Bulk and surface plasmon polariton excitation in RuO<sub>2</sub> for low-loss plasmonic applications in NIR

doi:10.1364/OE.20.008618

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Bulk and surface plasmon polariton excitation in RuO₂ for low-loss plasmonic applications in NIR

L. Wang, C. Clavero, K. Yang, E. Radue, M. T. Simons, I. Novikova, and R. A. Lukaszew »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 8, pp. 8618-8628 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.008618

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Abstract

Transition-metal oxides, such as RuO₂, offer an exciting alternative to conventional metals for metamaterials and plasmonic applications due to their low optical losses in the visible and near-infrared ranges. In this manuscript we report observation of optically excited surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and bulk plasmons in RuO₂ thin films grown using DC reactive magnetron sputtering on glass and TiO₂ (001) substrates. We show that both plasmon modes can exist simultaneously for the infrared region of the optical spectrum, while only the bulk plasmons are supported at higher optical frequencies. Finally, we demonstrate that the film properties can be tailored to favor excitation of either SPP or bulk plasmons.

1. Introduction

Polaritons result from strong coupling between electromagnetic waves and phonons and/or plasmons, which are respectively charge oscillations of ions in a multipolar lattice or just of the charge density [1

L. Dominici, F. Michelotti, T. M. Brown, A. Reale, and A. Di Carlo, “Plasmon polaritons in the near infrared on fluorine doped tin oxide films,” Opt. Express 17(12), 10155–10167 (2009). [CrossRef]

]. Bulk polaritons are propagating wave modes inside a medium without considering boundary conditions, i.e. the medium is considered “infinite”. If the wave is bound by a surface with free electrons it is called surface plasmon polariton (SPP) [2

K. Welford, “Surface plasmon-polaritons and their uses,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 23(1), 1–27 (1991). [CrossRef]

]. SPPs have been experimentally and theoretically studied for many years due to their possible use in novel photonic and sensing applications. Conventional metals such as Au and Ag have traditionally been used for metamaterials and other plasmonic applications [3

J. Biener, G. W. Nyce, A. M. Hodge, M. M. Biener, A. V. Hamza, and S. A. Maier, “Nanoporous plasmonic metamaterials,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 20(6), 1211–1217 (2008). [CrossRef]

–8

I. H. El-Sayed, X. H. Huang, and M. A. El-Sayed, “Surface plasmon resonance scattering and absorption of anti-EGFR antibody conjugated gold nanoparticles in cancer diagnostics: Applications in oral cancer,” Nano Lett. 5(5), 829–834 (2005). [CrossRef]

]; however, their use is limited by high losses in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) ranges and very large negative real permittivity values [9

A. Boltasseva and H. A. Atwater, “Materials science. Low-loss plasmonic metamaterials,” Science 331(6015), 290–291 (2011). [CrossRef]

–11

C. Clavero, K. Yang, J. R. Skuza, and R. A. Lukaszew, “Magnetic field modulation of intense surface plasmon polaritons,” Opt. Express 18(8), 7743–7752 (2010). [CrossRef]

Alternative low-loss materials, such as conducting oxide films, are potentially advantageous for many plasmonic applications, since they exhibit both a small negative real permittivity and relatively small losses in the NIR. In general, conducting oxide materials have much lower free charge carrier concentrations (10^20-22cm⁻³) as compared to metals (>10²³cm⁻³). This makes their plasma frequencies smaller, and hence their imaginary permittivity and losses lower than those of metals [12

G. V. Naik, J. Kim, and A. Boltasseva, “Oxides and nitrides as alternative plasmonic materials in the optical range,” Opt. Mater. Express 1(6), 1090–1099 (2011). [CrossRef]

], making them suitable for metamaterial devices and transformation optics such as superlenses [10

G. V. Naik and A. Boltasseva; “A comparative study of semiconductor-based plasmonic metamaterials,” Metamaterials (Amst.) 5(1), 1–7 (2011). [CrossRef]

], hyperlenses [13

R. Won, “View from...NANOMETA 2011: In search of new materials,” Nat. Photonics 5(3), 139–140 (2011). [CrossRef]

] as well as other applications. In addition, innovative devices can be considered for uses such as increased depth sensing of living cells in the NIR [14

R. Ziblat, V. Lirtsman, D. Davidov, and B. Aroeti, “Infrared surface plasmon resonance: A novel tool for real time sensing of variations in living cells,” Biophys. J. 90(7), 2592–2599 (2006). [CrossRef]

, 15

W. DiPippo, B. J. Lee, and K. Park, “Design analysis of doped-silicon surface plasmon resonance immunosensors in mid-infrared range,” Opt. Express 18(18), 19396–19406 (2010). [CrossRef]

] or infrared enhanced trapping for SPP-based tweezer applications [16

M. Righini, A. S. Zelenina, C. Girard, and R. Quidant, “Parallel and selective trapping in a patterned plasmonic landscape,” Nat. Phys. 3(7), 477–480 (2007). [CrossRef]

]. In fact, several researchers are currently considering conducting oxides and nitrides as alternative plasmonic materials, including indium tin oxide (ITO) [17

P. F. Robusto and R. Braunstein, “Optical measurements of the surface-plasmon of indium tin oxide,” Phys. Status Solidi A 119(1), 155–168 (1990). [CrossRef]

–19

C. Rhodes, M. Cerruti, A. Efremenko, M. Losego, D. E. Aspnes, J. P. Maria, and S. Franzen, “Dependence of plasmon polaritons on the thickness of indium tin oxide thin films,” J. Appl. Phys. 103(9), 093108 (2008). [CrossRef]

], fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO or SFO) [1

], aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO) [20

R. B. Pettit, J. Silcox, and R. Vincent, “Measurement of surface-plasmon dispersion in oxidized Aluminum films,” Phys. Rev. B 11(8), 3116–3123 (1975). [CrossRef]

] and some nitrides such as TiN or ZrN [12

G. V. Naik, J. Kim, and A. Boltasseva, “Oxides and nitrides as alternative plasmonic materials in the optical range,” Opt. Mater. Express 1(6), 1090–1099 (2011). [CrossRef]

In this manuscript we present an experimental and theoretical investigation of polariton excitation in RuO₂ to evaluate its prospective use as an alternative plasmonic material for the NIR spectral region. RuO₂ belongs to the family of transition-metal dioxide compounds with rutile type structure, and it exhibits metallic conductivity and high thermal and chemical stability [21

C. C. Hu, K. H. Chang, M. C. Lin, and Y. T. Wu, “Design and tailoring of the nanotubular arrayed architecture of hydrous RuO₂ for next generation supercapacitors,” Nano Lett. 6(12), 2690–2695 (2006). [CrossRef]

]. Its band structure has been calculated by Mattheiss [22

L. F. Mattheiss, “Electronic structure of RuO₂, OsO₂, and IrO₂,” Phys. Rev. B 13(6), 2433–2450 (1976). [CrossRef]

] and Glassford [23

K. Glassford and J. Chelikowsky, “Electron transport properties in RuO₂ rutile,” Phys. Rev. B 49(11), 7107–7114 (1994). [CrossRef]

]. RuO₂ has a small plasma frequency of 3.3eV [23

K. Glassford and J. Chelikowsky, “Electron transport properties in RuO₂ rutile,” Phys. Rev. B 49(11), 7107–7114 (1994). [CrossRef]

, 24

P. Hones, T. Gerfin, and M. Gratzel, “Spectroscopic ellipsometry of RuO₂ films prepared by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 67(21), 3078–3080 (1995). [CrossRef]

], which translates to small losses. The imaginary part of permittivity of RuO₂ in the visible and NIR regions is comparable to those of other low-loss oxides and nitrides, like ITO, AZO and TiN [12

G. V. Naik, J. Kim, and A. Boltasseva, “Oxides and nitrides as alternative plasmonic materials in the optical range,” Opt. Mater. Express 1(6), 1090–1099 (2011). [CrossRef]

]. Besides, RuO₂ has a small negative real part of permittivity

ε'

in the infrared (IR) region. This property is essential for transformative optics applications in which similar magnitudes of

ε'

for the plasmonic and dielectric components are required. In addition, the lower plasma frequency of RuO₂ makes it necessary to consider both bulk plasmons and surface plasmon polaritons when considering optical excitations in the visible and NIR ranges. This distinguishes RuO₂ from normal metals, where large plasma frequencies make bulk polaritons irrelevant in this spectral range.

By performing a complete experimental and theoretical study of bulk polaritons and SPPs in RuO₂ thin films, we demonstrate that both can be observed simultaneously in the IR region, while only bulk polaritons are observed in the visible red region. The co-existence of two plasmon modes opens interesting possibilities for increasing the efficiency of plasmon enhanced photovoltaic devices. At the same time, bulk plasmons must be taken into account as a possible loss mechanism. Our results also suggest that depending on the application, it may be possible to tailor the properties of a RuO₂ film to favor either SPP or bulk plasmon excitation.

2. Experimental approach

RuO₂ thin films were prepared on glass substrates and TiO₂ (001) substrates by DC reactive magnetron sputtering. Films were sputtered at a power of 20 W in Ar + O₂ mixture with Ar partial pressure of 4.00 mTorr and O₂ partial pressure ranging from 0.01 to 0.10 mTorr using a planar round ruthenium target (purity 99.95%). Substrates were annealed at 500

° C

for 30 minutes prior growth and held at this temperature during growth since it has been shown to yield high quality thin films [25

D. Búc, M. Mikula, D. Music, U. Helmersson, P. Jin, S. Nakao, K. Y. Li, P. W. Shum, Z. Zhou, and M. Čaplovičová, “Ruthenium oxide films prepared by reactive unbalanced magnetron sputtering,” J. Electric. Eng. 55, 39–42 (2004).

]. The first series of films (Series I) was deposited on TiO₂ (001) substrates at different O₂ partial pressures ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 mTorr while keeping the same deposition time of 8 minutes (average thickness around 30 nm) in order to investigate the optimal deposition parameters in terms of film crystalline quality and optical properties. The second series (Series II) of films was deposited on TiO₂ (001) substrates using the optimal partial pressure of O₂ found in Series I (0.04 mTorr), while the thickness of the films was varied from 17 to 128 nm in order to investigate how the bulk and SPP modes evolve with thickness. We also deposited a 30 nm RuO₂ film on a glass substrate under the same growth condition of Series II samples to compare substrate effects. The growth rates under different O₂ partial pressures were found nearly the same, around 0.625 Å /s, calculated from X-ray reflectivity (XRR) measurements.

The structure of the films was investigated by reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Four-point probe and ellipsometry were used to characterize the transport and optical properties of the films respectively. Ellipsometry measurements were performed in the 1.7-3.0 eV photon energy range using a variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometer.

The optical response of the RuO₂ thin films under plasmon excitation was investigated in the Kretschmann configuration [26

E. Kretschmann and H. Raether, “Radiative decay of nonradiative surface plasmon excited by light,” Z. Naturforsch. 23a, 2135–2136 (1968).

] using p-polarized lasers, including a He-Ne red laser (

λ

=632.8 nm), a He-Ne IR laser (

λ

=1520 nm) and a tunable ultrafast laser (470 nm-2.5 um). In this configuration, the glass substrate or the TiO₂ (001) substrate were attached to a semicylindrical glass prism (n =1.5018) using a refractive index matching oil (n = 1.5018). The sample attached to the prism was mounted on an automated goniometer allowing illumination in total internal reflection with variable incidence angle

θ

and angle resolution of 10⁻⁴ degree. The intensity variations were detected by corresponding detectors preceded by a p-oriented polarizer.

3. RuO₂ film characterizations

Good characterization of the microstructure and transport properties of thin films is important in order to correlate these with their optical properties. Thus, RHEED images were obtained as evidence for the in-plane microstructure of the RuO₂ thin films. Figure 1 shows the RHEED patterns for 30 nm RuO₂ thin films deposited on a glass substrate (Fig. 1a) and on a TiO₂ (001) substrate along the TiO₂ [100] (Fig. 1b) and [110] directions (Fig. 1c). As shown in Fig. 1(a), the RHEED image shows rings, indicating a polycrystalline microstructure for RuO₂ deposited on glass substrate, while in Figs. 1(b), 1(c) the RHEED images show clear streaks, which means that the RuO₂ deposited on TiO₂ (001) substrates exhibit good crystalline structure following the epitaxial relation RuO₂[100](001)||TiO₂[100](001). The discontinuous streaks shown in Figs. 1(b), 1(c) are due to three-dimensional growth mode which precludes atomically flat surfaces.

Fig. 1 RHEED images show polycrystalline structure of RuO₂ deposited on glass (a) and single crystalline structure of RuO₂ deposited on a TiO₂ (001) substrate along the TiO₂ [100] direction (b) and [110] direction (c).

Multiple structural and optical characterization techniques were applied to find the optimal O₂ partial pressure during growth in terms of microstructure and optical properties of the RuO₂ films. XRD symmetric scans for Series I are shown in Fig. 2(a) . RuO₂ (002) peaks are observed for all the RuO₂ films deposited at different pressures. Nevertheless, the film grown at O₂ partial pressure of 0.04 mTorr shows the RuO₂ (002) peak position nearest to the expected bulk peak value. The average grain size, plane spacing and lattice parameter extracted from XRD data are shown in Table 1 . The average grain size is around 180 Å for all the films in this series. Interestingly, the film grown under O₂ partial pressure of 0.04 mTorr shows the smallest lattice parameter mismatch (0.17%) with respect to bulk single crystal RuO₂ with lattice parameter c = 3.1059 Å [27

H. S. Nalwa, Handbook of Thin Film Materials: Semiconductor and Superconductor Thin Films (Academic, 2002).

]. The evolution of the lattice parameter as a function of O₂ partial pressure is shown in Fig. 2(b), where the dash line stands for the lattice parameter c for bulk single crystal RuO₂ for reference.

Fig. 2 (a) XRD symmetric scans for Series I samples (RuO₂ deposited on TiO₂ (001) substrates with similar film thickness around 30 nm under different O₂ partial pressure conditions). The continuous vertical line shows the position of the bulk RuO₂ (002) peak. The small connected vertical lines show the RuO₂ (002) peaks positions for the different samples. The film grown at O₂ partial pressure of 0.04 mTorr shows the RuO₂ (002) peak position nearest to the expected bulk peak values. (b) Sheet resistance measured from four-point probe and lattice parameter extracted from XRD data of Series I samples. Dash line stands for the lattice parameter c for single crystal RuO₂.

Table 1 Average grain size, planes spacing d (002) and lattice parameter c of RuO₂ thin films deposited on TiO₂ (001) substrates in Series I from XRD analysis

Series I O₂ partial pressure (mTorr)	Average Grain Size (Å)	d (002) (Å)	Lattice Parameter c (Å $\pm$ 0.001 Å)	Lattice parameter mismatch percent (%) (c_bulk = 3.1059 Å)
<0.01	163.17	1.532	3.065	0.33
0.01	197.79	1.531	3.063	0.35
0.04	180.93	1.542	3.084	0.17
0.07	173.56	1.533	3.066	0.32
0.10	181.15	1.536	3.073	0.27

The electrical conductivity properties of the RuO₂ films in Series I were investigated by measuring their sheet resistance values using the four-point probe technique. As shown in Fig. 2(b), the RuO₂ thin film grown at O₂ partial pressure of 0.04 mTorr shows the lowest sheet resistance, around 27.49

Ω / □

, which is comparable to other sputtered RuO₂ thin films in previous reports [28

S. K. Hong, H. J. Kim, and H. G. Yang, “Stress measurements of radio-frequency reactively sputtered RuO₂ thin films,” J. Appl. Phys. 80(2), 822–826 (1996). [CrossRef]

, 29

J. H. Huang and J. S. Chen, “Material characteristics and electrical property of reactively sputtered RuO₂ thin films,” Thin Solid Films 382(1-2), 139–145 (2001). [CrossRef]

]. A correlation between lattice parameter and sheet resistance was found, as shown in Fig. 2(b). We note that when the lattice parameter of the RuO₂ thin film is closest to bulk value (O₂ partial pressure of 0.04 mTorr) the film also exhibits the smallest sheet resistance.

Ellipsometry measurements were performed in the 1.7-3.0 eV photon energy range to characterize the optical properties of the RuO₂ thin films. Measurements were taken at different angles from

45 °

75 °

. The real and imaginary part of the dielectric constants of the RuO₂ thin films were extracted from the ellipsometry data considering film thickness determined from XRR. Figures 3(a) and 3(b) shows the extracted dielectric function

ε = ε^{'} + i ε^{″}

of RuO₂ thin films grown at different O₂ partial pressures in Series I. The dielectric functions of single crystal RuO₂ obtained from Ref [30

A. K. Goel, G. Skorinko, and F. H. Pollak, “Optical properties of single-crystal rutile RuO₂ and IrO₂ in the range 0.5 to 9.5 eV,” Phys. Rev. B 24(12), 7342–7350 (1981). [CrossRef]

] are included for comparison. From Fig. 3, it is clear that RuO₂ films grown at O₂ partial pressure of 0.04 mTorr, which were previously shown to have the lattice parameter closest to bulk, have also optical constants approaching bulk values. While the real part of the dielectric function is almost identical to bulk, its imaginary part

ε^{″}

has higher value. This can be attributed to increased light absorption due to microstructure defects and surface roughness, which have been neglected in the experiments of Goel et al. [30

A. K. Goel, G. Skorinko, and F. H. Pollak, “Optical properties of single-crystal rutile RuO₂ and IrO₂ in the range 0.5 to 9.5 eV,” Phys. Rev. B 24(12), 7342–7350 (1981). [CrossRef]

] with single crystals.

Fig. 3 (a) Real

ε'

and (b) imaginary

ε "

parts of the dielectric function for the RuO₂ thin films deposited on TiO₂ (001) substrates under different O₂ partial pressures in Series I. The dielectric functions of RuO₂ single crystal (Ref. [30

A. K. Goel, G. Skorinko, and F. H. Pollak, “Optical properties of single-crystal rutile RuO₂ and IrO₂ in the range 0.5 to 9.5 eV,” Phys. Rev. B 24(12), 7342–7350 (1981). [CrossRef]

]) are included for comparison.

From the characterization procedures described above it was established that films grown at O₂ partial pressure of 0.04 mTorr exhibit optimized crystal structure as well as electrical and optical properties. As a result, a new Series II of RuO₂ thin films were deposited on TiO₂ (001) substrates at O₂ partial pressure of 0.04 mTorr varying the film thicknesses. Details related to the characterization of Series II samples will not be discussed since the reproducibility of the films during the growth process is very high and they were found to have identical properties than the sample grown at O₂ partial pressure of 0.04 mTorr in Series I.

4. Dispersion curves and simulated reflectance map

As a first approximation, it is possible to derive the dispersion curve for the propagating bulk polariton modes inside each of the two media (medium 1 and 2) using their dielectric functions

ε_{1, 2} (E)

q_{_{1, 2}} = \frac{ω}{c} \sqrt{ε_{1, 2} (E)}

(1)

and for the propagating modes at the interface, i.e. the SPP modes:

k = \frac{ω}{c} \sqrt{\frac{ε_{1} (E) ε_{2} (E)}{ε_{1} (E) + ε_{2} (E)}}

(2)

where

q_{i}

(i = 1, 2) is the total wavevector inside the bulk medium i, and k is the in-plane wavevector component at the interface. For our calculations, we used the dielectric function

ε (E)

of RuO₂ derived using a classic Drude model with three harmonic oscillators reported in Ref 24

P. Hones, T. Gerfin, and M. Gratzel, “Spectroscopic ellipsometry of RuO₂ films prepared by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 67(21), 3078–3080 (1995). [CrossRef]

. The Drude term describes the contribution of the free carriers, while the harmonic oscillators represent various inter-band transitions. Figure 4(a) shows the dispersion relation curves for bulk and surface modes in RuO₂ in the case of RuO₂/air interface. The requirement for SPPs propagating at the RuO₂/air interface is that

ε' < - ε_{a i r} = - 1

(

ε'

is the real part of the dielectric function of RuO₂). As a result, the upper frequency limit for SPPs is ω_sp = ω(ε’=-1) = 1.78eV [24

P. Hones, T. Gerfin, and M. Gratzel, “Spectroscopic ellipsometry of RuO₂ films prepared by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 67(21), 3078–3080 (1995). [CrossRef]

], i.e. SPPs in RuO₂ can be excited in the IR region (

λ

>700 nm). As shown in Fig. 4(a), the surface mode dispersion without considering damping (i.e. only considering the real part of the dielectric function) bends below the light line for small momentum and then asymptotically tends to

ω_{s p}

for larger momentum (dotted line). This mode is often referred to as a Fano mode. Consideration of damping causes a back-bending for both the bulk mode (dashed line) and the SPP dispersion curve (solid line). It is worth noticing that a complex dielectric function

ε (E)

implies q and k are also complex. In Fig. 4(a), k and q represent the real part of the in-plane complex wavevectors.

Fig. 4 (a) Dispersion relation curves corresponding to bulk and surface plasmon modes, as shown in Eqs. (1) and (2). A shadowed region is bounded by the light lines in air and in glass. Dispersion relations are plotted versus the real part of the in-plane wave vector k. (b) Simulated reflectance map for the three layer model with glass, 30 nm thick RuO₂ film and air. Light is incident from the glass side, in the domain

E \in [0.12 e V, 3 e V]

θ \in [0^{\circ}, 90^{\circ}]

. Reflectance in Fig. 4(b) is plotted in log scale to enhance picture contrast. High reflectance areas are shown as brighter, while low ones appear darker.

In order to excite SPPs in thin films it is necessary to couple the incoming light using, for example, a prism in the Kretschmann configuration. In this case, three media are involved: the entrance medium is a glass prism (n=1.5), the center medium is the RuO₂ film with a finite thickness d, and the exit medium is air (n=1) as shown in the inset in Fig. 4(b). In this configuration, a minimum in the reflected intensity is observed due to SPP excitation and absorption. Using a matrix transfer formalism to describe the light behavior in this multilayer system [31

M. Schubert, “Polarization-dependent optical parameters of arbitrarily anisotropic homogeneous layered systems,” Phys. Rev. B 53(8), 4265–4274 (1996). [CrossRef]

, 32

M. Schubert, T. E. Tiwald, and J. A. Woollam, “Explicit solutions for the optical properties of arbitrary magneto-optic materials in generalized ellipsometry,” Appl. Opt. 38(1), 177–187 (1999). [CrossRef]

], we computed the reflectance map of a RuO₂ thin film as a function of its thickness, the incident photon energy and the incidence angle. In the calculations, the incident light was considered p-polarized, the incident angle inside the glass prism was varied

θ \in [0^{\circ}, 90^{\circ}]

, and the incident radiation energy was varied from 0.12 to 3eV spanning the region of interest. The simulated reflectance map for a 30 nm thick RuO₂ thin film using a Drude dielectric function is shown in Fig. 4(b). In the figure, high reflectance areas are shown in brighter contrast, while those with low reflectance due to absorptions appear darker. The dispersion relations curves shown in Fig. 4(a) can serve as guides to identify the different modes appearing in the reflectance map in Fig. 4(b). In Figs. 4(a) and 4(b), the region between the light lines in air and in glass refers to the angle region

θ \in [θ_{c}, 90^{\circ}]

(where

θ_{c}

is the total internal reflection angle or critical angle), i.e. the region where leaky plasmon modes could be excited. In the lower left region in Fig. 4(b), between the light lines in air and in glass, a curved shaded region is observed corresponding to the SPP mode or Fano mode. The SPP excitation is very strong in the IR region and tends to vanish near

ω_{s p}

, which is consistent with the Fano dispersion curve. A second absorption band can be observed in the reflectance map corresponding to the bulk mode, which is much broader and extends from visible to IR. Remarkably SPPs and bulk polaritons overlap in the IR region. It is worth noticing that both bulk mode and SPP excitation depend strongly on the film thickness. In Fig. 4(b) we present the simulated reflectance map for a 30 nm thick film, i.e. the optimal thickness for SPP excitation. Nevertheless, for the bulk mode the strongest excitation in the visible red region is obtained for film thicknesses around 70 nm, as shown later. Thus, our calculations can be used to predict the behavior of films with different thicknesses.

5. Results and discussion

In order to investigate the optical response of the RuO₂ thin films under plasmons excitation in the visible and IR regions we first used a cw p-polarized He-Ne red laser (

λ

= 632.8 nm) and a He-Ne IR laser (

λ

= 1520 nm). As discussed above, a strong excitation of SPPs is expected in the IR region, while the bulk mode is excited in both visible red and IR regions. Figure 5 shows both measured and simulated reflectance angular dependences in both the IR and the visible optical range for 30 nm RuO₂ thin films deposited on TiO₂ (001) (a, b) and glass substrates (c, d). The experimental and simulated reflectances for the TiO₂ and glass substrates alone are also shown for comparison. Interference oscillations found for the case of TiO₂ substrates were smoothed out for clarity. The experimental curves were normalized with respect to the intensity measured at

20 °

, well below the critical angle

θ_{c}

. Figure 5 shows clear absorption of incoming light above the critical angle in the IR region, corresponding to SPP excitation, for both crystalline [RuO₂ on TiO₂ (001)] and polycrystalline [RuO₂ on glass] samples. A similar dip in the reflectance was also observed in the visible region, corresponding to bulk plasmon absorption. Comparatively, the SPP excitation measured in the IR region appeared much stronger than the bulk polaritons in the visible region in the 30 nm thick thin films. Comparing the experimentally measured and numerically simulated data we find better agreement between simulations and experimental measurements for crystalline RuO₂ films deposited on TiO₂ (001) substrates than for polycrystalline RuO₂ films deposited on glass substrates. Particularly, we note that the measured angle for maximum absorption agrees better with the simulation in the crystalline film due to lower concentration of structural defects. The simulations in Fig. 5(a) (solid line) clearly show excitation of both SPP (sharp absorption minimum near the critical angle) and of the bulk mode (broader dip at higher angle) [1

]. The experimental results are not as sharp but still show convolution of two minima.

Fig. 5 Experimental (dots) and simulated (lines) angular reflectance dependence for 30 nm RuO₂ thin films deposited on TiO₂ (001) (a, b) and glass substrates (c, d) measured with IR and red laser. Experimental reflectance and simulation results of glass and TiO₂ (001) substrate are also included as comparisons. Better agreements between simulations and experimental measurements are obtained for the single crystalline RuO₂ on TiO₂ (001) compared to the polycrystalline RuO₂ on glass.

Since the RuO₂ films deposited on TiO₂ (001) substrate exhibit better agreement with simulations, the remaining sections will concentrate on investigating the SPPs in such films. Figure 6 shows the experimental angular reflectance dependence of Series I, i.e. 30 nm RuO₂ thin films deposited on TiO₂ (001) substrates at different O₂ partial pressures. While all the films exhibit a similar response, a clear trend is observed due to the different O₂ partial pressure used during growth. The RuO₂ film deposited at O₂ partial pressure of 0.04 mTorr, which was previously shown to have the structural and optical properties closest to bulk, also shows the strongest SPP excitation in the IR region, centered at an angle slightly higher than

θ_{c}

and convoluted with a broader bulk polariton absorption centered at a higher angle [Fig. 6(a)]. A similar trend is observed in the visible region, where only the bulk polariton absorption is observed [Fig. 6(b)].

Fig. 6 Experimental angular dependence of the reflectance for Series I (30 nm RuO₂ thin films deposited on TiO₂ (001) substrates at different O₂ partial pressures) illuminated by IR laser (a) and red laser (b). RuO₂ deposited at O₂ partial pressure of 0.04 mTorr shows the strongest SPPs as well as bulk polaritons in the IR region and bulk polaritons in the visible red region.

We also investigated the effect of the thin film thickness in the excitation of the different polariton modes. Figure 7 shows angular dependence of the reflectance measurements for Series II, where RuO₂ thin films were deposited on TiO₂ (001) films with thickness of 17 nm, 30 nm, 73 nm and 128 nm at the optimized O₂ partial pressure. Normalized experimental reflectance curves for the Series II samples in the IR and visible red regions are shown in Figs. 7 (c), 7(d), and the corresponding simulations in Figs. 7 (c), 7(d). Our measurements indicate that bulk and surface polariton excitation strongly depend on thin film thickness in the different spectral regions: the highest overall absorption in the IR region due to both SPPs and bulk modes is observed for the 30-nm-thick film (Fig. 7(a)), while the optimum thickness for the bulk mode absorption is found for the 73-nm-thick film in the visible red region (Fig. 7(b)). Simulations (Figs. 7 (c), 7(d)) agree with the experimental data remarkably well. For the thinner film (17 nm, dashed light) simulations show a single minimum in the IR region (Fig. 7(c)) due to SPP excitation. For the 30 nm film (solid line) a very sharp minimum is observed immediately after the critical angle corresponding to SPPs convoluted with another broader minimum at higher angles corresponding to the bulk mode (as discussed for Fig. 5). These simultaneous SPPs and bulk modes can also be clearly observed in the 73 nm film (dash-dot line); showing the first minimum near the critical angle and the second minimum at a larger angle. For thicker films it is expected that the SPP mode decreases in intensity because most of the light is absorbed by the film and cannot reach the RuO₂/air interface to excite any SPPs. This is particularly noticeable for the 128 nm film (dash-dot-dot line), where SPPs appear significantly decreased, while the bulk mode shows a high absorption in the IR region.

Fig. 7 Experimental angular dependence of the reflectance for Series II (RuO₂ thin films deposited on TiO₂ (001) substrates with O₂ partial pressure of 0.04 mTorr and different film thicknesses) illuminated by IR laser (a) and red laser (b), and corresponding simulation results (c, d). In the IR region, a 30 nm thick film shows the strongest absorption, while in the visible red region, a 73 nm thick film shows the strongest absorption. Simultaneous SPPs and bulk modes are observed in the IR region. Excellent agreement is achieved between experimental data and simulations.

In order to further investigate how the bulk and SPP modes evolve with photon energy, we mapped the evolution of the angular reflectance dependence for different wavelengths. Figure 8 shows the angular reflectance dependence for a 73 nm thick RuO₂ film on a TiO₂ (001) substrate (one of the samples in Series II) while varying the wavelength of the excitation laser from 800 to 1000 nm. For these measurements we used an 800 nm Coherent Legend femtosecond laser system with a TOPAS parametric amplifier, which produced approximately 100 fs pulses with power <100 𝜇J, at a widely tunable wavelength. These pulses were further attenuated and lengthened after passing through 7-meter multimode optical fiber. Figure 8 shows the experimental (a) and simulated (b) angular dependence of the reflectance at several different wavelengths from 800 nm to 1000 nm. While only the bulk mode is observed in the visible-near IR region, the bulk mode becomes weaker and the SPP mode becomes clearer as the wavelength is increased towards the IR spectral region, in agreement with the previously shown results.

Fig. 8 Experimental (a) and simulated (b) angular dependence of the reflectance for a 73 nm RuO₂ thin film deposited on TiO₂ (001) substrate illuminated at different wavelengths ranging from 800 nm to 1000 nm. Only the bulk mode is observed in the visible region while simultaneous bulk and SPP modes are observed in the IR region.

6. Conclusions

We have studied a potential alternative low-loss conductive oxide RuO₂ for the development of novel metamaterials and plasmonic applications. In the present work we report on the investigation of the SPPs and bulk polaritons in RuO₂ films. RuO₂ thin films were deposited by DC reactive magnetron sputtering on TiO₂ (001) and glass substrates. RuO₂ on TiO₂ (001) grown at an optimal O₂ partial pressure shows the best microstructure, electrical and optical properties. From optical measurements and simulations, SPPs and bulk polaritons were observed in the IR region while only bulk polaritons were detected in the visible red region. The experimental results on single crystalline RuO₂ deposited on TiO₂ (001) showed better agreement with the simulations than the polycrystalline RuO₂ on glass due to closer to bulk behavior in the former and increased defects in the latter. We found that the strength of SPPs and bulk polaritons highly depended on the film thickness and incident wavelength. The largest absorptions were observed on the 30 nm thick film in the IR region for the case of SPPs and on the 73 nm thick film in the visible red region for the bulk polariton modes. These studies illustrate the possibility of controlled tuning of polariton excitation in these conducting oxide films.

Acknowledgments

This work is financed by NSF, DMR-1006013: Plasmon Resonances and Metal Insulator Transitions in Highly Correlated Thin Film Systems. We also acknowledge support from the NRI/SRC sponsored ViNC center. We thank Norfolk State University for the use of the XRD facility at the Applied Research Center, Jefferson Lab.

References and links

1.	L. Dominici, F. Michelotti, T. M. Brown, A. Reale, and A. Di Carlo, “Plasmon polaritons in the near infrared on fluorine doped tin oxide films,” Opt. Express 17(12), 10155–10167 (2009). [CrossRef]
2.	K. Welford, “Surface plasmon-polaritons and their uses,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 23(1), 1–27 (1991). [CrossRef]
3.	J. Biener, G. W. Nyce, A. M. Hodge, M. M. Biener, A. V. Hamza, and S. A. Maier, “Nanoporous plasmonic metamaterials,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 20(6), 1211–1217 (2008). [CrossRef]
4.	N. Engheta, “Circuits with light at nanoscales: optical nanocircuits inspired by metamaterials,” Science 317(5845), 1698–1702 (2007). [CrossRef]
5.	G. X. Li, Z. L. Wang, S. M. Chen, and K. W. Cheah, “Narrowband plasmonic excitation on gold hole-array nanostructures observed using spectroscopic ellipsometer,” Opt. Express 19, 6356–6361 (2011).
6.	Y. W. Cao, R. Jin, and C. A. Mirkin, “DNA-modified core-shell Ag/Au nanoparticles,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123(32), 7961–7962 (2001). [CrossRef]
7.	R. Pratibha, K. Park, I. I. Smalyukh, and W. Park, “Tunable optical metamaterial based on liquid crystal-gold nanosphere composite,” Opt. Express 17(22), 19459–19469 (2009). [CrossRef]
8.	I. H. El-Sayed, X. H. Huang, and M. A. El-Sayed, “Surface plasmon resonance scattering and absorption of anti-EGFR antibody conjugated gold nanoparticles in cancer diagnostics: Applications in oral cancer,” Nano Lett. 5(5), 829–834 (2005). [CrossRef]
9.	A. Boltasseva and H. A. Atwater, “Materials science. Low-loss plasmonic metamaterials,” Science 331(6015), 290–291 (2011). [CrossRef]
10.	G. V. Naik and A. Boltasseva; “A comparative study of semiconductor-based plasmonic metamaterials,” Metamaterials (Amst.) 5(1), 1–7 (2011). [CrossRef]
11.	C. Clavero, K. Yang, J. R. Skuza, and R. A. Lukaszew, “Magnetic field modulation of intense surface plasmon polaritons,” Opt. Express 18(8), 7743–7752 (2010). [CrossRef]
12.	G. V. Naik, J. Kim, and A. Boltasseva, “Oxides and nitrides as alternative plasmonic materials in the optical range,” Opt. Mater. Express 1(6), 1090–1099 (2011). [CrossRef]
13.	R. Won, “View from...NANOMETA 2011: In search of new materials,” Nat. Photonics 5(3), 139–140 (2011). [CrossRef]
14.	R. Ziblat, V. Lirtsman, D. Davidov, and B. Aroeti, “Infrared surface plasmon resonance: A novel tool for real time sensing of variations in living cells,” Biophys. J. 90(7), 2592–2599 (2006). [CrossRef]
15.	W. DiPippo, B. J. Lee, and K. Park, “Design analysis of doped-silicon surface plasmon resonance immunosensors in mid-infrared range,” Opt. Express 18(18), 19396–19406 (2010). [CrossRef]
16.	M. Righini, A. S. Zelenina, C. Girard, and R. Quidant, “Parallel and selective trapping in a patterned plasmonic landscape,” Nat. Phys. 3(7), 477–480 (2007). [CrossRef]
17.	P. F. Robusto and R. Braunstein, “Optical measurements of the surface-plasmon of indium tin oxide,” Phys. Status Solidi A 119(1), 155–168 (1990). [CrossRef]
18.	C. Rhodes, S. Franzen, J. P. Maria, M. Losego, D. N. Leonard, B. Laughlin, G. Duscher, and S. Weibel, “Surface plasmon resonance in conducting metal oxides,” J. Appl. Phys. 100(5), 054905 (2006). [CrossRef]
19.	C. Rhodes, M. Cerruti, A. Efremenko, M. Losego, D. E. Aspnes, J. P. Maria, and S. Franzen, “Dependence of plasmon polaritons on the thickness of indium tin oxide thin films,” J. Appl. Phys. 103(9), 093108 (2008). [CrossRef]
20.	R. B. Pettit, J. Silcox, and R. Vincent, “Measurement of surface-plasmon dispersion in oxidized Aluminum films,” Phys. Rev. B 11(8), 3116–3123 (1975). [CrossRef]
21.	C. C. Hu, K. H. Chang, M. C. Lin, and Y. T. Wu, “Design and tailoring of the nanotubular arrayed architecture of hydrous RuO₂ for next generation supercapacitors,” Nano Lett. 6(12), 2690–2695 (2006). [CrossRef]
22.	L. F. Mattheiss, “Electronic structure of RuO₂, OsO₂, and IrO₂,” Phys. Rev. B 13(6), 2433–2450 (1976). [CrossRef]
23.	K. Glassford and J. Chelikowsky, “Electron transport properties in RuO₂ rutile,” Phys. Rev. B 49(11), 7107–7114 (1994). [CrossRef]
24.	P. Hones, T. Gerfin, and M. Gratzel, “Spectroscopic ellipsometry of RuO₂ films prepared by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 67(21), 3078–3080 (1995). [CrossRef]
25.	D. Búc, M. Mikula, D. Music, U. Helmersson, P. Jin, S. Nakao, K. Y. Li, P. W. Shum, Z. Zhou, and M. Čaplovičová, “Ruthenium oxide films prepared by reactive unbalanced magnetron sputtering,” J. Electric. Eng. 55, 39–42 (2004).
26.	E. Kretschmann and H. Raether, “Radiative decay of nonradiative surface plasmon excited by light,” Z. Naturforsch. 23a, 2135–2136 (1968).
27.	H. S. Nalwa, Handbook of Thin Film Materials: Semiconductor and Superconductor Thin Films (Academic, 2002).
28.	S. K. Hong, H. J. Kim, and H. G. Yang, “Stress measurements of radio-frequency reactively sputtered RuO₂ thin films,” J. Appl. Phys. 80(2), 822–826 (1996). [CrossRef]
29.	J. H. Huang and J. S. Chen, “Material characteristics and electrical property of reactively sputtered RuO₂ thin films,” Thin Solid Films 382(1-2), 139–145 (2001). [CrossRef]
30.	A. K. Goel, G. Skorinko, and F. H. Pollak, “Optical properties of single-crystal rutile RuO₂ and IrO₂ in the range 0.5 to 9.5 eV,” Phys. Rev. B 24(12), 7342–7350 (1981). [CrossRef]
31.	M. Schubert, “Polarization-dependent optical parameters of arbitrarily anisotropic homogeneous layered systems,” Phys. Rev. B 53(8), 4265–4274 (1996). [CrossRef]
32.	M. Schubert, T. E. Tiwald, and J. A. Woollam, “Explicit solutions for the optical properties of arbitrary magneto-optic materials in generalized ellipsometry,” Appl. Opt. 38(1), 177–187 (1999). [CrossRef]

OCIS Codes
(240.6680) Optics at surfaces : Surface plasmons
(310.0310) Thin films : Thin films
(250.5403) Optoelectronics : Plasmonics

ToC Category:
Optics at Surfaces

History
Original Manuscript: February 9, 2012
Revised Manuscript: March 22, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: March 23, 2012
Published: March 28, 2012

Citation
L. Wang, C. Clavero, K. Yang, E. Radue, M. T. Simons, I. Novikova, and R. A. Lukaszew, "Bulk and surface plasmon polariton excitation in RuO₂ for low-loss plasmonic applications in NIR," Opt. Express 20, 8618-8628 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-8-8618

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References

L. Dominici, F. Michelotti, T. M. Brown, A. Reale, and A. Di Carlo, “Plasmon polaritons in the near infrared on fluorine doped tin oxide films,” Opt. Express17(12), 10155–10167 (2009). [CrossRef]
K. Welford, “Surface plasmon-polaritons and their uses,” Opt. Quantum Electron.23(1), 1–27 (1991). [CrossRef]
J. Biener, G. W. Nyce, A. M. Hodge, M. M. Biener, A. V. Hamza, and S. A. Maier, “Nanoporous plasmonic metamaterials,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)20(6), 1211–1217 (2008). [CrossRef]
N. Engheta, “Circuits with light at nanoscales: optical nanocircuits inspired by metamaterials,” Science317(5845), 1698–1702 (2007). [CrossRef]
G. X. Li, Z. L. Wang, S. M. Chen, and K. W. Cheah, “Narrowband plasmonic excitation on gold hole-array nanostructures observed using spectroscopic ellipsometer,” Opt. Express19, 6356–6361 (2011).
Y. W. Cao, R. Jin, and C. A. Mirkin, “DNA-modified core-shell Ag/Au nanoparticles,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.123(32), 7961–7962 (2001). [CrossRef]
R. Pratibha, K. Park, I. I. Smalyukh, and W. Park, “Tunable optical metamaterial based on liquid crystal-gold nanosphere composite,” Opt. Express17(22), 19459–19469 (2009). [CrossRef]
I. H. El-Sayed, X. H. Huang, and M. A. El-Sayed, “Surface plasmon resonance scattering and absorption of anti-EGFR antibody conjugated gold nanoparticles in cancer diagnostics: Applications in oral cancer,” Nano Lett.5(5), 829–834 (2005). [CrossRef]
A. Boltasseva and H. A. Atwater, “Materials science. Low-loss plasmonic metamaterials,” Science331(6015), 290–291 (2011). [CrossRef]
G. V. Naik and A. Boltasseva; “A comparative study of semiconductor-based plasmonic metamaterials,” Metamaterials (Amst.)5(1), 1–7 (2011). [CrossRef]
C. Clavero, K. Yang, J. R. Skuza, and R. A. Lukaszew, “Magnetic field modulation of intense surface plasmon polaritons,” Opt. Express18(8), 7743–7752 (2010). [CrossRef]
G. V. Naik, J. Kim, and A. Boltasseva, “Oxides and nitrides as alternative plasmonic materials in the optical range,” Opt. Mater. Express1(6), 1090–1099 (2011). [CrossRef]
R. Won, “View from...NANOMETA 2011: In search of new materials,” Nat. Photonics5(3), 139–140 (2011). [CrossRef]
R. Ziblat, V. Lirtsman, D. Davidov, and B. Aroeti, “Infrared surface plasmon resonance: A novel tool for real time sensing of variations in living cells,” Biophys. J.90(7), 2592–2599 (2006). [CrossRef]
W. DiPippo, B. J. Lee, and K. Park, “Design analysis of doped-silicon surface plasmon resonance immunosensors in mid-infrared range,” Opt. Express18(18), 19396–19406 (2010). [CrossRef]
M. Righini, A. S. Zelenina, C. Girard, and R. Quidant, “Parallel and selective trapping in a patterned plasmonic landscape,” Nat. Phys.3(7), 477–480 (2007). [CrossRef]
P. F. Robusto and R. Braunstein, “Optical measurements of the surface-plasmon of indium tin oxide,” Phys. Status Solidi A119(1), 155–168 (1990). [CrossRef]
C. Rhodes, S. Franzen, J. P. Maria, M. Losego, D. N. Leonard, B. Laughlin, G. Duscher, and S. Weibel, “Surface plasmon resonance in conducting metal oxides,” J. Appl. Phys.100(5), 054905 (2006). [CrossRef]
C. Rhodes, M. Cerruti, A. Efremenko, M. Losego, D. E. Aspnes, J. P. Maria, and S. Franzen, “Dependence of plasmon polaritons on the thickness of indium tin oxide thin films,” J. Appl. Phys.103(9), 093108 (2008). [CrossRef]
R. B. Pettit, J. Silcox, and R. Vincent, “Measurement of surface-plasmon dispersion in oxidized Aluminum films,” Phys. Rev. B11(8), 3116–3123 (1975). [CrossRef]
C. C. Hu, K. H. Chang, M. C. Lin, and Y. T. Wu, “Design and tailoring of the nanotubular arrayed architecture of hydrous RuO2 for next generation supercapacitors,” Nano Lett.6(12), 2690–2695 (2006). [CrossRef]
L. F. Mattheiss, “Electronic structure of RuO2, OsO2, and IrO2,” Phys. Rev. B13(6), 2433–2450 (1976). [CrossRef]
K. Glassford and J. Chelikowsky, “Electron transport properties in RuO2 rutile,” Phys. Rev. B49(11), 7107–7114 (1994). [CrossRef]
P. Hones, T. Gerfin, and M. Gratzel, “Spectroscopic ellipsometry of RuO2 films prepared by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition,” Appl. Phys. Lett.67(21), 3078–3080 (1995). [CrossRef]
D. Búc, M. Mikula, D. Music, U. Helmersson, P. Jin, S. Nakao, K. Y. Li, P. W. Shum, Z. Zhou, and M. Čaplovičová, “Ruthenium oxide films prepared by reactive unbalanced magnetron sputtering,” J. Electric. Eng.55, 39–42 (2004).
E. Kretschmann and H. Raether, “Radiative decay of nonradiative surface plasmon excited by light,” Z. Naturforsch.23a, 2135–2136 (1968).
H. S. Nalwa, Handbook of Thin Film Materials: Semiconductor and Superconductor Thin Films (Academic, 2002).
S. K. Hong, H. J. Kim, and H. G. Yang, “Stress measurements of radio-frequency reactively sputtered RuO2 thin films,” J. Appl. Phys.80(2), 822–826 (1996). [CrossRef]
J. H. Huang and J. S. Chen, “Material characteristics and electrical property of reactively sputtered RuO2 thin films,” Thin Solid Films382(1-2), 139–145 (2001). [CrossRef]
A. K. Goel, G. Skorinko, and F. H. Pollak, “Optical properties of single-crystal rutile RuO2 and IrO2 in the range 0.5 to 9.5 eV,” Phys. Rev. B24(12), 7342–7350 (1981). [CrossRef]
M. Schubert, “Polarization-dependent optical parameters of arbitrarily anisotropic homogeneous layered systems,” Phys. Rev. B53(8), 4265–4274 (1996). [CrossRef]
M. Schubert, T. E. Tiwald, and J. A. Woollam, “Explicit solutions for the optical properties of arbitrary magneto-optic materials in generalized ellipsometry,” Appl. Opt.38(1), 177–187 (1999). [CrossRef]

Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)

J. Biener, G. W. Nyce, A. M. Hodge, M. M. Biener, A. V. Hamza, and S. A. Maier, “Nanoporous plasmonic metamaterials,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)20(6), 1211–1217 (2008). [CrossRef]

Appl. Opt.

M. Schubert, T. E. Tiwald, and J. A. Woollam, “Explicit solutions for the optical properties of arbitrary magneto-optic materials in generalized ellipsometry,” Appl. Opt.38(1), 177–187 (1999). [CrossRef]

Appl. Phys. Lett.

P. Hones, T. Gerfin, and M. Gratzel, “Spectroscopic ellipsometry of RuO2 films prepared by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition,” Appl. Phys. Lett.67(21), 3078–3080 (1995). [CrossRef]

Biophys. J.

R. Ziblat, V. Lirtsman, D. Davidov, and B. Aroeti, “Infrared surface plasmon resonance: A novel tool for real time sensing of variations in living cells,” Biophys. J.90(7), 2592–2599 (2006). [CrossRef]

J. Am. Chem. Soc.

Y. W. Cao, R. Jin, and C. A. Mirkin, “DNA-modified core-shell Ag/Au nanoparticles,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.123(32), 7961–7962 (2001). [CrossRef]

J. Appl. Phys.

C. Rhodes, S. Franzen, J. P. Maria, M. Losego, D. N. Leonard, B. Laughlin, G. Duscher, and S. Weibel, “Surface plasmon resonance in conducting metal oxides,” J. Appl. Phys.100(5), 054905 (2006). [CrossRef]
C. Rhodes, M. Cerruti, A. Efremenko, M. Losego, D. E. Aspnes, J. P. Maria, and S. Franzen, “Dependence of plasmon polaritons on the thickness of indium tin oxide thin films,” J. Appl. Phys.103(9), 093108 (2008). [CrossRef]
S. K. Hong, H. J. Kim, and H. G. Yang, “Stress measurements of radio-frequency reactively sputtered RuO2 thin films,” J. Appl. Phys.80(2), 822–826 (1996). [CrossRef]

J. Electric. Eng.

D. Búc, M. Mikula, D. Music, U. Helmersson, P. Jin, S. Nakao, K. Y. Li, P. W. Shum, Z. Zhou, and M. Čaplovičová, “Ruthenium oxide films prepared by reactive unbalanced magnetron sputtering,” J. Electric. Eng.55, 39–42 (2004).

Metamaterials (Amst.)

G. V. Naik and A. Boltasseva; “A comparative study of semiconductor-based plasmonic metamaterials,” Metamaterials (Amst.)5(1), 1–7 (2011). [CrossRef]

Nano Lett.

I. H. El-Sayed, X. H. Huang, and M. A. El-Sayed, “Surface plasmon resonance scattering and absorption of anti-EGFR antibody conjugated gold nanoparticles in cancer diagnostics: Applications in oral cancer,” Nano Lett.5(5), 829–834 (2005). [CrossRef]
C. C. Hu, K. H. Chang, M. C. Lin, and Y. T. Wu, “Design and tailoring of the nanotubular arrayed architecture of hydrous RuO2 for next generation supercapacitors,” Nano Lett.6(12), 2690–2695 (2006). [CrossRef]

Nat. Photonics

R. Won, “View from...NANOMETA 2011: In search of new materials,” Nat. Photonics5(3), 139–140 (2011). [CrossRef]

Nat. Phys.

M. Righini, A. S. Zelenina, C. Girard, and R. Quidant, “Parallel and selective trapping in a patterned plasmonic landscape,” Nat. Phys.3(7), 477–480 (2007). [CrossRef]

Opt. Express

W. DiPippo, B. J. Lee, and K. Park, “Design analysis of doped-silicon surface plasmon resonance immunosensors in mid-infrared range,” Opt. Express18(18), 19396–19406 (2010). [CrossRef]
G. X. Li, Z. L. Wang, S. M. Chen, and K. W. Cheah, “Narrowband plasmonic excitation on gold hole-array nanostructures observed using spectroscopic ellipsometer,” Opt. Express19, 6356–6361 (2011).
C. Clavero, K. Yang, J. R. Skuza, and R. A. Lukaszew, “Magnetic field modulation of intense surface plasmon polaritons,” Opt. Express18(8), 7743–7752 (2010). [CrossRef]
R. Pratibha, K. Park, I. I. Smalyukh, and W. Park, “Tunable optical metamaterial based on liquid crystal-gold nanosphere composite,” Opt. Express17(22), 19459–19469 (2009). [CrossRef]
L. Dominici, F. Michelotti, T. M. Brown, A. Reale, and A. Di Carlo, “Plasmon polaritons in the near infrared on fluorine doped tin oxide films,” Opt. Express17(12), 10155–10167 (2009). [CrossRef]

Opt. Mater. Express

G. V. Naik, J. Kim, and A. Boltasseva, “Oxides and nitrides as alternative plasmonic materials in the optical range,” Opt. Mater. Express1(6), 1090–1099 (2011). [CrossRef]

Opt. Quantum Electron.

K. Welford, “Surface plasmon-polaritons and their uses,” Opt. Quantum Electron.23(1), 1–27 (1991). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev. B

L. F. Mattheiss, “Electronic structure of RuO2, OsO2, and IrO2,” Phys. Rev. B13(6), 2433–2450 (1976). [CrossRef]
K. Glassford and J. Chelikowsky, “Electron transport properties in RuO2 rutile,” Phys. Rev. B49(11), 7107–7114 (1994). [CrossRef]
R. B. Pettit, J. Silcox, and R. Vincent, “Measurement of surface-plasmon dispersion in oxidized Aluminum films,” Phys. Rev. B11(8), 3116–3123 (1975). [CrossRef]
A. K. Goel, G. Skorinko, and F. H. Pollak, “Optical properties of single-crystal rutile RuO2 and IrO2 in the range 0.5 to 9.5 eV,” Phys. Rev. B24(12), 7342–7350 (1981). [CrossRef]
M. Schubert, “Polarization-dependent optical parameters of arbitrarily anisotropic homogeneous layered systems,” Phys. Rev. B53(8), 4265–4274 (1996). [CrossRef]

Phys. Status Solidi A

P. F. Robusto and R. Braunstein, “Optical measurements of the surface-plasmon of indium tin oxide,” Phys. Status Solidi A119(1), 155–168 (1990). [CrossRef]

Science

N. Engheta, “Circuits with light at nanoscales: optical nanocircuits inspired by metamaterials,” Science317(5845), 1698–1702 (2007). [CrossRef]
A. Boltasseva and H. A. Atwater, “Materials science. Low-loss plasmonic metamaterials,” Science331(6015), 290–291 (2011). [CrossRef]

Thin Solid Films

J. H. Huang and J. S. Chen, “Material characteristics and electrical property of reactively sputtered RuO2 thin films,” Thin Solid Films382(1-2), 139–145 (2001). [CrossRef]

Z. Naturforsch.

E. Kretschmann and H. Raether, “Radiative decay of nonradiative surface plasmon excited by light,” Z. Naturforsch.23a, 2135–2136 (1968).

Other

H. S. Nalwa, Handbook of Thin Film Materials: Semiconductor and Superconductor Thin Films (Academic, 2002).

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Bulk and surface plasmon polariton excitation in RuO₂ for low-loss plasmonic applications in NIR

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Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Experimental approach

3. RuO₂ film characterizations

4. Dispersion curves and simulated reflectance map

5. Results and discussion

6. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References and links

References

Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)

Appl. Opt.

Appl. Phys. Lett.

Biophys. J.

J. Am. Chem. Soc.

J. Appl. Phys.

J. Electric. Eng.

Metamaterials (Amst.)

Nano Lett.

Nat. Photonics

Nat. Phys.

Opt. Express

Opt. Mater. Express

Opt. Quantum Electron.

Phys. Rev. B

Phys. Status Solidi A

Science

Thin Solid Films

Z. Naturforsch.

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Bulk and surface plasmon polariton excitation in RuO2 for low-loss plasmonic applications in NIR

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Article Navigation

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Experimental approach

3. RuO2 film characterizations

4. Dispersion curves and simulated reflectance map

5. Results and discussion

6. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References and links

References

Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)

Appl. Opt.

Appl. Phys. Lett.

Biophys. J.

J. Am. Chem. Soc.

J. Appl. Phys.

J. Electric. Eng.

Metamaterials (Amst.)

Nano Lett.

Nat. Photonics

Nat. Phys.

Opt. Express

Opt. Mater. Express

Opt. Quantum Electron.

Phys. Rev. B

Phys. Status Solidi A

Science

Thin Solid Films

Z. Naturforsch.

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Bulk and surface plasmon polariton excitation in RuO₂ for low-loss plasmonic applications in NIR

3. RuO₂ film characterizations