₃:Eu³⁺ inverse opal,” Opt. Lett. 35(17), 2898–2900 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. The UCL of RE ions, is attracting current interests due to its special nonlinear populating mechanism and application potential on the fields of color display, laser, biosensors, bio-imaging and etc [11

S. J. Zeng, G. Z. Ren, and Q. B. Yang, “Fabrication, formation mechanism and optical properties of novel single-crystal Er³⁺ doped NaYbF₄ micro-tubes,” J. Mater. Chem. 20(11), 2152–2156 (2010). [CrossRef]

,12

H. Naruke, T. Mori, and T. Yamase, “Luminescence properties and excitation process of a near-infrared to visible up-conversion color-tunable phosphor,” Opt. Mater. 31(10), 1483–1487 (2009). [CrossRef]

]. Recently, Yan^,s group and Zhao^, group respectively, fabricated NaYF₄:Yb³⁺, Er³⁺ IOPCs and observed the suppression of UCL and prolonged lifetime near the photonic stop band (PSB) [13

F. Zhang, Y. H. Deng, Y. F. Shi, R. Y. Zhang, and D. Y. Zhao, “Photoluminescence modification in upconversion rare-earth fluorid nanocrystal array constructed photonic crystals,” J. Mater. Chem. 20(19), 3895–3900 (2010). [CrossRef]

,14

Z. X. Li, L. L. Li, H. P. Zhou, Q. Yuan, C. Chen, L. D. Sun, and C. H. Yan, “Colour modification action of an upconversion photonic crystalw,” Chem. Commun. (Camb.) (43): 6616–6618 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. Some other groups also studied the modification of photonic structure on UCL emission in IOPCs [15

D. Yan, J. L. Zhu, H. J. Wu, Z. W. Yang, J. B. Qiu, Z. G. Song, X. Yu, Y. Yang, D. C. Zhou, Z. Y. Yin, and R. F. Wang, “Energy transfer and photoluminescence modification in Yb–Er–Tm triply doped Y₂Ti₂O₇ upconversion inverse opal,” J. Mater. Chem. 22(35), 18558–18563 (2012). [CrossRef]

,16

Z. W. Yang, D. Yan, K. Zhu, Z. G. Song, X. Yu, D. C. Zhou, Z. Y. Yin, and J. B. Qiu, “Modification of the upconversion spontaneous emission in photonic crystals,” Mater. Chem. Phys. 133(2-3), 584–587 (2012). [CrossRef]

]. Despite, the work related to the modification of PCs on UCL of embedded RE ions is still rare and further work should be performed to fabricate more upconversion (UC) IOPCs and deeply understand its unique physical nature.

As an oxide compound, yttrium vanadate has much larger phonon energy (~890 cm⁻¹) than the well-known and efficient UC host NaYF₄ (~400 cm⁻¹). However, the recent work indicated that the UC efficiency of YVO₄:Yb³⁺, Er³⁺ nanocrystals in the solution is comparable to that of NaYF₄:Yb³⁺, Er³⁺ [17

G. Mialon, S. Türkcan, G. Dantelle, D. P. Collins, M. Hadjipanayi, R. A. Taylor, T. Gacoin, A. Alexandrou, and J. P. Boilot, “High Up-Conversion Efficiency of YVO4:Yb,Er Nanoparticles in Water down to the Single-Particle Level,” J. Phys. Chem. C 114(51), 22449–22454 (2010). [CrossRef]

]. In this letter, we present the fabrication, characterization, unique and modified UCL properties of the three-dimensional IOPCs, YVO₄:Yb³⁺, Er³⁺.

2. Experimental

The YVO₄:Yb³⁺, Er³⁺ (15% and 3% in molar ratio) IOPCs were prepared by a PMMA template-assisted method, similar to our previous work on the fabrication of YVO₄:Eu³⁺ and YVO₄:Dy³⁺ [8

Y. S. Zhu, W. Xu, H. Z. Zhang, W. Wang, L. Tong, S. Xu, Z. P. Sun, and H. W. Song, “Highly modified spontaneous emissions in YVO₄:Eu³⁺ inverse opal and refractive index sensing application,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 100(8), 081104 (2012). [CrossRef]

]. In order to control PSB, PMMA latex spheres were fabricated with controllable sizes of ~340, 350, 400, 420, 455 and 475 nm and the corresponding IOPCs samples were denoted as PC1-PC6, respectively. For comparison, the powder reference sample (REF) was prepared by grinding the PC3 to destroy the regular 3D order structure. The thin film reference sample was prepared with the same precursor solution, but directly put it on a plain glass substrate. The thicknesses of IOPCs and the thin film were both controlled to be ~15 μm. All the samples were determined to be pure tetragonal in phase.

3. Results and discussion

Figure 1 records the transmittance spectra of the IOPCs measured at the normal (

θ = 0 °

) and the UCL of Er³⁺ ions in the PC3 and the REF under the excitation of a continuous 980-nm laser diode. It is clear that the PCs have deep photonic stop bands (PSB) sweeping from the blue side of the green emission ²H_11/2, ⁴S_3/2-⁴I_15/2 of Er³⁺ ions to red side. In PC3 and REF sample, the red emission ⁴I_9/2-⁴I_15/2 around 660 nm situated relatively far away from the PSB of PC3, thus was normalized for comparison. It can be obviously observed that the green emission ²H_11/2,⁴S_3/2-⁴I_15/2 lines in PC3, are significantly suppressed in contrast to the REF sample. The inhibition of light emission near the centre of PSB is a traditional phenomenon for luminescent species embedded in PCs [18

A. Ródenas, G. Zhou, D. Jaque, and M. Gu, “Rare-Earth Spontaneous Emission Control in Three-Dimensional Lithium Niobate Photonic Crystals,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 21(34), 3526–3530 (2009). [CrossRef]

]. Note that the UCL of the other IOPCs samples were also measured, which showed that the intensity ratio of ⁴S_3/2-⁴I_15/2 to ⁴I_9/2-⁴I_15/2 varied considerably with the shift of PSB. Overall to say, the relative emission near the PSB was suppressed if one emission was near the PSB and the other was far away. As both the lines were far away from the PSB, the intensity ratio of ⁴S_3/2-⁴I_15/2 to ⁴I_9/2-⁴I_15/2 was close to that of the REF sample.

Fig. 1 Transmittance spectra of the YVO₄:Yb³⁺, Er³⁺ IOPCs and the UCL spectra of Er³⁺ ions in PC3 sample and REF samples (the ⁴I_9/2-⁴I_15/2 transition at 660 nm was normalized). Insert: SEM image of the PC3 sample.

The room temperature UCL dynamics of the ⁴S_3/2-⁴I_15/2 transitions monitoring at 556 nm in all the IOPCs and REF samples were measured, under the pumping of a 980-nm OPO pulsed laser with a duration of 10 ns, as shown in Fig. 2 . The exponential lifetimes of PC1 to PC6 samples were determined, to be 4.70, 4.70, 4.63, 4.60, 4.76, 4.76 μs, respectively (insert of Fig. 2), while that of REF to be 3.37μs. The lifetime of ⁴S_3/2-⁴I_15/2 in the IOPCs fluctuated insignificantly (less than 4%) with varied PSB, which was inconsistent with our previous experimental results in PMMA:Eu complex opals, YVO₄:Eu³⁺ and YVO₄:Dy³⁺ IOPCs. Previously, we also calculated the density of photon states (DOS) by the theory of H-field plane wave expansion and deduced that the DOS in a certain direction was modified from that of the free-space in weakly-coupled PCs, however, angular-averaged DOS varied little from that of free space [19

W. Wang, H. W. Song, X. Bai, Q. Liu, and Y. S. Zhu, “Modified spontaneous emissions of europium complex in weak PMMA opals,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13(40), 18023–18030 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. In the YVO₄ IOPCs, the lifetime of ⁴S_3/2-⁴I_15/2 for Er³⁺ was prolonged ~30% in comparison to that of the REF, while that of ⁵D₀-⁷F_J for Eu³⁺ and of ⁴F_9/2-⁶H_J for Dy³⁺ was prolonged as large as 2.5 times. In the former case, the lifetime for ⁴S_3/2 depends on both the radiative rate of ⁴S_3/2-⁴I_15/2 and the nonradiative relaxation rate of ⁴S_3/2-⁴F_9/2, the variation of the lifetime is very complex. In the latter case, the lifetime is dominated by the radiative rate of ⁵D₀-⁷F_J or ⁴F_9/2-⁶H_J due to large energy gap from ⁵D₀, ⁴F_9/2 to the nearest down level and the negligible nonradiative transition rate from ⁵D₀, ⁴F_9/2 [8

,20

K. Riwotzki and M. Haase, “Colloidal YVO₄:Eu and YP_0.95V_0.05O₄:Eu Nanoparticles: Luminescence and Energy Transfer Processes,” J. Phys. Chem. B 105(51), 12709–12713 (2001). [CrossRef]

]. The modification of effective refractive index in the IOPCs on radiative rate leads to the large variation of the lifetime.

Fig. 2 UCL decay curves of ⁴S_3/2-⁴I_15/2 the transition (λ_em = 556 nm) under the 980 nm excitation. Inset: dependence of decay time constants on PSB positions.

Figure 3 displays the total emission intensity of Er³⁺ ions as a function of the temperature in IOPCs, REF and the thin film samples under 980-nm excitation. Following the increase of temperature, a rapid decrease of UCL intensity in the REF and the thin film was observed, while the UCL rarely changed with elevated temperature in IOPCs. This implies that the temperature-quenching of Er³⁺ UCL can be suppressed considerably in the IOPCs. It is suggested that in the traditional phosphors, the long-term energy transfer (ET) is very effective. Inevitably, the quenching of UCL will happen due to the ET from luminescent centers to defect states, which randomly distribute in the lattices of the phosphors. This process is strongly dependent of temperature. In the IOPCs, the long-term ET should be restrained largely because of thin thickness of each YVO₄:Yb, Er layer (~20 nm) [21

X. S. Qu, H. W. Song, X. Bai, G. H. Pan, B. Dong, H. F. Zhao, F. Wang, and R. F. Qin, “Preparation and Upconversion Luminescence of Three-Dimensionally Ordered Macroporous ZrO₂: Er³⁺, Yb^3+.,” Inorg. Chem. 47(20), 9654–9659 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

] and the existence of long periodic and connected air cavity between two layers. In this case, the ET among Er³⁺ and defect states can happen only within one YVO₄:Yb, Er layer and then the emitted photons are scattered into air cavity rather than largely captured by the defect states through further long-range ET. To further reveal this piont, the UCL dynamics of the ⁴S_3/2-⁴I_15/2 transition in IOPCs, REF and the thin film samples as a function of temperature were shown in the inset of Fig. 3. Based on the multi-phonon-relaxation theory the total decay rate for ⁴S_3/2, W_Total can be roughly written as,

W_{T o t a l} = W_{R} + W_{E T} + W_{N R} (0) {(1 - e^{- ℏ ω / k T})}^{- Δ E / ℏ ω}

(1)

where, W_R is the radiative transition rate of ⁴S_3/2-⁴I_15/2, W_ET the ET rate including cross relaxation from ⁴S_3/2 of Er³⁺ and ET from ⁴S_3/2 of Er³⁺ to Yb³⁺, W_NR(0) the nonradiative relaxation rate from ⁴S_3/2 at 0 K. By fitting, we deduced that in the IOPCs, W_R + W_ET = 39.9ms⁻¹, W_NR(0) = 135.6 ms⁻¹, while in the thin film W_R + W_ET = 55.7ms⁻¹, W_NR(0) = 159.6 ms⁻¹, and REF samples, W_R + W_ET = 58.9ms⁻¹, W_NR(0) = 232.1ms⁻¹, respectively. It is obvious that in the IOPCs, the W_NR(0) is considerably inhabited in contrast to the thin film and REF samples, accordingly, the theoretical nonradiative transition rates for Er³⁺ as a function of temperature were drawn in Fig. 4 , which further implies that in the IOPCs, the temperature quenching was considerably restrained.

Fig. 3 The overall UCL intensity of ²H_11/2/⁴S_3/2-⁴I_15/2 for Er³⁺ ions as a function of temperature in different samples. Insert: Dependence of decay time constants of the Er³⁺ ions on temperature (dots) and the fitting function (line).

Fig. 4 The theoretical nonradiative transitions rates for Er³⁺ ions as a function of temperature in different samples.

As excitation power density is too strong, local thermal effect induced by laser exposure and the corresponding UCL quenching usually happens for UC phosphors [22

F. Wang, R. R. Deng, J. Wang, Q. X. Wang, Y. Han, H. M. Zhu, X. Y. Chen, and X. G. Liu, “Tuning upconversion through energy migration in core-shell nanoparticles,” Nat. Mater. 10(12), 968–973 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. Here, we highlight that in the UCL of YVO₄:Yb,Er IOPCs the local thermal effect can be suppressed considerably. Figure 5 shows UCL intensity of the green emissions as a function of excitation power in different samples. In the IOPCs, a strongest power-dependence of UCL was obtained (I_UCL∝Iⁿ, slope n = 1.73) in contrast to the other two samples (n = 1.40 for the thin film, n = 0.56 for the REF). And more, in the IOPCs the UCL intensity increased continuously in the studied power range, while in the other samples, the quenching of UCL was observed at a certain power density. The fact above indicates that the IOPCs is a very helpful device for the improvement of UCL and its nature is due to thin layer structure and connected air cavity, which is useful of thermal diffusion. The irradiation of strong excitation light will induce the temperature increase of the samples and the intensity ratio (R_HS) of ²H_11/2-⁴I_15/2 to ⁴S_3/2-⁴I_15/2 is a decisive factor for the sample temperature [23

X. Bai, H. W. Song, G. H. Pan, Y. Q. Lei, T. Wang, X. G. Ren, S. Z. Lu, B. Dong, Q. L. Dai, and L. B. Fan, “Size-Dependent Upconversion Luminescence in Er³⁺/Yb³⁺-Codoped Nanocrystalline Yttria: Saturation and Thermal Effects,” J. Phys. Chem. C 111(36), 13611–13617 (2007). [CrossRef]

]. Based on the well-known thermal activation equation, R_HS = R_HS(0)exp^-ΔE/kT, we deduced the practical sample temperatures under the 980-nm laser exposure of different power densities, as shown in the inset of Fig. 5. It can be seen that in the thin film and REF samples, the temperature increases rapidly with the increase of excitation power, while changes fractionally in the IOPCs due to better thermal diffusion of the sample. Similar result was also observed in the other IOPCs samples, which indicated that the inhibited local thermal effect is induced by three-dimensional ordered porous structure of IOPCs, rather than overlapped effect between PSB and UC emission.

Fig. 5 Ln-ln plot of the green UCL intensity (²H_11/2, ⁴S_3/2-⁴I_15/2) of the PC3, thin film sample and REF samples. Insert: The temperature versus the excitation power in the samples.

In conclusion, we not only observed highly modified UCL and dynamics in YVO₄:Yb³⁺, Er³⁺ IOPCs, but also observed effective suppression of temperature quenching and local thermal effect in the IOPCs. This observation may be significant for realizing effective UCL in oxide with relatively large phonon energy.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by National Talent Youth Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 60925018), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 10974071, 61204015, 51002062, 11174111, and 61177042). The China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funded Project (2012M511337).

References and links

1.	M. M. Baksh, M. Jaros, and J. T. Groves, “Detection of molecular interactions at membrane surfaces through colloid phase transitions,” Nature 427(6970), 139–141 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2.	H. G. Park, S. H. Kim, S. H. Kwon, Y. G. Ju, J. K. Yang, J. H. Baek, S. B. Kim, and Y. H. Lee, “Electrically Driven Single-Cell Photonic Crystal Laser,” Science 305(5689), 1444–1447 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3.	L. Zhou, Z. R. Gong, Y. X. Liu, C. P. Sun, and F. Nori, “Controllable Scattering of a Single Photon inside a One-Dimensional Resonator Waveguide,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 101(10), 100501 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4.	O. B. Ayyub, J. W. Sekowski, T. I. Yang, X. Zhang, R. M. Briber, and P. Kofinas, “Color changing block copolymer films for chemical sensing of simple sugars,” Biosens. Bioelectron. 28(1), 349–354 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5.	I. S. Nikolaev, P. Lodahl, and W. L. Vos, “Fluorescence Lifetime of Emitters with Broad Homogeneous Linewidths Modified in Opal Photonic Crystals,” J. Phys. Chem. C 112(18), 7250–7254 (2008). [CrossRef]
6.	J. Y. Zhang, X. Y. Wang, M. Xiao, and Y. H. Ye, “Modified spontaneous emission of CdTe quantum dots inside a photonic crystal,” Opt. Lett. 28(16), 1430–1432 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
7.	A. Oertel, C. Lengler, T. Walther, and M. Haase, “Photonic Properties of Inverse Opals Fabricated from Lanthanide-Doped LaPO₄ Nanocrystals,” Chem. Mater. 21(16), 3883–3888 (2009). [CrossRef]
8.	Y. S. Zhu, W. Xu, H. Z. Zhang, W. Wang, S. Xu, and H. W. Song, “Inhibited Long-Scale Energy Transfer in Dysprosium Doped Yttrium Vanadate Inverse Opal,” J. Phys. Chem. C 116(3), 2297–2302 (2012). [CrossRef]
9.	Y. S. Zhu, W. Xu, H. Z. Zhang, W. Wang, L. Tong, S. Xu, Z. P. Sun, and H. W. Song, “Highly modified spontaneous emissions in YVO₄:Eu³⁺ inverse opal and refractive index sensing application,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 100(8), 081104 (2012). [CrossRef]
10.	Q. Liu, H. W. Song, W. Wang, X. Bai, Y. Wang, B. Dong, L. Xu, and W. Han, “Observation of Lamb shift and modified spontaneous emission dynamics in the YBO₃:Eu³⁺ inverse opal,” Opt. Lett. 35(17), 2898–2900 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11.	S. J. Zeng, G. Z. Ren, and Q. B. Yang, “Fabrication, formation mechanism and optical properties of novel single-crystal Er³⁺ doped NaYbF₄ micro-tubes,” J. Mater. Chem. 20(11), 2152–2156 (2010). [CrossRef]
12.	H. Naruke, T. Mori, and T. Yamase, “Luminescence properties and excitation process of a near-infrared to visible up-conversion color-tunable phosphor,” Opt. Mater. 31(10), 1483–1487 (2009). [CrossRef]
13.	F. Zhang, Y. H. Deng, Y. F. Shi, R. Y. Zhang, and D. Y. Zhao, “Photoluminescence modification in upconversion rare-earth fluorid nanocrystal array constructed photonic crystals,” J. Mater. Chem. 20(19), 3895–3900 (2010). [CrossRef]
14.	Z. X. Li, L. L. Li, H. P. Zhou, Q. Yuan, C. Chen, L. D. Sun, and C. H. Yan, “Colour modification action of an upconversion photonic crystalw,” Chem. Commun. (Camb.) (43): 6616–6618 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
15.	D. Yan, J. L. Zhu, H. J. Wu, Z. W. Yang, J. B. Qiu, Z. G. Song, X. Yu, Y. Yang, D. C. Zhou, Z. Y. Yin, and R. F. Wang, “Energy transfer and photoluminescence modification in Yb–Er–Tm triply doped Y₂Ti₂O₇ upconversion inverse opal,” J. Mater. Chem. 22(35), 18558–18563 (2012). [CrossRef]
16.	Z. W. Yang, D. Yan, K. Zhu, Z. G. Song, X. Yu, D. C. Zhou, Z. Y. Yin, and J. B. Qiu, “Modification of the upconversion spontaneous emission in photonic crystals,” Mater. Chem. Phys. 133(2-3), 584–587 (2012). [CrossRef]
17.	G. Mialon, S. Türkcan, G. Dantelle, D. P. Collins, M. Hadjipanayi, R. A. Taylor, T. Gacoin, A. Alexandrou, and J. P. Boilot, “High Up-Conversion Efficiency of YVO4:Yb,Er Nanoparticles in Water down to the Single-Particle Level,” J. Phys. Chem. C 114(51), 22449–22454 (2010). [CrossRef]
18.	A. Ródenas, G. Zhou, D. Jaque, and M. Gu, “Rare-Earth Spontaneous Emission Control in Three-Dimensional Lithium Niobate Photonic Crystals,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 21(34), 3526–3530 (2009). [CrossRef]
19.	W. Wang, H. W. Song, X. Bai, Q. Liu, and Y. S. Zhu, “Modified spontaneous emissions of europium complex in weak PMMA opals,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13(40), 18023–18030 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
20.	K. Riwotzki and M. Haase, “Colloidal YVO₄:Eu and YP_0.95V_0.05O₄:Eu Nanoparticles: Luminescence and Energy Transfer Processes,” J. Phys. Chem. B 105(51), 12709–12713 (2001). [CrossRef]
21.	X. S. Qu, H. W. Song, X. Bai, G. H. Pan, B. Dong, H. F. Zhao, F. Wang, and R. F. Qin, “Preparation and Upconversion Luminescence of Three-Dimensionally Ordered Macroporous ZrO₂: Er³⁺, Yb^3+.,” Inorg. Chem. 47(20), 9654–9659 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
22.	F. Wang, R. R. Deng, J. Wang, Q. X. Wang, Y. Han, H. M. Zhu, X. Y. Chen, and X. G. Liu, “Tuning upconversion through energy migration in core-shell nanoparticles,” Nat. Mater. 10(12), 968–973 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
23.	X. Bai, H. W. Song, G. H. Pan, Y. Q. Lei, T. Wang, X. G. Ren, S. Z. Lu, B. Dong, Q. L. Dai, and L. B. Fan, “Size-Dependent Upconversion Luminescence in Er³⁺/Yb³⁺-Codoped Nanocrystalline Yttria: Saturation and Thermal Effects,” J. Phys. Chem. C 111(36), 13611–13617 (2007). [CrossRef]

OCIS Codes
(250.0250) Optoelectronics : Optoelectronics
(300.0300) Spectroscopy : Spectroscopy

ToC Category:
Photonic Crystals

History
Original Manuscript: November 8, 2012
Revised Manuscript: December 2, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: December 3, 2012
Published: December 20, 2012

Citation
Yongsheng Zhu, Wen Xu, Hanzhuang Zhang, Sai Xu, Yunfeng Wang, Qinlin Dai, Biao Dong, Lin Xu, and Hongwei Song, "Inhibited local thermal effect in upconversion luminescence of YVO₄:Yb³⁺, Er³⁺ inverse opals," Opt. Express 20, 29673-29678 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-28-29673

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References

M. M. Baksh, M. Jaros, and J. T. Groves, “Detection of molecular interactions at membrane surfaces through colloid phase transitions,” Nature427(6970), 139–141 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
H. G. Park, S. H. Kim, S. H. Kwon, Y. G. Ju, J. K. Yang, J. H. Baek, S. B. Kim, and Y. H. Lee, “Electrically Driven Single-Cell Photonic Crystal Laser,” Science305(5689), 1444–1447 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
L. Zhou, Z. R. Gong, Y. X. Liu, C. P. Sun, and F. Nori, “Controllable Scattering of a Single Photon inside a One-Dimensional Resonator Waveguide,” Phys. Rev. Lett.101(10), 100501 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
O. B. Ayyub, J. W. Sekowski, T. I. Yang, X. Zhang, R. M. Briber, and P. Kofinas, “Color changing block copolymer films for chemical sensing of simple sugars,” Biosens. Bioelectron.28(1), 349–354 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
I. S. Nikolaev, P. Lodahl, and W. L. Vos, “Fluorescence Lifetime of Emitters with Broad Homogeneous Linewidths Modified in Opal Photonic Crystals,” J. Phys. Chem. C112(18), 7250–7254 (2008). [CrossRef]
J. Y. Zhang, X. Y. Wang, M. Xiao, and Y. H. Ye, “Modified spontaneous emission of CdTe quantum dots inside a photonic crystal,” Opt. Lett.28(16), 1430–1432 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. Oertel, C. Lengler, T. Walther, and M. Haase, “Photonic Properties of Inverse Opals Fabricated from Lanthanide-Doped LaPO4 Nanocrystals,” Chem. Mater.21(16), 3883–3888 (2009). [CrossRef]
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F. Zhang, Y. H. Deng, Y. F. Shi, R. Y. Zhang, and D. Y. Zhao, “Photoluminescence modification in upconversion rare-earth fluorid nanocrystal array constructed photonic crystals,” J. Mater. Chem.20(19), 3895–3900 (2010). [CrossRef]
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W. Wang, H. W. Song, X. Bai, Q. Liu, and Y. S. Zhu, “Modified spontaneous emissions of europium complex in weak PMMA opals,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.13(40), 18023–18030 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
K. Riwotzki and M. Haase, “Colloidal YVO4:Eu and YP0.95V0.05O4:Eu Nanoparticles: Luminescence and Energy Transfer Processes,” J. Phys. Chem. B105(51), 12709–12713 (2001). [CrossRef]
X. S. Qu, H. W. Song, X. Bai, G. H. Pan, B. Dong, H. F. Zhao, F. Wang, and R. F. Qin, “Preparation and Upconversion Luminescence of Three-Dimensionally Ordered Macroporous ZrO2: Er3+, Yb3+.,” Inorg. Chem.47(20), 9654–9659 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
F. Wang, R. R. Deng, J. Wang, Q. X. Wang, Y. Han, H. M. Zhu, X. Y. Chen, and X. G. Liu, “Tuning upconversion through energy migration in core-shell nanoparticles,” Nat. Mater.10(12), 968–973 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
X. Bai, H. W. Song, G. H. Pan, Y. Q. Lei, T. Wang, X. G. Ren, S. Z. Lu, B. Dong, Q. L. Dai, and L. B. Fan, “Size-Dependent Upconversion Luminescence in Er3+/Yb3+-Codoped Nanocrystalline Yttria: Saturation and Thermal Effects,” J. Phys. Chem. C111(36), 13611–13617 (2007). [CrossRef]

Alexandrou, A.
Ayyub, O. B.
Baek, J. H.
Bai, X.
Baksh, M. M.
Boilot, J. P.
Briber, R. M.
Chen, C.
Chen, X. Y.
Collins, D. P.
Dai, Q. L.
Dantelle, G.
Deng, R. R.
Deng, Y. H.
Dong, B.
Fan, L. B.
Gacoin, T.
Gong, Z. R.
Groves, J. T.
Gu, M.
Haase, M.
Hadjipanayi, M.
Han, W.
Han, Y.
Jaque, D.
Jaros, M.
Ju, Y. G.
Kim, S. B.
Kim, S. H.
Kofinas, P.
Kwon, S. H.
Lee, Y. H.
Lei, Y. Q.
Lengler, C.
Li, L. L.
Li, Z. X.
Liu, Q.
Liu, X. G.
Liu, Y. X.
Lodahl, P.
Lu, S. Z.
Mialon, G.
Mori, T.
Naruke, H.
Nikolaev, I. S.
Nori, F.
Oertel, A.
Pan, G. H.
Park, H. G.
Qin, R. F.
Qiu, J. B.
Qu, X. S.
Ren, G. Z.
Ren, X. G.
Riwotzki, K.
Ródenas, A.
Sekowski, J. W.
Shi, Y. F.
Song, H. W.
Song, Z. G.
Sun, C. P.
Sun, L. D.
Sun, Z. P.
Taylor, R. A.
Tong, L.
Türkcan, S.
Vos, W. L.
Walther, T.
Wang, F.
Wang, J.
Wang, Q. X.
Wang, R. F.
Wang, T.
Wang, W.
Wang, X. Y.
Wang, Y.
Wu, H. J.
Xiao, M.
Xu, L.
Xu, S.
Xu, W.
Yamase, T.
Yan, C. H.
Yan, D.
Yang, J. K.
Yang, Q. B.
Yang, T. I.
Yang, Y.
Yang, Z. W.
Ye, Y. H.
Yin, Z. Y.
Yu, X.
Yuan, Q.
Zeng, S. J.
Zhang, F.
Zhang, H. Z.
Zhang, J. Y.
Zhang, R. Y.
Zhang, X.
Zhao, D. Y.
Zhao, H. F.
Zhou, D. C.
Zhou, G.
Zhou, H. P.
Zhou, L.
Zhu, H. M.
Zhu, J. L.
Zhu, K.
Zhu, Y. S.

Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)

A. Ródenas, G. Zhou, D. Jaque, and M. Gu, “Rare-Earth Spontaneous Emission Control in Three-Dimensional Lithium Niobate Photonic Crystals,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)21(34), 3526–3530 (2009). [CrossRef]

Appl. Phys. Lett.

Y. S. Zhu, W. Xu, H. Z. Zhang, W. Wang, L. Tong, S. Xu, Z. P. Sun, and H. W. Song, “Highly modified spontaneous emissions in YVO4:Eu3+ inverse opal and refractive index sensing application,” Appl. Phys. Lett.100(8), 081104 (2012). [CrossRef]

Biosens. Bioelectron.

O. B. Ayyub, J. W. Sekowski, T. I. Yang, X. Zhang, R. M. Briber, and P. Kofinas, “Color changing block copolymer films for chemical sensing of simple sugars,” Biosens. Bioelectron.28(1), 349–354 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Chem. Commun. (Camb.)

Z. X. Li, L. L. Li, H. P. Zhou, Q. Yuan, C. Chen, L. D. Sun, and C. H. Yan, “Colour modification action of an upconversion photonic crystalw,” Chem. Commun. (Camb.) (43): 6616–6618 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Chem. Mater.

A. Oertel, C. Lengler, T. Walther, and M. Haase, “Photonic Properties of Inverse Opals Fabricated from Lanthanide-Doped LaPO4 Nanocrystals,” Chem. Mater.21(16), 3883–3888 (2009). [CrossRef]

Inorg. Chem.

X. S. Qu, H. W. Song, X. Bai, G. H. Pan, B. Dong, H. F. Zhao, F. Wang, and R. F. Qin, “Preparation and Upconversion Luminescence of Three-Dimensionally Ordered Macroporous ZrO2: Er3+, Yb3+.,” Inorg. Chem.47(20), 9654–9659 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

J. Mater. Chem.

D. Yan, J. L. Zhu, H. J. Wu, Z. W. Yang, J. B. Qiu, Z. G. Song, X. Yu, Y. Yang, D. C. Zhou, Z. Y. Yin, and R. F. Wang, “Energy transfer and photoluminescence modification in Yb–Er–Tm triply doped Y2Ti2O7 upconversion inverse opal,” J. Mater. Chem.22(35), 18558–18563 (2012). [CrossRef]
S. J. Zeng, G. Z. Ren, and Q. B. Yang, “Fabrication, formation mechanism and optical properties of novel single-crystal Er3+ doped NaYbF4 micro-tubes,” J. Mater. Chem.20(11), 2152–2156 (2010). [CrossRef]
F. Zhang, Y. H. Deng, Y. F. Shi, R. Y. Zhang, and D. Y. Zhao, “Photoluminescence modification in upconversion rare-earth fluorid nanocrystal array constructed photonic crystals,” J. Mater. Chem.20(19), 3895–3900 (2010). [CrossRef]

J. Phys. Chem. B

K. Riwotzki and M. Haase, “Colloidal YVO4:Eu and YP0.95V0.05O4:Eu Nanoparticles: Luminescence and Energy Transfer Processes,” J. Phys. Chem. B105(51), 12709–12713 (2001). [CrossRef]

J. Phys. Chem. C

G. Mialon, S. Türkcan, G. Dantelle, D. P. Collins, M. Hadjipanayi, R. A. Taylor, T. Gacoin, A. Alexandrou, and J. P. Boilot, “High Up-Conversion Efficiency of YVO4:Yb,Er Nanoparticles in Water down to the Single-Particle Level,” J. Phys. Chem. C114(51), 22449–22454 (2010). [CrossRef]
X. Bai, H. W. Song, G. H. Pan, Y. Q. Lei, T. Wang, X. G. Ren, S. Z. Lu, B. Dong, Q. L. Dai, and L. B. Fan, “Size-Dependent Upconversion Luminescence in Er3+/Yb3+-Codoped Nanocrystalline Yttria: Saturation and Thermal Effects,” J. Phys. Chem. C111(36), 13611–13617 (2007). [CrossRef]
Y. S. Zhu, W. Xu, H. Z. Zhang, W. Wang, S. Xu, and H. W. Song, “Inhibited Long-Scale Energy Transfer in Dysprosium Doped Yttrium Vanadate Inverse Opal,” J. Phys. Chem. C116(3), 2297–2302 (2012). [CrossRef]
I. S. Nikolaev, P. Lodahl, and W. L. Vos, “Fluorescence Lifetime of Emitters with Broad Homogeneous Linewidths Modified in Opal Photonic Crystals,” J. Phys. Chem. C112(18), 7250–7254 (2008). [CrossRef]

Mater. Chem. Phys.

Z. W. Yang, D. Yan, K. Zhu, Z. G. Song, X. Yu, D. C. Zhou, Z. Y. Yin, and J. B. Qiu, “Modification of the upconversion spontaneous emission in photonic crystals,” Mater. Chem. Phys.133(2-3), 584–587 (2012). [CrossRef]

Nat. Mater.

F. Wang, R. R. Deng, J. Wang, Q. X. Wang, Y. Han, H. M. Zhu, X. Y. Chen, and X. G. Liu, “Tuning upconversion through energy migration in core-shell nanoparticles,” Nat. Mater.10(12), 968–973 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Nature

M. M. Baksh, M. Jaros, and J. T. Groves, “Detection of molecular interactions at membrane surfaces through colloid phase transitions,” Nature427(6970), 139–141 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett.

Opt. Mater.

H. Naruke, T. Mori, and T. Yamase, “Luminescence properties and excitation process of a near-infrared to visible up-conversion color-tunable phosphor,” Opt. Mater.31(10), 1483–1487 (2009). [CrossRef]

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

W. Wang, H. W. Song, X. Bai, Q. Liu, and Y. S. Zhu, “Modified spontaneous emissions of europium complex in weak PMMA opals,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.13(40), 18023–18030 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Phys. Rev. Lett.

L. Zhou, Z. R. Gong, Y. X. Liu, C. P. Sun, and F. Nori, “Controllable Scattering of a Single Photon inside a One-Dimensional Resonator Waveguide,” Phys. Rev. Lett.101(10), 100501 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Science

H. G. Park, S. H. Kim, S. H. Kwon, Y. G. Ju, J. K. Yang, J. H. Baek, S. B. Kim, and Y. H. Lee, “Electrically Driven Single-Cell Photonic Crystal Laser,” Science305(5689), 1444–1447 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

2012, Zhu, J. Phys. Chem. C
2012, Zhu, Appl. Phys. Lett.
2012, Yan, J. Mater. Chem.
2012, Yang, Mater. Chem. Phys.
2011, Ayyub, Biosens. Bioelectron.
2011, Wang, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.
2011, Wang, Nat. Mater.
2010, Liu, Opt. Lett.
2010, Zeng, J. Mater. Chem.
2010, Mialon, J. Phys. Chem. C
2010, Zhang, J. Mater. Chem.
2009, Li, Chem. Commun. (Camb.)
2009, Oertel, Chem. Mater.
2009, Ródenas, Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)
2009, Naruke, Opt. Mater.
2008, Nikolaev, J. Phys. Chem. C
2008, Zhou, Phys. Rev. Lett.
2008, Qu, Inorg. Chem.
2007, Bai, J. Phys. Chem. C
2004, Baksh, Nature
2004, Park, Science
2003, Zhang, Opt. Lett.
2001, Riwotzki, J. Phys. Chem. B

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