Ultra-long-haul 112 Gb/s PM-QPSK transmission systems using longer spans and Raman amplification

doi:10.1364/OE.20.010353

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Ultra-long-haul 112 Gb/s PM-QPSK transmission systems using longer spans and Raman amplification

John D. Downie, Jason Hurley, Dragan Pikula, and Xianming Zhu »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 9, pp. 10353-10358 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.010353

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– Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Experimental set-up
3. Experimental results
4. Summary and conclusions
– References and links

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Abstract

Ultra-long-haul transmission at distances greater than 10,000 km is investigated for 112 Gb/s PM-QPSK signals using span lengths of 75 km and 100 km and all-Raman amplification. Two different ultra-low loss and large effective area optical fibers are studied. We demonstrate a reach length of 10,200 km for a 40 channel system using a fiber with effective area 112 μm² with 100 km spans, and a reach length of 13,288 km for a system with 75 km spans using a fiber with effective area of 134 μm².

1. Introduction

Systems with 100 Gb/s data rates have been extensively studied in the past several years for long-haul and ultra-long-haul (ULH) networks. Widespread commercial deployment of 100 Gb/s systems has begun and is expected to grow rapidly in the coming years. Initial deployment of these systems has been in terrestrial networks for which the required reach lengths are generally ≤ 2000 km, but will continue in ULH submarine networks which can have much longer required transmission distances of 10,000 km or greater.

Several recent reports have explored transmission of 100 Gb/s systems using the polarization multiplexed quadrature phase-shift keying (PM-QPSK) format over ULH distances and presented results that clearly demonstrate the feasibility of 100 Gb/s for submarine length systems [1

M. Salsi, C. Koebele, P. Tran, H. Mardoyan, S. Bigo, and G. Charlet, “80x100-Gbit/s transmission over 9000km using erbium-doped fibre repeaters only,” in Proceedings of European Conf. Opt. Commun. (2010), paper We.7.C.3.

–9

J. D. Downie, J. Hurley, J. Cartledge, S. Bickham, and S. Mishra, “112 Gb/s PM-QPSK transmission up to 6000 km with 200 km amplifier spacing and a hybrid fiber span configuration,” Opt. Express 19(26), B96–B101 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. In several of these reports, the long distances were achieved largely through the use of short span lengths of about 50 km with amplification provided by erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) [1

–4

J.-X. Cai, Y. Cai, Y. Sun, C. R. Davidson, D. G. Foursa, A. Lucero, O. Sinkin, W. Patterson, A. Pilipetskii, G. Mohs, and N. S. Bergano, “112x112 Gb/s transmission over 9,360 km with channel spacing set to the baud rate (360% spectral efficiency),” in Proceedings of European Conf. Opt. Commun. (2010), paper PD2_1.

]. In some cases, other technology was also applied such as RZ modulation [3

J.-X. Cai, Y. Cai, C. R. Davidson, D. G. Foursa, A. Lucero, O. Sinkin, W. Patterson, A. Pilipetskii, G. Mohs, and N. S. Bergano, “Transmission of 96x100G pre-filtered PDM-RZ-QPSK channels with 300% spectral efficiency over 10,608km and 400% spectral efficiency over 4,368km,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (OFC) and National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (NFOEC) (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC, 2010), paper PDPB10.

], high overhead FEC [2

M. Salsi, C. Koebele, P. Tran, H. Mardoyan, E. Dutisseuil, J. Renaudier, M. Bigot-Astruc, L. Provost, S. Richard, P. Sillard, S. Bigo, and G. Charlet, “Transmission of 96x100Gb/s with 23% super-FEC overhead over 11,680km, using optical spectral engineering,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (OFC) and National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (NFOEC) (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC, 2011), paper OMR2.

], spectral engineering [2

–4

], and sophisticated digital signal processing algorithms such as maximum a posteriori probability [3

]. These systems with 50-52 km span lengths all demonstrated transmission lengths of at least 9000 km, and extending up to 11,680 km.

On the other hand, systems with longer span lengths have also been studied, usually with somewhat shorter transmission reach lengths [5

H. Masuda, E. Yamazaki, A. Sano, T. Yoshimatsu, T. Kobayashi, E. Yoshida, Y. Miyamoto, S. Matsuoka, Y. Takatori, M. Mizoguchi, K. Okada, K. Hagimoto, T. Yamada, and S. Kamei, “13.5-Tb/s (135 x 111-Gb/s/ch) no-guard-interval coherent OFDM transmission over 6,248 km using SNR maximized second-order DRA in the extended L-band,” Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (OFC) and National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (NFOEC) (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC, 2009), paper PDPB5.

–9

]. For example, 7040 km transmission was demonstrated with 80 km spans and hybrid Raman/EDFA amplification [6

G. Charlet, M. Salsi, P. Tran, M. Bertolini, H. Mardoyan, J. Renaudier, O. Bertran-Pardo, and S. Bigo, “72x100Gb/s transmission over transoceanic distance, using large effective area fiber, hybrid Raman-erbium amplification and coherent detection,” Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (OFC) and National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (NFOEC) (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC, 2009), paper PDPB6.

], and 7200 km transmission was shown with 90 km spans [7

M. Salsi, H. Mardoyan, P. Tran, C. Koebele, E. Dutisseuil, G. Charlet, and S. Bigo, “155x100Gbit/s coherent PDM-QPSK transmission over 7,200km,” in Proceedings of European Conf. Opt. Commun. (2009), paper PD2.5.

] with a similar amplification scheme. Another 100 Gb/s system that employed 80 km spans with no-guard-interval coherent OFDM transmission showed 6248 km reach for 135 channels but a longer reach of 9612 km for a 10 channel system [5

]. This system required second-order Raman pumping in the extended L-band. A system with 100 km spans and EDFA-only amplification showed 7200 km reach length with an ultra-low loss large effective area fiber [8

J. D. Downie, J. E. Hurley, J. Cartledge, S. R. Bickham, and S. Mishra, “Transmission of 112 Gb/s PM-QPSK signals over 7200 km of optical fiber with very large effective area and ultra-low loss in 100 km spans with EDFAs only,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (OFC) and National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (NFOEC) (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC, 2011), paper OMI6.

]. The longest span length system at 100 Gb/s achieving ULH transmission distances so far had 200 km spans in a hybrid fiber configuration with hybrid Raman/EDFA amplification and showed reach lengths of 6000 km for 8 channels and 5400 km for 32 channels [9

In this paper, we extend the previous work by exploring ULH transmission of 112 Gb/s PM-QPSK signals using all-Raman amplification and two different ultra-low loss optical fibers with large effective areas to achieve trans-Pacific transmission distances with longer span lengths. We first demonstrate transmission over 10,200 km in a system with 100 km spans of Corning^® Vascade^® EX2000 optical fiber, as partially described in [10

J. D. Downie, “112 Gb/s PM-QPSK transmission systems with reach lengths enabled by optical fibers with ultra-low loss and very large effective area,” in Proc. SPIE 8284 (SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 2012), paper 828403.

]. We next switch to a system with 75 km spans of a developmental prototype of Corning^® Vascade^® EX3000 fiber and demonstrate transmission over 13,288 km. In both systems, 40 channels are transmitted and measured in the C-band, and standard digital signal processing algorithms are applied in the coherent receiver.

2. Experimental set-up

The experimental configuration for the first set of transmission experiments is shown in Fig. 1 . Experiments were performed with 40 optical channels on a 50 GHz grid. Odd and even DFB lasers with nominal linewidth of a few MHz were combined and then modulated together with a QPSK modulator driven by two de-correlated 2¹⁵-1 PRBS patterns with a symbol rate of 28 Gbaud. The output from the QPSK modulator was optically polarization multiplexed to produce the 112 Gb/s PM-QPSK signals, and the channels were launched into a re-circulating loop with a flat spectrum. The loop was comprised of three 100 km spans of Vascade EX2000 optical fiber. The average attenuation of the fiber was 0.163 dB/km and the effective area was about 112 μm². Backward pumped Raman amplification compensated for the loss of each span and the discrete loss of the Raman amplifier components. The Raman pump wavelengths were 1427 nm, 1443 nm, and 1461 nm. A loop synchronous polarization scrambler (LSPS) was used to mitigate possible loop polarization artifacts and a dynamic gain equalizer (DGE) flattened the gain and spectrum at the end of each loop. All chromatic dispersion was compensated digitally in the digital coherent receiver.

Fig. 1 Experimental set-up of transmission system with re-circulating loop containing three 100 km spans of fiber or four 75.5 km spans of fiber.

The experimental set-up was basically identical for the second set of transmission tests except that four 75.5 km spans of a developmental prototype of Vascade EX3000 fiber were used. For this fiber, the average span loss including splices and connectors was 12.86 dB. The average fiber effective area was 134 μm². Similar to the Vascade EX2000 fiber, the dispersion of this fiber was approximately 20 ps/nm/km at 1550 nm. Three of the four Raman amplifier units were the same as were used in the first system experiments.

In the receiver, a tunable optical filter selected a channel for measurement. The channel under test was detected in a polarization- and phase-diverse digital coherent receiver with a free-running local oscillator with 100 kHz nominal linewidth. The four signals from the balanced photodetectors were digitized by analog-to-digital converters operating at 50 Gsamples/s using a real-time sampling oscilloscope with 20 GHz electrical bandwidth. The sampled waveforms were processed off-line in a computer, with digital signal processing steps including (i) quadrature imbalance compensation [11

I. Fatadin, S. J. Savory, and D. Ives, “Compensation of quadrature imbalance in an optical QPSK coherent receiver,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(20), 1733–1735 (2008). [CrossRef]

], (ii) up-sampling to 56 Gsamples/s and dispersion compensation using a frequency-domain equalizer, (iii) digital square and filter clock recovery [12

H. Meyer, M. Moeneclaey, and S. A. Fechtel, Digital Communications Receivers (Wiley-Interscience, 1997), section 5.4.

], (iv) polarization recovery and equalization using an adaptive butterfly structure with filter coefficients determined using the constant modulus algorithm [13

J. R. Treichler and B. G. Agee, “A new approach to multipath correction of constant modulus signals,” IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Sig. Proc. 31, 459–472 (1983).

,14

S. J. Savory, “Digital filters for coherent optical receivers,” Opt. Express 16(2), 804–817 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

], (v) carrier frequency offset using a spectral domain algorithm [15

M. Morelli and U. Mengali, “Feedforward frequency estimation for PSK: a tutorial review,” Eur. Trans. Telecommun. 9(2), 103–116 (1998). [CrossRef]

], (vi) phase recovery using a pre-decision algorithm [16

M. Z. Tao, L. Li, A. Isomura, T. Hoshida, and J. C. Rasmussen, “Multiplier-free phase recovery for optical coherent receivers,” Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (OFC) and National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (NFOEC) (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC, 2008), paper OWT2.

], and (vii) bit decisions. The bit error rate (BER) was measured for each 28 Gb/s tributary signal by direct error counting and the average BER was evaluated. At least 2 million bits were counted for each BER measurement.

3. Experimental results

For each transmission system, we first measured the BER of a central channel in the full 40 channel system as a function of launch power per channel to determine the optimal operating condition. These measurements were made at transmission distances of 9000 km for the Vascade EX2000 fiber system and 10,872 km for the Vascade EX3000 fiber system. The measurements were taken with constant relative power among all 40 channels by varying the total fiber launch power into the first span and varying the Raman pump powers to produce the same gain for each different total launch power. The results in Fig. 2 show that the optimal channel power for the 100 km span system was about −4 dBm while it was about −5 dBm for the 75 km system. The lower optimal channel power for the larger effective area EX3000 fiber is due to the shorter span length of that system.

Fig. 2 Measured BER vs. power per channel for 1550.92 nm channel in Vascade EX2000 and Vascade EX3000 fiber systems.

With the optimal channel powers determined and set, we then measured the BER of the 1550.92 nm channel in each system as a function of distance. The results for both system configurations are shown in Fig. 3(a) , as given by the calculated 20log(Q) values from the measured BER values. The results show that for this central channel, a transmission distance >11,000 km is possible with the EX2000 fiber system with 100 km spans, and the reach for the EX3000 fiber system with 75.5 km spans is > 14,000 km. In Fig. 3(b), the Q values are given as a function of the OSNR/0.1nm values for the two systems. Each point represents a different transmission distance. The results indicate very comparable performance over a wide range of distances with each system operating at its optimal launch power.

Fig. 3 (a) 20log(Q) values of 1550.92 nm channel vs. distance, (b) 20log(Q) values vs. OSNR for optimal channel launch power for both systems.

For both systems, the maximum distance was determined for which all 40 channels had measured Q values greater than the assumed threshold of 8.5 dB for 7% overhead commercial forward error correction (FEC) technology [1

]. For the 100 km span system with EX2000 fiber, this distance was 10,200 km, and for the 75.5 km span system with developmental EX3000 fiber it was 13,288 km. The measured Q and OSNR results for all channels in the two systems are shown in Fig. 4 . The total fiber launch power was 12 dBm (−4 dBm/channel) for the data in Fig. 4(a), and 11 dBm (−5 dBm/channel) for the data in Fig. 4(b). Note that the channel plan was shifted by 2 wavelengths between the systems because of slight differences in the Raman gain spectra of the fibers. The mean Q value at 10,200 km for the 100 km span system was 9.4 dB, and the mean Q value for the 75.5 km span system at 13,288 km was 9.1 dB.

Fig. 4 (a) 20log(Q) and OSNR values for EX2000 fiber system at 10,200 km, (b) 20log(Q) and OSNR values for EX30000 fiber system at 13,288 km.

The Raman gain profiles for each span in the two systems are shown in Fig. 5 . The average Raman gain was 17.3 dB for the 100 km span EX2000 fiber system, and 14.1 dB for the 75 km span EX3000 fiber system. The estimated average total Raman pump powers for the 100 km system and 75.5 km system were about 935 mW and just over 1 W, respectively. The Raman gain compensated for the combination of the fiber span loss and discrete loss within the Raman amplifier in each case. The average peak-to-peak Raman gain ripple for the 100 km span system was about 1.3 dB and was about 1.0 dB for the 75.5 km span system. These gain variations as well as any from the two EDFAs in the re-circulating loop were equalized at the end of each loop with a tunable gain flattening filter. The spectra of the two systems at their maximum reach lengths are shown in Fig. 6 .

Fig. 5 Raman gain spectra for each span of the two systems.

Fig. 6 (a) Spectrum of Vascade EX2000 fiber system at 10,200 km, (b) Spectrum of Vascade EX30000 fiber system at 13,288 km.

4. Summary and conclusions

We have experimentally investigated ULH trans-oceanic distance transmission of 112 Gb/s PM-QPSK signals using all-Raman amplification as a means to lengthen amplifier spans. Two different systems were studied with different ultra-low loss fibers. The first system used Corning Vascade EX2000 fiber with 100 km spans and a reach of 10,200 km was demonstrated for 40 channels. A developmental prototype of Vascade EX3000 fiber with larger effective area was used in the second system. This system with 75.5 km spans demonstrated a system reach for all 40 channels of 13,288 km. For both systems, simple NRZ PM-QPSK modulation was used, and only standard digital signal processing algorithms were employed in the coherent receiver to minimize complexity.

References and links

1.	M. Salsi, C. Koebele, P. Tran, H. Mardoyan, S. Bigo, and G. Charlet, “80x100-Gbit/s transmission over 9000km using erbium-doped fibre repeaters only,” in Proceedings of European Conf. Opt. Commun. (2010), paper We.7.C.3.
2.	M. Salsi, C. Koebele, P. Tran, H. Mardoyan, E. Dutisseuil, J. Renaudier, M. Bigot-Astruc, L. Provost, S. Richard, P. Sillard, S. Bigo, and G. Charlet, “Transmission of 96x100Gb/s with 23% super-FEC overhead over 11,680km, using optical spectral engineering,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (OFC) and National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (NFOEC) (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC, 2011), paper OMR2.
3.	J.-X. Cai, Y. Cai, C. R. Davidson, D. G. Foursa, A. Lucero, O. Sinkin, W. Patterson, A. Pilipetskii, G. Mohs, and N. S. Bergano, “Transmission of 96x100G pre-filtered PDM-RZ-QPSK channels with 300% spectral efficiency over 10,608km and 400% spectral efficiency over 4,368km,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (OFC) and National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (NFOEC) (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC, 2010), paper PDPB10.
4.	J.-X. Cai, Y. Cai, Y. Sun, C. R. Davidson, D. G. Foursa, A. Lucero, O. Sinkin, W. Patterson, A. Pilipetskii, G. Mohs, and N. S. Bergano, “112x112 Gb/s transmission over 9,360 km with channel spacing set to the baud rate (360% spectral efficiency),” in Proceedings of European Conf. Opt. Commun. (2010), paper PD2_1.
5.	H. Masuda, E. Yamazaki, A. Sano, T. Yoshimatsu, T. Kobayashi, E. Yoshida, Y. Miyamoto, S. Matsuoka, Y. Takatori, M. Mizoguchi, K. Okada, K. Hagimoto, T. Yamada, and S. Kamei, “13.5-Tb/s (135 x 111-Gb/s/ch) no-guard-interval coherent OFDM transmission over 6,248 km using SNR maximized second-order DRA in the extended L-band,” Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (OFC) and National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (NFOEC) (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC, 2009), paper PDPB5.
6.	G. Charlet, M. Salsi, P. Tran, M. Bertolini, H. Mardoyan, J. Renaudier, O. Bertran-Pardo, and S. Bigo, “72x100Gb/s transmission over transoceanic distance, using large effective area fiber, hybrid Raman-erbium amplification and coherent detection,” Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (OFC) and National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (NFOEC) (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC, 2009), paper PDPB6.
7.	M. Salsi, H. Mardoyan, P. Tran, C. Koebele, E. Dutisseuil, G. Charlet, and S. Bigo, “155x100Gbit/s coherent PDM-QPSK transmission over 7,200km,” in Proceedings of European Conf. Opt. Commun. (2009), paper PD2.5.
8.	J. D. Downie, J. E. Hurley, J. Cartledge, S. R. Bickham, and S. Mishra, “Transmission of 112 Gb/s PM-QPSK signals over 7200 km of optical fiber with very large effective area and ultra-low loss in 100 km spans with EDFAs only,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (OFC) and National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (NFOEC) (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC, 2011), paper OMI6.
9.	J. D. Downie, J. Hurley, J. Cartledge, S. Bickham, and S. Mishra, “112 Gb/s PM-QPSK transmission up to 6000 km with 200 km amplifier spacing and a hybrid fiber span configuration,” Opt. Express 19(26), B96–B101 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10.	J. D. Downie, “112 Gb/s PM-QPSK transmission systems with reach lengths enabled by optical fibers with ultra-low loss and very large effective area,” in Proc. SPIE 8284 (SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 2012), paper 828403.
11.	I. Fatadin, S. J. Savory, and D. Ives, “Compensation of quadrature imbalance in an optical QPSK coherent receiver,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(20), 1733–1735 (2008). [CrossRef]
12.	H. Meyer, M. Moeneclaey, and S. A. Fechtel, Digital Communications Receivers (Wiley-Interscience, 1997), section 5.4.
13.	J. R. Treichler and B. G. Agee, “A new approach to multipath correction of constant modulus signals,” IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Sig. Proc. 31, 459–472 (1983).
14.	S. J. Savory, “Digital filters for coherent optical receivers,” Opt. Express 16(2), 804–817 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
15.	M. Morelli and U. Mengali, “Feedforward frequency estimation for PSK: a tutorial review,” Eur. Trans. Telecommun. 9(2), 103–116 (1998). [CrossRef]
16.	M. Z. Tao, L. Li, A. Isomura, T. Hoshida, and J. C. Rasmussen, “Multiplier-free phase recovery for optical coherent receivers,” Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (OFC) and National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (NFOEC) (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC, 2008), paper OWT2.

OCIS Codes
(060.2330) Fiber optics and optical communications : Fiber optics communications
(060.2360) Fiber optics and optical communications : Fiber optics links and subsystems

ToC Category:
Fiber Optics and Optical Communications

History
Original Manuscript: March 23, 2012
Revised Manuscript: April 10, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: April 10, 2012
Published: April 19, 2012

Citation
John D. Downie, Jason Hurley, Dragan Pikula, and Xianming Zhu, "Ultra-long-haul 112 Gb/s PM-QPSK transmission systems using longer spans and Raman amplification," Opt. Express 20, 10353-10358 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-9-10353

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References

M. Salsi, C. Koebele, P. Tran, H. Mardoyan, S. Bigo, and G. Charlet, “80x100-Gbit/s transmission over 9000km using erbium-doped fibre repeaters only,” in Proceedings of European Conf. Opt. Commun. (2010), paper We.7.C.3.
M. Salsi, C. Koebele, P. Tran, H. Mardoyan, E. Dutisseuil, J. Renaudier, M. Bigot-Astruc, L. Provost, S. Richard, P. Sillard, S. Bigo, and G. Charlet, “Transmission of 96x100Gb/s with 23% super-FEC overhead over 11,680km, using optical spectral engineering,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (OFC) and National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (NFOEC) (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC, 2011), paper OMR2.
J.-X. Cai, Y. Cai, C. R. Davidson, D. G. Foursa, A. Lucero, O. Sinkin, W. Patterson, A. Pilipetskii, G. Mohs, and N. S. Bergano, “Transmission of 96x100G pre-filtered PDM-RZ-QPSK channels with 300% spectral efficiency over 10,608km and 400% spectral efficiency over 4,368km,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (OFC) and National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (NFOEC) (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC, 2010), paper PDPB10.
J.-X. Cai, Y. Cai, Y. Sun, C. R. Davidson, D. G. Foursa, A. Lucero, O. Sinkin, W. Patterson, A. Pilipetskii, G. Mohs, and N. S. Bergano, “112x112 Gb/s transmission over 9,360 km with channel spacing set to the baud rate (360% spectral efficiency),” in Proceedings of European Conf. Opt. Commun. (2010), paper PD2_1.
H. Masuda, E. Yamazaki, A. Sano, T. Yoshimatsu, T. Kobayashi, E. Yoshida, Y. Miyamoto, S. Matsuoka, Y. Takatori, M. Mizoguchi, K. Okada, K. Hagimoto, T. Yamada, and S. Kamei, “13.5-Tb/s (135 x 111-Gb/s/ch) no-guard-interval coherent OFDM transmission over 6,248 km using SNR maximized second-order DRA in the extended L-band,” Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (OFC) and National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (NFOEC) (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC, 2009), paper PDPB5.
G. Charlet, M. Salsi, P. Tran, M. Bertolini, H. Mardoyan, J. Renaudier, O. Bertran-Pardo, and S. Bigo, “72x100Gb/s transmission over transoceanic distance, using large effective area fiber, hybrid Raman-erbium amplification and coherent detection,” Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (OFC) and National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (NFOEC) (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC, 2009), paper PDPB6.
M. Salsi, H. Mardoyan, P. Tran, C. Koebele, E. Dutisseuil, G. Charlet, and S. Bigo, “155x100Gbit/s coherent PDM-QPSK transmission over 7,200km,” in Proceedings of European Conf. Opt. Commun. (2009), paper PD2.5.
J. D. Downie, J. E. Hurley, J. Cartledge, S. R. Bickham, and S. Mishra, “Transmission of 112 Gb/s PM-QPSK signals over 7200 km of optical fiber with very large effective area and ultra-low loss in 100 km spans with EDFAs only,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (OFC) and National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (NFOEC) (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC, 2011), paper OMI6.
J. D. Downie, J. Hurley, J. Cartledge, S. Bickham, and S. Mishra, “112 Gb/s PM-QPSK transmission up to 6000 km with 200 km amplifier spacing and a hybrid fiber span configuration,” Opt. Express19(26), B96–B101 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. D. Downie, “112 Gb/s PM-QPSK transmission systems with reach lengths enabled by optical fibers with ultra-low loss and very large effective area,” in Proc. SPIE 8284 (SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 2012), paper 828403.
I. Fatadin, S. J. Savory, and D. Ives, “Compensation of quadrature imbalance in an optical QPSK coherent receiver,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.20(20), 1733–1735 (2008). [CrossRef]
H. Meyer, M. Moeneclaey, and S. A. Fechtel, Digital Communications Receivers (Wiley-Interscience, 1997), section 5.4.
J. R. Treichler and B. G. Agee, “A new approach to multipath correction of constant modulus signals,” IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Sig. Proc.31, 459–472 (1983).
S. J. Savory, “Digital filters for coherent optical receivers,” Opt. Express16(2), 804–817 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Morelli and U. Mengali, “Feedforward frequency estimation for PSK: a tutorial review,” Eur. Trans. Telecommun.9(2), 103–116 (1998). [CrossRef]
M. Z. Tao, L. Li, A. Isomura, T. Hoshida, and J. C. Rasmussen, “Multiplier-free phase recovery for optical coherent receivers,” Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (OFC) and National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (NFOEC) (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC, 2008), paper OWT2.

Eur. Trans. Telecommun.

M. Morelli and U. Mengali, “Feedforward frequency estimation for PSK: a tutorial review,” Eur. Trans. Telecommun.9(2), 103–116 (1998). [CrossRef]

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.

I. Fatadin, S. J. Savory, and D. Ives, “Compensation of quadrature imbalance in an optical QPSK coherent receiver,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.20(20), 1733–1735 (2008). [CrossRef]

IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Sig. Proc.

J. R. Treichler and B. G. Agee, “A new approach to multipath correction of constant modulus signals,” IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Sig. Proc.31, 459–472 (1983).

Opt. Express

Other

J. D. Downie, “112 Gb/s PM-QPSK transmission systems with reach lengths enabled by optical fibers with ultra-low loss and very large effective area,” in Proc. SPIE 8284 (SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 2012), paper 828403.
H. Meyer, M. Moeneclaey, and S. A. Fechtel, Digital Communications Receivers (Wiley-Interscience, 1997), section 5.4.
M. Z. Tao, L. Li, A. Isomura, T. Hoshida, and J. C. Rasmussen, “Multiplier-free phase recovery for optical coherent receivers,” Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (OFC) and National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (NFOEC) (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC, 2008), paper OWT2.
M. Salsi, C. Koebele, P. Tran, H. Mardoyan, S. Bigo, and G. Charlet, “80x100-Gbit/s transmission over 9000km using erbium-doped fibre repeaters only,” in Proceedings of European Conf. Opt. Commun. (2010), paper We.7.C.3.
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