« journal navigation
|
Passive Q-switching of the diode pumped Tm3+:KLu(WO4)2 laser near 2-µm with Cr2+:ZnS saturable absorbers |
Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 4, pp. 3394-3400 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.003394
Acrobat PDF (1185 KB)
Article Navigation
▸ Article Outline
– Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Experimental setup
3. Results
4. Theoretical analysis of the passively -switched Tm:KLuW laser performance
5. Conclusion
– References and links
– Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Experimental setup
3. Results
4. Theoretical analysis of the passively -switched Tm:KLuW laser performance
5. Conclusion
– References and links
Article Tools
Full Text
Article Info
References
Cited By
Figures
Metrics
Download PDF
Viewing Equations in the
HTML Article
Optimal Viewing Recommendations
Abstract
Single pulse energies as high as 145 µJ were generated with a passively Q-switched diode-pumped Tm:KLu(WO4)2 laser using poly-crystalline Cr2+:ZnS as a saturable absorber. The maximum average power reached 0.39 W at a pulse repetition rate of 2.7 kHz with pulse durations in the 25 – 30 ns range. The maximum peak power amounted to 6 kW. The obtained results agree well with theoretical analysis.
© 2012 OSA
1. Introduction
The eye-safe laser emission region around 2 μm covered by Tm3+, Ho3+ and codoped (Tm3+-Ho3+) active media is important for medical applications, mainly due to the strong optical absorption by water, and remote sensing (LIDAR) of CO2 and water in the atmosphere, as well as for pumping Optical Parametric Oscillators (OPO’s) for conversion into the mid-IR [1]. The Tm ion, emitting on the 3F4 → 3H6 transition, is attractive because its absorption band around 800 nm matches the emission of AlGaAs laser diodes designed for Nd3+-ion pumping. Passive Q-switching (PQS) of such diode-pumped solid state lasers (DPSSL) by a saturable absorber (SA) is a common technique to generate short and high peak power pulses, mainly due to the simplicity and low cost of the cavity design. It has been applied to several Tm-doped laser materials such as YAG [2], KY(WO4)2 [3,4], and YAP [5] using Cr2+:ZnSe and Cr2+:ZnS crystals, PbS quantum dots, and InGaAs/GaAs semiconductor based SAs.
A. Godard, “Infrared (2–12 μm) solid-state laser sources: a review,” C. R. Phys. 8(10), 1100–1128 (2007). [CrossRef]
L. E. Batay, A. N. Kuzmin, A. S. Grabtchikov, V. A. Lisinetskii, V. A. Orlovich, A. A. Demidovich, A. N. Titov, V. V. Badikov, S. G. Sheina, V. L. Panyutin, M. Mond, and S. Kück, “Efficient diode-pumped passively Q-switched laser operation around 1.9 µm and self-frequency Raman conversion of Tm-doped KY(WO4)2,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81(16), 2926–2928 (2002). [CrossRef]
M. S. Gaponenko, I. A. Denisov, V. E. Kisel, A. M. Malyarevich, A. A. Zhilin, A. A. Onushchenko, N. V. Kuleshov, and K. V. Yumashev, “Diode-pumped Tm: KY(WO4)2 laser passively Q-switched with PbS-doped glass,” Appl. Phys. B 93(4), 787–791 (2008). [CrossRef]
B. Yao, Y. Tian, G. Li, and Y. Wang, “InGaAs/GaAs saturable absorber for diode-pumped passively Q-switched dual-wavelength Tm:YAP lasers,” Opt. Express 18(13), 13574–13579 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Concerning the monoclinic double tungstates, PQS around 1.9 µm with Cr2+:ZnS and Cr2+:ZnSe SAs was demonstrated using Tm3+:KY(WO4)2 and codoped Yb3+,Tm3+:KY(WO4)2 [3]. The best result of 116 mW output power at a repetition rate of 20 kHz with Yb3+,Tm3+: KY(WO4)2 and Cr2+:ZnS corresponds to a single pulse energy of 6.7 µJ and a pulse duration of 63 ns. Note that such high repetition rates do not allow one to fully utilize the long storage time of Tm which intrinsically limits the pulse energy. More recently, PQS of Tm3+: KY(WO4)2 has been achieved also using PbS-doped glass as SA [4]. In this set-up, up to 44 µJ of single pulse energy was produced at a repetition rate of 2.5 kHz but for the pulse duration only an upper detection limit of 60 ns was given.
L. E. Batay, A. N. Kuzmin, A. S. Grabtchikov, V. A. Lisinetskii, V. A. Orlovich, A. A. Demidovich, A. N. Titov, V. V. Badikov, S. G. Sheina, V. L. Panyutin, M. Mond, and S. Kück, “Efficient diode-pumped passively Q-switched laser operation around 1.9 µm and self-frequency Raman conversion of Tm-doped KY(WO4)2,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81(16), 2926–2928 (2002). [CrossRef]
M. S. Gaponenko, I. A. Denisov, V. E. Kisel, A. M. Malyarevich, A. A. Zhilin, A. A. Onushchenko, N. V. Kuleshov, and K. V. Yumashev, “Diode-pumped Tm: KY(WO4)2 laser passively Q-switched with PbS-doped glass,” Appl. Phys. B 93(4), 787–791 (2008). [CrossRef]
Concerning other Tm3+-doped crystals, semiconductor based SAs have been used for PQS of a Tm3+:YAP laser in [5] achieving a maximum pulse energy of 28.1 µJ at a repetition rate of 43.7 kHz, however, the pulse duration, 447 ns, was rather long. The highest pulse energy (~400 µJ) from a diode-pumped PQS laser, to the best of our knowledge, has been achieved in Tm3+:YAG using Cr2+:ZnSe as SA [2]: However, the pulse duration in this laser was also untypically long for PQS (about 300 ns), resulting in a peak power of about 1 kW.
B. Yao, Y. Tian, G. Li, and Y. Wang, “InGaAs/GaAs saturable absorber for diode-pumped passively Q-switched dual-wavelength Tm:YAP lasers,” Opt. Express 18(13), 13574–13579 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A good choice of SA for PQS must fulfil the relation ISAσSA>Igσ0 [6] where ISA is the laser intensity in the SA, σSA is the absorption cross-section of the SA at the laser wavelength, Ig is the intensity of the laser beam in the gain medium and σ0 is the stimulated emission cross-section of the gain medium. Also the SA must have a short upper level lifetime compared to that of the gain medium. Long gain upper lifetimes ensure high energy storage and consequently high energy output pulses. For instance, the upper lifetime of Tm:YAG (~10 ms [7]) is few times longer than in monoclinic double tungstates (see Table 1
).
S. A. Payne, L. L. Chase, L. K. Smith, W. L. Kway, and W. F. Krupke, “Infrared cross-section measurements for crystals doped with Er3+, Tm3+, and Ho3+,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28(11), 2619–2630 (1992). [CrossRef]
Table 1 Properties of Tm:KLuW (* undoped crystal).
| Doping level (solution) | 3 at.% Tm |
|---|---|
| Ion concentration | 2 × 1020 at/cm3 |
| Pump wavelength, λp [10 X. Mateos, V. Petrov, J. Liu, M. C. Pujol, U. Griebner, M. Aguiló, F. Díaz, M. Galan, and G. Viera, “Efficient 2-μm continuous wave laser oscillation of Tm3+:KLu(WO4)2,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 42, 1008–1015 (2006). [CrossRef] | 802 nm, E//Nm |
| Absorption cross section, σa [10 X. Mateos, V. Petrov, J. Liu, M. C. Pujol, U. Griebner, M. Aguiló, F. Díaz, M. Galan, and G. Viera, “Efficient 2-μm continuous wave laser oscillation of Tm3+:KLu(WO4)2,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 42, 1008–1015 (2006). [CrossRef] | 5.95 × 10−20 cm2 for E//Nm |
| Absorption linewidth [10 X. Mateos, V. Petrov, J. Liu, M. C. Pujol, U. Griebner, M. Aguiló, F. Díaz, M. Galan, and G. Viera, “Efficient 2-μm continuous wave laser oscillation of Tm3+:KLu(WO4)2,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 42, 1008–1015 (2006). [CrossRef] | 4 nm, E//Nm |
| Stimulated emission cross section, σ0 (1920 nm) [10 X. Mateos, V. Petrov, J. Liu, M. C. Pujol, U. Griebner, M. Aguiló, F. Díaz, M. Galan, and G. Viera, “Efficient 2-μm continuous wave laser oscillation of Tm3+:KLu(WO4)2,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 42, 1008–1015 (2006). [CrossRef] | 1.38 × 10−20 cm2 |
| 3F4 fluorescence lifetime, τa [10 X. Mateos, V. Petrov, J. Liu, M. C. Pujol, U. Griebner, M. Aguiló, F. Díaz, M. Galan, and G. Viera, “Efficient 2-μm continuous wave laser oscillation of Tm3+:KLu(WO4)2,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 42, 1008–1015 (2006). [CrossRef] | 1.34 ms |
| Saturation intensity (I = hc/σaτaλp) | 3.1 kW/cm2 |
| Thermal expansion coefficient (10−6 K−1)* [11 O. Silvestre, J. Grau, M. C. Pujol, J. Massons, M. Aguiló, F. Díaz, M. T. Borowiec, A. Szewczyk, M. U. Gutowska, M. Massot, A. Salazar, and V. Petrov, “Thermal properties of monoclinic KLu(WO4)2 as a promising solid state laser host,” Opt. Express 16(7), 5022–5034 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed] | αp = 3.35, αm = 11.19, αg = 14.55 |
| Thermal conductivity at 300 K (W/m K)* [11 O. Silvestre, J. Grau, M. C. Pujol, J. Massons, M. Aguiló, F. Díaz, M. T. Borowiec, A. Szewczyk, M. U. Gutowska, M. Massot, A. Salazar, and V. Petrov, “Thermal properties of monoclinic KLu(WO4)2 as a promising solid state laser host,” Opt. Express 16(7), 5022–5034 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed] | κp = 2.36, κm = 3.41, κg = 3.59 |
| dnp/dT, dnm/dT, dng/dT (10−6 K−1)* [12 S. Vatnik, M. C. Pujol, J. J. Carvajal, X. Mateos, M. Aguiló, F. Díaz, and V. Petrov, “Thermo-optic coefficients of monoclinic KLu(WO4)2,” Appl. Phys. B 95(4), 653–656 (2009). [CrossRef] | −10.8, −1.6, −7.4 |
| Refractive indices at 1946 nm* [8 M. C. Pujol, X. Mateos, A. Aznar, X. Solans, S. Suriñach, J. Massons, F. Díaz, and M. Aguiló, “Structural redetermination, thermal expansion and refractive indices of KLu(WO4)2,” J. Appl. Cryst. 39(2), 230–236 (2006). [CrossRef] | np = 1.96, nm = 2.01, ng = 2.06 |
In this paper, we report on PQS of a DPSSL based on the monoclinic potassium lutetium tungstate KLu(WO4)2, doped with 3 at.% Tm3+, hereafter Tm:KLuW. In these biaxial crystals, three principal optical axes exist associated with the three refractive indices, np<nm<ng. The Np principal optical axis is parallel to the b crystallographic axis. The other two axes of the optical ellipsoid, Nm and Ng, lie in the a-c crystallographic plane and the location of Ng with respect to the c crystallographic axis is at 18.5° in the clockwise direction when b is pointing towards the observer [8]. The relevant properties of Tm:KLuW are summarized in Table 1, see [8–12]. Among them are the high absorption and emission cross sections for the pump and laser radiation for the selected polarization along Nm and the possibility of high doping level.
M. C. Pujol, X. Mateos, A. Aznar, X. Solans, S. Suriñach, J. Massons, F. Díaz, and M. Aguiló, “Structural redetermination, thermal expansion and refractive indices of KLu(WO4)2,” J. Appl. Cryst. 39(2), 230–236 (2006). [CrossRef]
M. C. Pujol, X. Mateos, A. Aznar, X. Solans, S. Suriñach, J. Massons, F. Díaz, and M. Aguiló, “Structural redetermination, thermal expansion and refractive indices of KLu(WO4)2,” J. Appl. Cryst. 39(2), 230–236 (2006). [CrossRef]
S. Vatnik, M. C. Pujol, J. J. Carvajal, X. Mateos, M. Aguiló, F. Díaz, and V. Petrov, “Thermo-optic coefficients of monoclinic KLu(WO4)2,” Appl. Phys. B 95(4), 653–656 (2009). [CrossRef]
2. Experimental setup
High optical quality Tm:KLuW crystals were grown by the Top Seeded Solution Growth Slow Cooling (TSSG-SC) method, according to the procedure described in [13]. For the laser experiments, we constructed an L-shape hemispherical resonator depicted in Fig. 1
. The pump was delivered through the plane mirror (M1), antireflection (AR) coated for the pump wavelength (802 nm) and high reflection (HR) coated for the laser wavelength (1900-2400 nm). As output coupler (M3) we tested mirrors with transmission Toc = 5% and 10% (1820-2050 nm) and radius of curvature Roc = −75 mm. The bending mirror (M2) was plane, ARs-pol,p-pol(45°, 790-820 nm) and HRs-pol(45°, 1700-2280 nm) + HRp-pol(45°, 1790-2120 nm). The pump source was a fiber-coupled (NA = 0.22, 200 µm core diameter) AlGaAs diode laser delivering up to 10 W at 802 nm (DILAS). The active elements were cut for propagation along the Ng direction with dimensions 2 × 3 × 3 mm3 along Np × Nm × Ng. The AR-coated samples (both for pump and laser wavelengths) were mounted in a Cu holder with circulating water at 16°C for heat dissipation. The incident pump beam was focused to a 200 µm spot diameter on the crystal with a lens assembly of 20 mm focal length. The polycrystalline Cr2+:ZnS SA samples (IPG Photonics), were specified with low signal transmission (corrected for Fresnel reflections) of T0 = 78, 85 and 92% at 1910 nm. The AR-coating reduced the reflection to about 1% per surface. The SAs were 2.2 mm thick, with lateral dimensions of 4.5 × 9.3 mm2. The output pulses were detected with a fast InGaAs photodiode with <35 ps risetime and measured with a LeCroy oscilloscope with 1 GHz bandwidth.
R. Sole, V. Nikolov, and X. Ruiz, “Jna. Gavalda, X. Solans, M. Aguilo, and F. Diaz, “Growth of β-KGd1−xNdx(WO4)2 single crystals in K2W2O7 solvents,” J. Cryst. Growth 169, 600–603 (1996). [CrossRef]
3. Results
In our preliminary work on PQS of the Tm:KLuW laser in a linear cavity [14] we established that it is rather difficult to stabilize the pulse train, mainly due to the direct heating of the SA (in that case Cr2+:ZnSe with T0 = 75% at 1950 nm) by the residual non-absorbed pump. Thus, the maximum pulse energy achieved with Tm:KLuW was 16 µJ. To improve this performance, we designed the 3 mirror L-shaped cavity described before, with a length of L1 + L2 = Lc and L1 = 30 mm, in which the folding mirror transmits the non-absorbed pump.
In the present work we used polycrystalline Cr2+:ZnS samples as SA. It was not possible to obtain Q-switching with the Cr2+:ZnSe plates because the fluence was not high enough to bleach Cr2+:ZnSe at the longer distance between SA and pump mirror in the folded cavity. Additionally, the initial transmissions of Cr2+:ZnSe at 1910 nm were lower (50%, 76% and 78%) compared to the applied Cr2+:ZnS samples. The estimated laser beam diameters were 140 and 350 µm at the Tm:KLuW crystal and SA position (LSA = 40 mm), respectively. The absorption cross-section at 1920 nm of Cr2+:ZnS SA is 4 × 10−19 cm2 and the emission cross-section of the laser crystal at the same wavelength is 1.38 × 10−20 cm2. Together with the spot sizes of the laser beam at the laser crystal and the SA this gives ISAσSA~4.6 Igσ0 that matches with the criteria exposed in the introduction.
The CW and PQS performance of the laser with Tm:KLuW crystal, naturally polarized along Nm, is shown in Fig. 2
for Toc = 10%. In all cases the cavity length was decreased from 74 mm in CW mode to 73 mm in PQS regime compensating the optical path in the SA (n~2.27 at 1.9 µm). Figure 3a
shows the average output power, repetition rate, pulse energy and pulse duration (FWHM) obtained in stable PQS regime using Toc = 10% and Fig. 3b the same parameters with Toc = 5% for which only the T0 = 92% SA ensured stable operation. For Toc = 10%, the SA with T0 = 92% Q-switched the laser in almost any position in the second arm but the highest output power was obtained at the maximum possible separation from the output coupler, LSA = 40 mm (350 µm spot size). For Toc = 5%, with the same SA most stable operation was achieved at LSA = 20 mm (400 µm spot size). The maximum average output power amounted to 0.39 W with Toc = 10% and 0.26 W with Toc = 5% at incident pump powers of 4.2 and 3.5 W, respectively, the limits set by SA bleaching. At the same pump levels, the output power in the CW regime (SA removed), was 0.66 and 0.75 W for Toc = 10% (Fig. 2) and 5% (not shown), respectively, which translates into CW to PQS conversion of 59% and 35%, respectively. The estimated small-signal absorption of the Tm:KLuW crystal was 70%, so that the net pump efficiency in the PQS regime was 13% and 11% for Toc = 10% and 5%, respectively.
Fig. 2 CW and passively Q-switched power characteristics of the Tm:KLuW laser with Toc = 10% and Roc = −75 mm output coupler and different SAs.
Fig. 3 PQS characteristics of the Tm:KLuW laser with a) Toc = 10% for T0 = 92%, 85% and 78% Cr2+:ZnS SAs, and b) Toc = 5% for T0 = 92%.
The laser wavelength in PQS operation for Toc = 5% was λL = 1918 nm with 2 nm bandwidth, while the laser emission for Toc = 10% was in the λL = 1917-1925 nm range. The instabilities of the pulse train reduce with when the pumping power increased, e.g. from ± 20% at Pinc = 3.5 W (Fig. 4a
) to ± 10% at Pinc = 4.2 W (Fig. 4c) for Toc = 10%. The pulse shapes corresponding to these cases are shown in Figs. 4b and 4d. With the T0 = 92% SA, the pulse duration was slightly shorter for Toc = 10% in comparison to Toc = 5%, decreasing typically from ~30 ns to ~24 ns. The shortest pulses (~10 ns) for Toc = 10% were obtained with the T0 = 78% SA for a pulse energy of 50 µJ (Fig. 3a), the peak power is 5 kW.
Fig. 4 Dependence of the pulse repetition rate (prr) and single pulse shapes on the pump level using Toc = 10% and Cr2+:ZnS SA with T0 = 92%.
The repetition rate at maximum power with Toc = 5% was 2 kHz corresponding to a maximum single pulse energy of 127 µJ and maximum peak power of 4.4 kW. The maximum energy achieved with Toc = 10% was 145 µJ at a repetition rate of 2.7 kHz, with peak power of 6 kW. In fact this energy corresponded to saturation at incident pump powers ~4 W, with further increase of the average output power only due to the increasing repetition rate (Fig. 3). The quality of the beam, determined by the knife-edge method, was Mx2 = My2 = 1.2.
4. Theoretical analysis of the passively Q-switched Tm:KLuW laser performance
The optimal PQS parameters can be calculated following an analytical approach [15]. They can be expressed in terms of a single variable z = 2g0 l/δ, where 2g0 l is the small-signal gain and δ is the round-trip loss due to diffraction, scattering and absorption. To determine these two, it is possible to apply the Findlay-Clay method [15] assuming good thermal management and minimum reabsorption losses so that Tm:KLuW can be considered as quasi-three level laser. This method uses the relationship between loss and threshold gain, so that the pump power at the laser threshold is expressed in terms of the reflectance of output coupler R = 1-Toc:where ηexc is the excitation efficiency, Ap is the area of the pump beam in the crystal and Is is the saturation intensity. Using mirrors with Toc = 1.5, 3, 5, 9 and 15% in CW operation the loss per round trip obtained is 9%, and the small-signal gain is 0.204 Pp, in this way, the parameter z is determined and depends only on Pp. The output energy is then given bywhere A is the area of the laser beam (70 µm radius), hν is the photon energy and γ is one for four-level lasers or two for three-level lasers. Finally, the pulse duration is also determined bywith. The calculated optimum parameters for the Tm:KLuW laser are shown in Fig. 5
together with the experimental results obtained with Toc = 10% and T0 = 92%, 85% and 78%. There is a good agreement in the pulse energy for incident power in the 2.2 – 3.4 W range (T0 = 92%), at higher powers saturation is experimentally observed, not taken into account in the model. The theory predicts well also the pulse durations for T0 = 85% and 78%.
5. Conclusion
We have achieved passive Q-switching operation of a diode-pumped Tm:KLuW laser emitting near 1920 nm using polycrystalline Cr2+:ZnS samples as saturable absorbers. The best results without optical damage were obtained with Toc = 10% and T0 = 92% for 3 at.% Tm doping in terms of maximum energy of 145 μJ, pulse durations in the 24 – 30 ns range, repetition rate around 2.7 kHz and 0.39 W of average output power. In comparison with [3], based on similar laser crystal and SA, the improvement achieved is by a factor >3 in the average power, >20 in the pulse energy and >50 in the peak power. In fact, with the present setup, average output powers of 0.6 W and pulse energies of 200 µJ could be reached at incident pump power of 7 W for T0 = 92% and Toc = 10% at 3 kHz. However, at such high intracavity fluence we observed SA damage within minutes, even in positions close to the output coupler. Further improvement of the present results can be expected for SAs with T0>92%. We conclude that polycrystalline Cr2+:ZnS is superior as SA at wavelengths around 2 μm in comparison with PbS quantum dots-doped glass [4] or semiconductor SAs [5] for PQS of diode-pumped Tm-lasers.
L. E. Batay, A. N. Kuzmin, A. S. Grabtchikov, V. A. Lisinetskii, V. A. Orlovich, A. A. Demidovich, A. N. Titov, V. V. Badikov, S. G. Sheina, V. L. Panyutin, M. Mond, and S. Kück, “Efficient diode-pumped passively Q-switched laser operation around 1.9 µm and self-frequency Raman conversion of Tm-doped KY(WO4)2,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81(16), 2926–2928 (2002). [CrossRef]
M. S. Gaponenko, I. A. Denisov, V. E. Kisel, A. M. Malyarevich, A. A. Zhilin, A. A. Onushchenko, N. V. Kuleshov, and K. V. Yumashev, “Diode-pumped Tm: KY(WO4)2 laser passively Q-switched with PbS-doped glass,” Appl. Phys. B 93(4), 787–791 (2008). [CrossRef]
B. Yao, Y. Tian, G. Li, and Y. Wang, “InGaAs/GaAs saturable absorber for diode-pumped passively Q-switched dual-wavelength Tm:YAP lasers,” Opt. Express 18(13), 13574–13579 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Spanish Government under projects MAT c2008-06729-C02-02/NAN, MAT2010-11402-E, DE2009-0002 and PI09/90527, and the Catalan Government under project 2009SGR235 and the fellowship 2011FI_B2 00013 (M. Segura). We also acknowledge support from the ECs 7th Framework Programme under project Cleanspace, FP7-SPACE-2010-1-GA-263044, LASERLAB-EUROPE, grant agreement No. 228334 and the German-Spanish bilateral Programme Acciones Integradas (ID 50279160).
References and links
A. Godard, “Infrared (2–12 μm) solid-state laser sources: a review,” C. R. Phys. 8(10), 1100–1128 (2007). [CrossRef] | |
M. Mond, E. Heumann, G. Huber, S. Kuck, V. I. Levchenko, V. N. Yakimovich, V. E. Shcherbitsky, V. E. Kisel, and N. V. Kuleshov, “Passive Q-switching of a diode-pumped Tm:YAG laser by Cr2+:ZnSe,” Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe, CLEO/Europe (2003), paper CA7–5-WED, CD ROM. | |
L. E. Batay, A. N. Kuzmin, A. S. Grabtchikov, V. A. Lisinetskii, V. A. Orlovich, A. A. Demidovich, A. N. Titov, V. V. Badikov, S. G. Sheina, V. L. Panyutin, M. Mond, and S. Kück, “Efficient diode-pumped passively Q-switched laser operation around 1.9 µm and self-frequency Raman conversion of Tm-doped KY(WO4)2,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81(16), 2926–2928 (2002). [CrossRef] | |
M. S. Gaponenko, I. A. Denisov, V. E. Kisel, A. M. Malyarevich, A. A. Zhilin, A. A. Onushchenko, N. V. Kuleshov, and K. V. Yumashev, “Diode-pumped Tm: KY(WO4)2 laser passively Q-switched with PbS-doped glass,” Appl. Phys. B 93(4), 787–791 (2008). [CrossRef] | |
B. Yao, Y. Tian, G. Li, and Y. Wang, “InGaAs/GaAs saturable absorber for diode-pumped passively Q-switched dual-wavelength Tm:YAP lasers,” Opt. Express 18(13), 13574–13579 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed] | |
W. T. Silvast, Laser Fundamentals (Cambridge University Press 1996). | |
S. A. Payne, L. L. Chase, L. K. Smith, W. L. Kway, and W. F. Krupke, “Infrared cross-section measurements for crystals doped with Er3+, Tm3+, and Ho3+,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28(11), 2619–2630 (1992). [CrossRef] | |
M. C. Pujol, X. Mateos, A. Aznar, X. Solans, S. Suriñach, J. Massons, F. Díaz, and M. Aguiló, “Structural redetermination, thermal expansion and refractive indices of KLu(WO4)2,” J. Appl. Cryst. 39(2), 230–236 (2006). [CrossRef] | |
V. Petrov, M. Cinta Pujol, X. Mateos, Ò. Silvestre, S. Rivier, M. Aguiló, R. M. Solé, J. Liu, U. Griebner, and F. Díaz, “Growth and properties of KLu(WO4)2, and novel ytterbium and thulium lasers based on this monoclinic crystalline host,” Laser Photonics Rev. 1(2), 179–212 (2007). [CrossRef] | |
X. Mateos, V. Petrov, J. Liu, M. C. Pujol, U. Griebner, M. Aguiló, F. Díaz, M. Galan, and G. Viera, “Efficient 2-μm continuous wave laser oscillation of Tm3+:KLu(WO4)2,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 42, 1008–1015 (2006). [CrossRef] | |
O. Silvestre, J. Grau, M. C. Pujol, J. Massons, M. Aguiló, F. Díaz, M. T. Borowiec, A. Szewczyk, M. U. Gutowska, M. Massot, A. Salazar, and V. Petrov, “Thermal properties of monoclinic KLu(WO4)2 as a promising solid state laser host,” Opt. Express 16(7), 5022–5034 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed] | |
S. Vatnik, M. C. Pujol, J. J. Carvajal, X. Mateos, M. Aguiló, F. Díaz, and V. Petrov, “Thermo-optic coefficients of monoclinic KLu(WO4)2,” Appl. Phys. B 95(4), 653–656 (2009). [CrossRef] | |
R. Sole, V. Nikolov, and X. Ruiz, “Jna. Gavalda, X. Solans, M. Aguilo, and F. Diaz, “Growth of β-KGd1−xNdx(WO4)2 single crystals in K2W2O7 solvents,” J. Cryst. Growth 169, 600–603 (1996). [CrossRef] | |
M. Segura, X. Mateos, M. C. Pujol, J. J. Carvajal, M. Aguiló, F. Díaz, V. Panyutin, U. Griebner, and V. Petrov, “Diode-pumped passively Q-switched Tm:KLuW laser with a Cr2+:ZnSe saturable absorber,” Advanced Solid State Photonics, ASSP 2010, paper ATuA6, CD ROM. | |
W. Koechner, Solid State Laser Engineering (Springer, 2006). |
OCIS Codes
(140.3070) Lasers and laser optics : Infrared and far-infrared lasers
(140.3480) Lasers and laser optics : Lasers, diode-pumped
(140.3540) Lasers and laser optics : Lasers, Q-switched
ToC Category:
Lasers and Laser Optics
History
Original Manuscript: October 10, 2011
Manuscript Accepted: November 3, 2011
Published: January 30, 2012
Citation
Martha Segura, Martin Kadankov, Xavier Mateos, Maria Cinta Pujol, Joan Josep Carvajal, Magdalena Aguiló, Francesc Díaz, Uwe Griebner, and Valentin Petrov, "Passive Q-switching of the diode pumped Tm3+:KLu(WO4)2 laser near 2-µm with Cr2+:ZnS saturable absorbers," Opt. Express 20, 3394-3400 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-4-3394
Sort: Year | Journal | Reset
References
- A. Godard, “Infrared (2–12 μm) solid-state laser sources: a review,” C. R. Phys.8(10), 1100–1128 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. Mond, E. Heumann, G. Huber, S. Kuck, V. I. Levchenko, V. N. Yakimovich, V. E. Shcherbitsky, V. E. Kisel, and N. V. Kuleshov, “Passive Q-switching of a diode-pumped Tm:YAG laser by Cr2+:ZnSe,” Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe, CLEO/Europe (2003), paper CA7–5-WED, CD ROM.
- L. E. Batay, A. N. Kuzmin, A. S. Grabtchikov, V. A. Lisinetskii, V. A. Orlovich, A. A. Demidovich, A. N. Titov, V. V. Badikov, S. G. Sheina, V. L. Panyutin, M. Mond, and S. Kück, “Efficient diode-pumped passively Q-switched laser operation around 1.9 µm and self-frequency Raman conversion of Tm-doped KY(WO4)2,” Appl. Phys. Lett.81(16), 2926–2928 (2002). [CrossRef]
- M. S. Gaponenko, I. A. Denisov, V. E. Kisel, A. M. Malyarevich, A. A. Zhilin, A. A. Onushchenko, N. V. Kuleshov, and K. V. Yumashev, “Diode-pumped Tm: KY(WO4)2 laser passively Q-switched with PbS-doped glass,” Appl. Phys. B93(4), 787–791 (2008). [CrossRef]
- B. Yao, Y. Tian, G. Li, and Y. Wang, “InGaAs/GaAs saturable absorber for diode-pumped passively Q-switched dual-wavelength Tm:YAP lasers,” Opt. Express18(13), 13574–13579 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. T. Silvast, Laser Fundamentals (Cambridge University Press 1996).
- S. A. Payne, L. L. Chase, L. K. Smith, W. L. Kway, and W. F. Krupke, “Infrared cross-section measurements for crystals doped with Er3+, Tm3+, and Ho3+,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.28(11), 2619–2630 (1992). [CrossRef]
- M. C. Pujol, X. Mateos, A. Aznar, X. Solans, S. Suriñach, J. Massons, F. Díaz, and M. Aguiló, “Structural redetermination, thermal expansion and refractive indices of KLu(WO4)2,” J. Appl. Cryst.39(2), 230–236 (2006). [CrossRef]
- V. Petrov, M. Cinta Pujol, X. Mateos, Ò. Silvestre, S. Rivier, M. Aguiló, R. M. Solé, J. Liu, U. Griebner, and F. Díaz, “Growth and properties of KLu(WO4)2, and novel ytterbium and thulium lasers based on this monoclinic crystalline host,” Laser Photonics Rev.1(2), 179–212 (2007). [CrossRef]
- X. Mateos, V. Petrov, J. Liu, M. C. Pujol, U. Griebner, M. Aguiló, F. Díaz, M. Galan, and G. Viera, “Efficient 2-μm continuous wave laser oscillation of Tm3+:KLu(WO4)2,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.42, 1008–1015 (2006). [CrossRef]
- O. Silvestre, J. Grau, M. C. Pujol, J. Massons, M. Aguiló, F. Díaz, M. T. Borowiec, A. Szewczyk, M. U. Gutowska, M. Massot, A. Salazar, and V. Petrov, “Thermal properties of monoclinic KLu(WO4)2 as a promising solid state laser host,” Opt. Express16(7), 5022–5034 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Vatnik, M. C. Pujol, J. J. Carvajal, X. Mateos, M. Aguiló, F. Díaz, and V. Petrov, “Thermo-optic coefficients of monoclinic KLu(WO4)2,” Appl. Phys. B95(4), 653–656 (2009). [CrossRef]
- R. Sole, V. Nikolov, and X. Ruiz, “Jna. Gavalda, X. Solans, M. Aguilo, and F. Diaz, “Growth of β-KGd1−xNdx(WO4)2 single crystals in K2W2O7 solvents,” J. Cryst. Growth169, 600–603 (1996). [CrossRef]
- M. Segura, X. Mateos, M. C. Pujol, J. J. Carvajal, M. Aguiló, F. Díaz, V. Panyutin, U. Griebner, and V. Petrov, “Diode-pumped passively Q-switched Tm:KLuW laser with a Cr2+:ZnSe saturable absorber,” Advanced Solid State Photonics, ASSP 2010, paper ATuA6, CD ROM.
- W. Koechner, Solid State Laser Engineering (Springer, 2006).
Cited By |
 Alert me when this paper is cited |
OSA is able to provide readers links to articles that cite this paper by participating in CrossRef's Cited-By Linking service. CrossRef includes content from more than 3000 publishers and societies. In addition to listing OSA journal articles that cite this paper, citing articles from other participating publishers will also be listed.
« Previous Article | Next Article »
OSA is a member of 