Dual broadband near-infrared perfect absorber based on a hybrid plasmonic-photonic microstructure

doi:10.1364/OE.21.003021

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Dual broadband near-infrared perfect absorber based on a hybrid plasmonic-photonic microstructure

Zhengqi Liu, Peng Zhan, Jing Chen, Chaojun Tang, Zhendong Yan, Zhuo Chen, and Zhenlin Wang »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 21, Issue 3, pp. 3021-3030 (2013)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.003021

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▸ Article Outline
– Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Sample preparation and optical characterization
3. Results and discussion
4. Conclusion
– References and links

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Abstract

High performance light absorber with a broad bandwidth is particularly desirable for near-infrared photodetection and optical interconnects. Here we demonstrate a dual broadband perfect absorber in the near-infrared regime, which is based on a hybrid plasmonic-photonic microstructure. Such a microstructure is fabricated by self-assembling a monolayer colloidal crystal on an optically opaque metal film followed by depositing a thin metallic half-shell on the top of the colloidal particles. Both experimental and numerical simulation results show that the simply designed absorbers have dual broadband with absorption exceeding 90% in the near-infrared region with the absorption bands being scalable by tuning the size of the colloidal particles. Moreover, the absorption efficiency shows an extremely slight dispersion for the incident angles up to 50 degrees, benefit from the high symmetry as well as the highly modulated plasmonic microstructures that lead to a weak polarization dependence of these two absorption bands. The relative ease of growing high-quality colloidal crystals and the low cost of fabricating such plasmonic-photonic microstructures with high reproducibility could promise applicability of the light absorber in the field of photodetectors, thermal emitters and photovoltaics.

1. Introduction

Due to the coherent oscillations of electrons at the metal-dielectric interfaces, resonant plasmonic nanostructures have been proved to efficiently tailor optical responses. Recently, efficient light absorber based on plasmonic nanostructures has attracted great interest, which could show a wide range of practical applications of photovoltaic cell, optical detector and sensor devices [1

C. M. Watts, X. L. Liu, and W. J. Padilla, “Metamaterial electromagnetic wave absorbers,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 24(23), OP98–OP120, OP181 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

–4

N. Liu, M. Mesch, T. Weiss, M. Hentschel, and H. Giessen, “Infrared perfect absorber and its application as plasmonic sensor,” Nano Lett. 10(7), 2342–2348 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. In 2008, Landy et al have proposed an absorbing metamaterial nanostructure consisting of two resonators that couple separately to electric and magnetic fields so as to absorb all incident radiation at microwave frequencies [5

N. I. Landy, S. Sajuyigbe, J. J. Mock, D. R. Smith, and W. J. Padilla, “Perfect metamaterial absorber,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 100(20), 207402 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. Near unity absorption was achieved in this structure; however, the designed metamaterial absorbers are polarization-dependent and are only efficiently absorptive over a narrow frequency range. Following this work, many efforts [6

K. Aydin, V. E. Ferry, R. M. Briggs, and H. A. Atwater, “Broadband polarization-independent resonant light absorption using ultrathin plasmonic super absorbers,” Nat. Commun. 2, 517 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

–17

S. Thongrattanasiri, F. H. L. Koppens, and F. J. García de Abajo, “Complete optical absorption in periodically patterned graphene,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 108(4), 047401 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

] have been made to develop new strategies to solve the problem of a narrow bandwidth absorption at a specific resonance frequency since a broadband unity absorption is more desired for many high-performance applications such as the near-infrared photodetection and thermal emitting [18

X. L. Liu, T. Tyler, T. Starr, A. F. Starr, N. M. Jokerst, and W. J. Padilla, “Taming the blackbody with infrared metamaterials as selective thermal emitters,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 107(4), 045901 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 19

X. Chen, Y. Chen, M. Yan, and M. Qiu, “Nanosecond photothermal effects in plasmonic nanostructures,” ACS Nano 6(3), 2550–2557 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. One of the most popular and efficient ways to achieve a broad band with unity absorption is to blend different resonators with various strong resonances together. For example, omnidirectional broadband perfect absorbers using multiplexed planar [6

–12

J. Wang, C. Fan, P. Ding, J. He, Y. Cheng, W. Hu, G. Cai, E. Liang, and Q. Xue, “Tunable broad-band perfect absorber by exciting of multiple plasmon resonances at optical frequency,” Opt. Express 20(14), 14871–14878 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

] or stacking multilayer composite metallic nanostructures [13

P. Bouchon, C. Koechlin, F. Pardo, R. Haïdar, and J. L. Pelouard, “Wideband omnidirectional infrared absorber with a patchwork of plasmonic nanoantennas,” Opt. Lett. 37(6), 1038–1040 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

–16

Y. Cui, K. H. Fung, J. Xu, H. Ma, Y. Jin, S. He, and N. X. Fang, “Ultrabroadband light absorption by a sawtooth anisotropic metamaterial slab,” Nano Lett. 12(3), 1443–1447 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

] have been demonstrated. Recently, by engineering the frequency dispersion of metamaterial surface to mimic an ideal absorbing sheet, a broadband infrared absorber has been theoretically proposed by Feng et al [20

Q. Feng, M. Pu, C. Hu, and X. Luo, “Engineering the dispersion of metamaterial surface for broadband infrared absorption,” Opt. Lett. 37(11), 2133–2135 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. Nevertheless, up to date, the multiband metamaterial absorbers still require structures with more sophisticated geometries in order to induce additional resonances for each absorption enhancement, which introduce additional restrictions on the fabrication process [1

C. M. Watts, X. L. Liu, and W. J. Padilla, “Metamaterial electromagnetic wave absorbers,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 24(23), OP98–OP120, OP181 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

In contrast with the metamaterial absorbers prepared by utilizing state-of-the-art nanofabrication techniques, a low-cost and easy fabrication method based on the colloidal crystals (CCs) has been employed to fabricate microstructures with resonant light absorption [21

T. V. Teperik, F. J. García de Abajo, A. G. Borisov, M. Abdelsalam, P. N. Bartlett, Y. Sugawara, and J. J. Baumberg, “Ominidirectional absorption in nanostructured metal surfaces,” Nat. Photonics 2(5), 299–301 (2008). [CrossRef]

–24

M. Wang, C. Hu, M. Pu, C. Huang, Z. Zhao, Q. Feng, and X. Luo, “Truncated spherical voids for nearly omnidirectional optical absorption,” Opt. Express 19(21), 20642–20649 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. For instance, Teperik et al. have experimentally and theoretically demonstrated that an omnidirectional and polarization-independent absorption effect relying on the excitation of localized plasmons could be achieved using a nanoporous metal surface prepared by electrochemical deposition of gold over CCs supported on a gold substrate [21

]; and a perfect absorber consisting of a tungsten films structured by truncated spherical voids array also has been designed to realized a broadband unity absorbance with characteristics of independence of incident angle and polarization in near infrared-visible regime [24

]. More recently, a new strategy to dramatically improve light absorption performance has been proposed by forming colloidal spherical dielectric nanoshell resonators that support a low Q-factor whispering-gallery resonant mode [25

Y. Yao, J. Yao, V. K. Narasimhan, Z. C. Ruan, C. Xie, S. H. Fan, and Y. Cui, “Broadband light management using low-Q whispering gallery modes in spherical nanoshells,” Nat. Commun. 3, 664 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. Considering the presence of versatile optical properties including plasmon, photonic and their hybrid modes in the plasmonic-photonic crystals templated using the low-cost colloidal particle arrays [26

A. I. Maaroof, M. B. Cortie, N. Harris, and L. Wieczorek, “Mie and Bragg plasmons in subwavelength silver semi-shells,” Small 4(12), 2292–2299 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

–30

S. G. Romanov, A. V. Korovin, A. Regensburger, and U. Peschel, “Hybrid colloidal plasmonic-photonic crystals,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 23(22-23), 2515–2533 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

], it is interesting and important to investigate how these controllable optical management approaches can be further extended for achieving a near-unity broadband light absorption in the near-infrared region.

In this paper, we report for the first time a dual broadband wide-angle and polarization-independent perfect absorber in the near-infrared region using a novel hybrid plasmonic-photonic microstructure that supports intrinsic broadband plasmon resonances and multiple hybrid resonant modes [26

A. I. Maaroof, M. B. Cortie, N. Harris, and L. Wieczorek, “Mie and Bragg plasmons in subwavelength silver semi-shells,” Small 4(12), 2292–2299 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

–30

]. Our hybrid plasmonic-photonic microstructures are fabricated by forming a two-dimensional (2D) CC on an optically opaque metal film followed by a coverage of a thin metal layer deposited on top of the 2D CC. We observed a dual broad absorption band in the near-infrared region with bandwidths of about 150 nm and 350 nm respectively, both with a high absorption exceeding 90%. For each of these two absorption bands, the maximum absorption characteristics sustains even for the incident angles up to 50°. Considering the attractive merits of our approach, the present study could provide a guideline to solve the inherent narrow absorption bandwidth and fabrication issues existing in previous plasmonic and metamaterial perfect absorbers [1

C. M. Watts, X. L. Liu, and W. J. Padilla, “Metamaterial electromagnetic wave absorbers,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 24(23), OP98–OP120, OP181 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

2. Sample preparation and optical characterization

The microstructures under study are formed by first self-assembling a 2D CC of polystyrene (PS) colloids on the surface of a quartz substrate pre-coated with an optically opaque gold film with a fixed thickness (h) of 100 nm, followed by further depositing a thin gold layer with different thickness (t) on top of the 2D CC as shown in Fig. 1(a) . A large area of 2D CC can be easily fabricated using a well-developed self-assembly method [31

P. Zhan, Z. L. Wang, H. Dong, J. Sun, H. T. Wang, S. N. Zhu, N. B. Ming, and J. Zi, “The anomalous infrared transmission of gold films on two-dimensional colloidal crystals,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 18(12), 1612–1616 (2006). [CrossRef]

]. As examples, two sizes of the PS colloids of 1.0 ± 0.015 μm and 1.1 ± 0.017 μm in diameter are used in the present study. Figure 1(b) shows an optical image of the prepared hybrid plasmonic-photonic microstructure based on a highly ordered 2D CC composed of PS microsphere with 1.1 μm in diameter, which exhibits a uniform color across the whole area of the sample; and a magnified SEM (FEI Philips XL-30) top-view image of a typical area of the microstructure is shown in Fig. 1(c). To characterize this hybrid plasmonic-photonic microstructure clearly, a cross-sectional schematic illustration [Fig. 1(d)] and the corresponding SEM image [Fig. 1(e)] of the sample show the top gold half-shells covered on the PS microspheres with a hexagonal lattice and a thick gold back layer supported on a quartz substrate. Transmission and reflection spectra were obtained using a commercial Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer (Nicolet 5700). The optical spot size of the incident beam impinging on the sample was about 0.8 mm. Polarization-dependent measurements were performed with an adjustable polarizer supplied with FTIR spectrometer. For calibration of angular dependence of reflection, we first measured the reflection spectra under different incident angles from a 100 nm-thick gold mirror as the corresponding baselines, and all the measured reflection from microstructures was then calibrated using these baselines.

Fig. 1 (a) Schematic and (b) a large-area optical image (scale bar 1 mm) taken under white-light irradiation and (c) a top view SEM image of a fabricated hybrid plasmonic-photonic microstructure. Cross-sectional schematic illustration (d) and SEM image (e) of a sample showing gold on the PS microspheres with 1.1 μm in diameter, and the gold back reflector under the colloids.

3. Results and discussion

Due to the restriction of our equipment setup, transmission (T) and reflection (R) measurements were first performed under an incident angle of 8° with transverse magnetic (TM) polarization [see in Fig. 1(d)]. The absorption (A) was obtained with a definition of A = 1 - T - R. For this hybrid plasmonic-photonic microstructures, a 100 nm-thick gold back plate is exploited to prevent light transmission in the near-infrared regime of interest, which reduces the absorption to A = 1 - R. In Fig. 2(a) , two broad absorption bands are observed which are centered at 1.15 μm and 1.85 μm with maximum absorption values of 97% and 99% for the microstructures consisting of PS colloids with a diameter of 1.1 μm, covered by gold half-shells with nominal thickness of t = 9 nm. The bandwidths with absorption exceeding 90% for the absorption band at shorter and longer wavelength are 150 nm and 300 nm, respectively. It is noted that for a hexagonal lattice with a period of 1.1 μm, the calculated cutoff wavelength for the onset of 1st order diffraction [21

] is located at λ_cut = 0.95 μm which is below the short wavelength explored here. Meanwhile, the almost same spectral profile of absorption response is observed in the similar hybrid plasmonic-photonic microstructure when diameter of the PS colloids was reduced to 1.0 μm [see Fig. 2(a), blue line], and the center wavelengths of the absorption bands are expected to show a blue-shift which is estimated to be in proportion to the size of the PS colloids.

Fig. 2 Measured (a) and calculated (b) absorption spectra of the hybrid plasmonic-photonic microstructures fabricated using CCs consisting of PS microspheres with diameters of D = 1.0 µm and 1.1 µm under an incident angle of 8°. (c) Absorption spectra of the hybrid plasmonic-photonic microstructure (diameter of PS microspheres D = 1.1 µm) under an incident angle of 20° as functions of the polarization angle. For all microstructures, the nominal thickness of the Au layer on the top of PS colloids is t = 9 nm.

To understand the unique absorption response, three-dimensional numerical simulations are carried out using a commercial software package (COMSOL Multiphysics) based on finite-element method. The calculation domain constitutes one complete and four-quarter metallic/dielectric core-shells in the xy-plane defined as Fig. 1d. Periodic boundary conditions are applied to the four sides of the rectangular calculation domain to fit the periodicity of the whole structure [27

C. J. Tang, Z. L. Wang, W. Y. Zhang, N. B. Ming, G. Sun, and P. Sheng, “Localized and delocalized surface-plasmon-mediated light tunneling through monolayer hexagonal-close-packed metallic nanoshells,” Phys. Rev. B 80(16), 165401 (2009). [CrossRef]

, 28

Q. Wang, C. J. Tang, J. Chen, P. Zhan, and Z. L. Wang, “Effect of symmetry breaking on localized and delocalized surface plasmons in monolayer hexagonal-close-packed metallic truncated nanoshells,” Opt. Express 19(24), 23889–23900 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. In the simulations, a plane wave with linear polarization (TM) is normally illuminated on the microstructures. The lattice period of the microstructure is equal to the diameter of PS microsphere without regard for the real size distribution of the colloids. The thickness of the flat gold back layer is 100 nm which is larger than the penetration depth of electromagnetic waves in the infrared regime, leading to zero transmission in the working spectral range of our microstructures. The refractive index of the PS (n_ps) is taken as 1.59 and the permittivity of gold is described by the Drude model

ε_{A u} = 1 - ω_{p}^{2} / [ω (ω + i ω_{c})]

with the plasma frequency ω_p = 8.99 eV and the collision frequency ω_c = 0.0269 eV [28

]. Based on the SEM images in previous reports [31

–33

Y. Y. Li, J. Pan, P. Zhan, S. N. Zhu, N. B. Ming, Z. L. Wang, W. D. Han, X. Y. Jiang, and J. Zi, “Surface plasmon coupling enhanced dielectric environment sensitivity in a quasi-three-dimensional metallic nanohole array,” Opt. Express 18(4), 3546–3555 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

], gold distribution on the upper half of PS microsphere would be approximated in a calculated model. However, no theoretical model is yet capable of precisely modeling such a quasi-3D metal microstructures. In order to mimic a relatively thick base of gold half-shell in comparison with the rim area of that, the PS microspheres are assumed to be half-coated by gold half-shells with a semi-ellipsoidal outer shape [33

]. In the simulations, the minimized mesh size is set to be 4 nm. Considering the extremely thin gold half-shells in the experiment and the relative large calculating region comparing with very small mesh size in the simulation, the gold half-shells have to be chosen to have a little bit larger thickness of 13 nm on the top of the PS microspheres and 4 nm at the rim in the simulation model, which is expected to yield a good match between experiment and modeling. Figure 2(b) shows the calculated results for the microstructures composed of PS colloids with 1.1 μm and 1.0 μm in diameter. Overall, the agreement between the measurements and numerical simulations in terms of the spectral shape is reasonable, considering the fact that the gold distribution on the PS colloidal microspheres might be non-uniform or even not forming a really perfect half-shell [32

J. C. Love, B. D. Gates, D. B. Wolfe, K. E. Paul, and G. M. Whitesides, “Fabrication and wetting properties of metallic half-shells with submicron diameters,” Nano Lett. 2(8), 891–894 (2002). [CrossRef]

], making it quite challenging to model the real distribution of gold on the surface of the PS CC. However, based on the above simple model, the numerical simulation shows an obvious frequency shift of the perfect absorption band when different sizes of the dielectric microspheres are exploited, in good agreement with the experimental observations. This proves that the absorption band can be tuned by scaling the dimensions of the dielectric colloids. Actually, the simulated absorption curves do not agree very well with the measured ones, especially for the absorption band at shorter wavelength. A couple of absorption resonances in the higher frequency region instead of a continuous absorption band as we obtained in the experiment are observed. This most likely arises from the relatively simple models [33

] adopted in our simulation and the complicated actual distribution of the gold on the surface of the 2D CC.

In order to achieve a polarization-insensitive perfect light absorber, a couple of strategies based on a precise design of the plasmonic or metamaterial microstructures have been developed in previous reports [6

–9

S. Q. Chen, H. Cheng, H. F. Yang, J. J. Li, X. Y. Duan, C. Z. Gu, and J. G. Tian, “Polarization insensitive and ominidirectional broadband near perfect planar metamaterial absorber in the near infrared regime,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 99(25), 253104 (2011). [CrossRef]

, 13

–15

Y. Q. Ye, Y. Jin, and S. He, “Omnidirectional, polarization-insensitive and broadband thin absorber in the terahertz regime,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 27(3), 498–504 (2010). [CrossRef]

, 21

]. Here we show that the dual absorption bands have weak dependence on the polarization angle, particularly for the band located at a short wavelength region. Still for our microstructure composed of 1.1 μm diameter PS colloids, Fig. 2(c) plots the light absorption spectra as a function of the polarization angle under an incident angle of 20°. Clearly, the absorption bandwidth, center wavelength as well as the absorption amplitude maintain nearly unchanged as the polarization angle is varied from 0° (TM polarization) to 90° (TE polarization) [defined in Fig. 1(d)]. This polarization-insensitive light absorption could be attributed to the spherical morphology of the plasmonic resonant microstructure formed on the top of the dielectric CC as well as the highly symmetric configuration of the hexagonal lattice [21

, 26

A. I. Maaroof, M. B. Cortie, N. Harris, and L. Wieczorek, “Mie and Bragg plasmons in subwavelength silver semi-shells,” Small 4(12), 2292–2299 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

–28

To gain insight on the mechanism of the enhanced absorption, the electric field intensity distributions (|E|²) associated with the observed near-unity absorption bands in our hybrid plasmonic-photonic microstructure are plotted. Figure 3 shows the cross-sectional and top views of the electric field intensity distribution evaluated for the sample containing 2D CCs of PS microspheres with diameter 1.1 µm. Note that the normalized electric field intensity distributions are mapped using the same scale for the convenience of comparison. The electric field intensity distributions are calculated for the wavelengths λ₁ = 1.97 μm and λ₂ = 1.34 μm, which are located at the center of each absorption band. Figure 3(a) shows the electric field intensity profile on a cross-sectional plane cut through the center of a PS microsphere (in the xoz plane) for the longer wavelength band centered at λ₁ = 1.97 μm. Also, the electric field intensity distributions in the sectional plane (xoy plane) at z = 825 nm and the interface between back gold plate and 2D PS CC at z = 100 nm are plotted in Figs. 3(c) and 3(d), respectively. It is found that the electric field intensity is strongly confined on the outer surface of gold half-shells. Such kind of field patterns could be more clearly seen from its vector field plot. As shown in Fig. 3(b), the charge distributions are schematically marked as “±” signs according to the direction of the electric fields closed to the outer surface of the gold coating layer, in which strong electric field is clearly observed. This field pattern is the typical characteristic of a localized plasmon mode supported by a metallic half-shell, which usually has a broad band feature [26

A. I. Maaroof, M. B. Cortie, N. Harris, and L. Wieczorek, “Mie and Bragg plasmons in subwavelength silver semi-shells,” Small 4(12), 2292–2299 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

–28

]. This broadband plasmon resonance is identified as a superradiant mode originating from the sphere-like plasmon resonances of the individual metal shells [27

, 28

], which contributes to a broad bandwidth of the absorption of our microstructure, and this intrinsic broad plasmon resonant band is quite different from the inherent narrowband as the result of the impedance match due to the magnetic and electric resonant coupling in the metamaterial light absorber [1

C. M. Watts, X. L. Liu, and W. J. Padilla, “Metamaterial electromagnetic wave absorbers,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 24(23), OP98–OP120, OP181 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Fig. 3 Calculated |E|² map of the two resonant absorption modes at λ₁ = 1.97 μm (a,c,d) and λ₂ = 1.34 μm (e,g,h) for the hybrid plasmonic-photonic microstructures fabricated using CCs of PS microspheres with 1.1 µm in diameter. Color map is in linear scale and the same scale is used for all maps. (a) A cross-sectional view at λ₁ = 1.97 μm, and its two top views with z = 825 nm (c) and z = 100nm (d). (e) The cross-sectional view at λ₂ = 1.34 μm, and its two top views with z = 825 nm (g) and z = 100nm (h). The white dashed lines mark the xy planes at these two different z values. (b) and (f) Electric field vectors mapped on the xoz plane across the center of one microsphere for λ₁ and λ₂, respectively. Arrows represent field directions and colors show strength with red larger and black smaller. The blue dashed circles outline the regions of the gold coated microsphere microstructures. Black signs “+” and “−” stand for positive and negative charges, respectively.

For the absorption band of shorter wavelength centered at λ₂ = 1.34 μm, besides the strong electric field intensity distribution on the outer surface of the gold half-shells, most of the electric field intensity is found to be trapped in the PS microsphere and the interstice between the PS colloid and the bottom gold layer. As is shown by the electric field intensity profile along the xoz plane in Fig. 3(e), two lobes of strong-field region are observed, which is the typical feature of guided mode (GM) supported in the PS colloid [22

J. Grandidier, D. M. Callahan, J. N. Munday, and H. A. Atwater, “Light absorption enhancement in thin-film solar cells using whispering gallery modes in dielectric nanospheres,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 23(10), 1272–1276 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 29

X. D. Yu, L. Shi, D. Z. Han, J. Zi, and P. V. Braun, “High quality factor metallodielectric hybrid plasmonic-photonic crystals,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 20(12), 1910–1916 (2010). [CrossRef]

, 30

]. The GMs of the PS colloids could couple with each other due to the near field interaction, which finally leads to slab dielectric GM-like modes confined in the 2D CC [22

, 29

X. D. Yu, L. Shi, D. Z. Han, J. Zi, and P. V. Braun, “High quality factor metallodielectric hybrid plasmonic-photonic crystals,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 20(12), 1910–1916 (2010). [CrossRef]

, 30

]. Meanwhile, strong electric field intensity bounded at the region between the gold layer and the PS colloids is also obvious, which stems from the excitation of the surface plasmon (SP)-like mode supported by the structure [29

X. D. Yu, L. Shi, D. Z. Han, J. Zi, and P. V. Braun, “High quality factor metallodielectric hybrid plasmonic-photonic crystals,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 20(12), 1910–1916 (2010). [CrossRef]

, 30

]. Similarly, the field maps in the xoy plane at the position of z = 825 nm and 100 nm, are plotted in Figs. 3(g) and 3(h), respectively. The electric field vector pattern is also plotted in Fig. 3(f), in which obvious strong electric field distributions are observed in the PS colloids and the interfaces between the PS colloids and the up gold coating layer and the bottom gold substrate. Generally, the origin of enhanced absorption has a strong correspondence with the quality of field confinement. In this case, due to excitation of the coupled GM-like and plasmon modes and their hybrids as well, near-unity absorbance would take place in the infrared regime centered at λ₂ = 1.34 μm.

We conducted additional experiments to investigate the incident angle dependence of the absorption for our hybrid plasmonic-photonic absorber. Figure 4 shows the measured absorption maps as a function of both wavelength and angle of incidence under TM and TE polarizations. The incident angle [marked in Fig. 1(d)] changes from θ = 10° to 50° with an interval of 2°. It is obvious that these two broad absorption bands could still be achieved even at large incident angles, and the spectral shape and the absorption amplitude are almost preserved in the wavelength region of our interest. Taking the longer wavelength band with absorption exceeding 80% into account, a large bandwidth of 500 nm shows only a narrowing of 20 nm as θ increases up to 50°. We attribute the above characteristic of absorption band to the localized nature of the plasmon mode supported by gold half-shell on each PS colloid and the high symmetry trait of the hybrid plasmonic-photonic microstructure. It's noticed that, with θ increasing, both absorption bands show a slight angular dispersion, which might be led by the GM-like modes and the Bragg-like plasmon resonance arising from microstructure periodicity which is defined by the 2D PS CC pattern [29

X. D. Yu, L. Shi, D. Z. Han, J. Zi, and P. V. Braun, “High quality factor metallodielectric hybrid plasmonic-photonic crystals,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 20(12), 1910–1916 (2010). [CrossRef]

, 30

]. Overall, the microstructure could keep the performance of very high and broadband absorption in the infrared regime under wide incident angle range.

Fig. 4 Absorption spectra of hybrid plasmonic-photonic microstructure with t = 9 nm under TM polarization (a) and TE polarization (b) as a function of incident angle and wavelength.

Our previous experiment demonstrated the change of optical response, occurring along the increase of the thickness of gold deposited on 2D CC, which actually induces some topological changes of the gold half-shell [31

]. In this work, we study the absorption spectra of a series of samples with different nominal gold half-shell thicknesses (t) from 0 nm to 12 nm, which were prepared by increasing the amount of gold deposit on a 2D PS CC patterned on 100-nm-thick gold film supported by a quartz substrate, as shown in Fig. 5 . For a sufficiently thin gold layer (t ≤ 4 nm), the deposited gold nanoparticles form isolated aggregates on the upper part of PS microspheres. In such cases, each of the optical absorption spectrum presents very similar to that of the bare monolayer array of PS microsphere on a gold flat bottom layer, and all the sharp absorption peaks are associated with eigen modes, which either guided in the CC slab due to the refractive index contrast or localized mostly at the interface with the metal [29

X. D. Yu, L. Shi, D. Z. Han, J. Zi, and P. V. Braun, “High quality factor metallodielectric hybrid plasmonic-photonic crystals,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 20(12), 1910–1916 (2010). [CrossRef]

–31

]. As gold deposition is increased gradually from 6 nm to 10 nm, an obvious broad absorption band in the longer wavelength region would be observed, and the absorption is increased up to about 99% (λ = 1.836 µm). During this process, the coated layer on the microsphere array is electrically separated between adjacent microspheres but might be already continuous (gold half-shell) on each PS microsphere [31

], which could support a sphere-like plasmon mode, as shown in Fig. 3(a), leading to the above mentioned broadband absorption. Meanwhile, in the short wavelength range, another broadband absorption would be appeared as the formation of a continuous gold half-shell on each PS microsphere, which originates from the SP-like modes supported on gold half-shell and the interface between PS microsphere and gold back plate, GM-like modes in 2D CC slab, and their hybrids as well [29

X. D. Yu, L. Shi, D. Z. Han, J. Zi, and P. V. Braun, “High quality factor metallodielectric hybrid plasmonic-photonic crystals,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 20(12), 1910–1916 (2010). [CrossRef]

, 30

]. As the three absorption spectra with t = 8 nm, 10 nm and 12 nm shown in Fig. 5, the dual broad band with near-unity absorption still maintains, which suggests a tolerance of thickness (t) for the requirement in further research and applications. When t is further increased from 12 nm up to about 30 nm, the absorption band will be narrowed with an obvious blue-shift, although the maximum absorption efficiency still exceeds 90% (results not shown here). In addition, with increasing t, our preliminary measurements indicate that the gold layer covered on the PS CC shows an electric evolution from insulation to conducting and might be with quite different geometry [31

]. Nevertheless, the thickness of deposition gold layer can also give us an additional freedom degree to tune the absorption behavior.

Fig. 5 Measured absorption spectra of hybrid plasmonic-photonic microstructures with increasing nominal thickness of the corrugated metal layer t from 0 to 12 nm.

4. Conclusion

In summary, we experimentally and numerically demonstrate a dual broadband perfect absorber in the near-infrared regime by utilizing a novel hybrid plasmonic-photonic microstructure, which is prepared by self-assembling a monolayer CC on a flat optically opaque metal film followed by depositing a thin metallic half-shell on the top of the colloidal microspheres. This fabrication technique is very simple, cost-effective, straightforward and highly reproducible. Both experimental and numerical simulation results show that the absorber has two broad absorption bands with absorption exceeding 90% in the near-infrared region. Both of bands show a slight dispersion for the incident angles and extremely weak polarization dependence. It is noted that our study shows that the dual broad absorption bands are supposed to be tuned in a wide frequency region by scaling the colloid's dimensions, even to the visible regime. With its excellent performance, this new system will provide alternative approach to design and study the broadband perfect absorption and its potential applications in photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices.

Acknowledgments

This work is supported by the State Key Program for Basic Research of China (No. 2012CB921501, 2013CB632703), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11274160, 11021403, 11174137, and 11104136). Partial support from Priority Academic Program Development (PAPD) is also acknowledged.

References and links

1.	C. M. Watts, X. L. Liu, and W. J. Padilla, “Metamaterial electromagnetic wave absorbers,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 24(23), OP98–OP120, OP181 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2.	H. A. Atwater and A. Polman, “Plasmonics for improved photovoltaic devices,” Nat. Mater. 9(3), 205–213 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3.	M. W. Knight, H. Sobhani, P. Nordlander, and N. J. Halas, “Photodetection with active optical antennas,” Science 332(6030), 702–704 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4.	N. Liu, M. Mesch, T. Weiss, M. Hentschel, and H. Giessen, “Infrared perfect absorber and its application as plasmonic sensor,” Nano Lett. 10(7), 2342–2348 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5.	N. I. Landy, S. Sajuyigbe, J. J. Mock, D. R. Smith, and W. J. Padilla, “Perfect metamaterial absorber,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 100(20), 207402 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
6.	K. Aydin, V. E. Ferry, R. M. Briggs, and H. A. Atwater, “Broadband polarization-independent resonant light absorption using ultrathin plasmonic super absorbers,” Nat. Commun. 2, 517 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
7.	K. B. Alici, A. B. Turhan, C. M. Soukoulis, and E. Ozbay, “Optically thin composite resonant absorber at the near-infrared band: a polarization independent and spectrally broadband configuration,” Opt. Express 19(15), 14260–14267 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
8.	C. W. Cheng, M. N. Abbas, C. W. Chiu, K. T. Lai, M. H. Shih, and Y. C. Chang, “Wide-angle polarization independent infrared broadband absorbers based on metallic multi-sized disk arrays,” Opt. Express 20(9), 10376–10381 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
9.	S. Q. Chen, H. Cheng, H. F. Yang, J. J. Li, X. Y. Duan, C. Z. Gu, and J. G. Tian, “Polarization insensitive and ominidirectional broadband near perfect planar metamaterial absorber in the near infrared regime,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 99(25), 253104 (2011). [CrossRef]
10.	L. Huang, D. R. Chowdhury, S. Ramani, M. T. Reiten, S. N. Luo, A. J. Taylor, and H. T. Chen, “Experimental demonstration of terahertz metamaterial absorbers with a broad and flat high absorption band,” Opt. Lett. 37(2), 154–156 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11.	J. Hendrickson, J. P. Guo, B. Y. Zhang, W. Buchwald, and R. Soref, “Wideband perfect light absorber at midwave infrared using multiplexed metal structures,” Opt. Lett. 37(3), 371–373 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12.	J. Wang, C. Fan, P. Ding, J. He, Y. Cheng, W. Hu, G. Cai, E. Liang, and Q. Xue, “Tunable broad-band perfect absorber by exciting of multiple plasmon resonances at optical frequency,” Opt. Express 20(14), 14871–14878 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13.	P. Bouchon, C. Koechlin, F. Pardo, R. Haïdar, and J. L. Pelouard, “Wideband omnidirectional infrared absorber with a patchwork of plasmonic nanoantennas,” Opt. Lett. 37(6), 1038–1040 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14.	J. Grant, Y. Ma, S. Saha, A. Khalid, and D. R. S. Cumming, “Polarization insensitive, broadband terahertz metamaterial absorber,” Opt. Lett. 36(17), 3476–3478 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
15.	Y. Q. Ye, Y. Jin, and S. He, “Omnidirectional, polarization-insensitive and broadband thin absorber in the terahertz regime,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 27(3), 498–504 (2010). [CrossRef]
16.	Y. Cui, K. H. Fung, J. Xu, H. Ma, Y. Jin, S. He, and N. X. Fang, “Ultrabroadband light absorption by a sawtooth anisotropic metamaterial slab,” Nano Lett. 12(3), 1443–1447 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
17.	S. Thongrattanasiri, F. H. L. Koppens, and F. J. García de Abajo, “Complete optical absorption in periodically patterned graphene,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 108(4), 047401 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
18.	X. L. Liu, T. Tyler, T. Starr, A. F. Starr, N. M. Jokerst, and W. J. Padilla, “Taming the blackbody with infrared metamaterials as selective thermal emitters,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 107(4), 045901 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
19.	X. Chen, Y. Chen, M. Yan, and M. Qiu, “Nanosecond photothermal effects in plasmonic nanostructures,” ACS Nano 6(3), 2550–2557 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
20.	Q. Feng, M. Pu, C. Hu, and X. Luo, “Engineering the dispersion of metamaterial surface for broadband infrared absorption,” Opt. Lett. 37(11), 2133–2135 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
21.	T. V. Teperik, F. J. García de Abajo, A. G. Borisov, M. Abdelsalam, P. N. Bartlett, Y. Sugawara, and J. J. Baumberg, “Ominidirectional absorption in nanostructured metal surfaces,” Nat. Photonics 2(5), 299–301 (2008). [CrossRef]
22.	J. Grandidier, D. M. Callahan, J. N. Munday, and H. A. Atwater, “Light absorption enhancement in thin-film solar cells using whispering gallery modes in dielectric nanospheres,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 23(10), 1272–1276 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
23.	B. Ding, M. Bardosova, M. E. Pemble, A. V. Korovin, U. Peschel, and S. G. Romanov, “Broadband omnidirectional diversion of light in hybrid plasmonic-photonic heterocrystals,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 21(21), 4182–4192 (2011). [CrossRef]
24.	M. Wang, C. Hu, M. Pu, C. Huang, Z. Zhao, Q. Feng, and X. Luo, “Truncated spherical voids for nearly omnidirectional optical absorption,” Opt. Express 19(21), 20642–20649 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
25.	Y. Yao, J. Yao, V. K. Narasimhan, Z. C. Ruan, C. Xie, S. H. Fan, and Y. Cui, “Broadband light management using low-Q whispering gallery modes in spherical nanoshells,” Nat. Commun. 3, 664 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
26.	A. I. Maaroof, M. B. Cortie, N. Harris, and L. Wieczorek, “Mie and Bragg plasmons in subwavelength silver semi-shells,” Small 4(12), 2292–2299 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
27.	C. J. Tang, Z. L. Wang, W. Y. Zhang, N. B. Ming, G. Sun, and P. Sheng, “Localized and delocalized surface-plasmon-mediated light tunneling through monolayer hexagonal-close-packed metallic nanoshells,” Phys. Rev. B 80(16), 165401 (2009). [CrossRef]
28.	Q. Wang, C. J. Tang, J. Chen, P. Zhan, and Z. L. Wang, “Effect of symmetry breaking on localized and delocalized surface plasmons in monolayer hexagonal-close-packed metallic truncated nanoshells,” Opt. Express 19(24), 23889–23900 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
29.	X. D. Yu, L. Shi, D. Z. Han, J. Zi, and P. V. Braun, “High quality factor metallodielectric hybrid plasmonic-photonic crystals,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 20(12), 1910–1916 (2010). [CrossRef]
30.	S. G. Romanov, A. V. Korovin, A. Regensburger, and U. Peschel, “Hybrid colloidal plasmonic-photonic crystals,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 23(22-23), 2515–2533 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
31.	P. Zhan, Z. L. Wang, H. Dong, J. Sun, H. T. Wang, S. N. Zhu, N. B. Ming, and J. Zi, “The anomalous infrared transmission of gold films on two-dimensional colloidal crystals,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 18(12), 1612–1616 (2006). [CrossRef]
32.	J. C. Love, B. D. Gates, D. B. Wolfe, K. E. Paul, and G. M. Whitesides, “Fabrication and wetting properties of metallic half-shells with submicron diameters,” Nano Lett. 2(8), 891–894 (2002). [CrossRef]
33.	Y. Y. Li, J. Pan, P. Zhan, S. N. Zhu, N. B. Ming, Z. L. Wang, W. D. Han, X. Y. Jiang, and J. Zi, “Surface plasmon coupling enhanced dielectric environment sensitivity in a quasi-three-dimensional metallic nanohole array,” Opt. Express 18(4), 3546–3555 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

OCIS Codes
(240.6680) Optics at surfaces : Surface plasmons
(260.5740) Physical optics : Resonance
(300.1030) Spectroscopy : Absorption
(350.4238) Other areas of optics : Nanophotonics and photonic crystals

ToC Category:
Optics at Surfaces

History
Original Manuscript: December 3, 2012
Revised Manuscript: January 20, 2013
Manuscript Accepted: January 28, 2013
Published: January 31, 2013

Citation
Zhengqi Liu, Peng Zhan, Jing Chen, Chaojun Tang, Zhendong Yan, Zhuo Chen, and Zhenlin Wang, "Dual broadband near-infrared perfect absorber based on a hybrid plasmonic-photonic microstructure," Opt. Express 21, 3021-3030 (2013)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-21-3-3021

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References

C. M. Watts, X. L. Liu, and W. J. Padilla, “Metamaterial electromagnetic wave absorbers,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)24(23), OP98–OP120, OP181 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
H. A. Atwater and A. Polman, “Plasmonics for improved photovoltaic devices,” Nat. Mater.9(3), 205–213 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. W. Knight, H. Sobhani, P. Nordlander, and N. J. Halas, “Photodetection with active optical antennas,” Science332(6030), 702–704 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
N. Liu, M. Mesch, T. Weiss, M. Hentschel, and H. Giessen, “Infrared perfect absorber and its application as plasmonic sensor,” Nano Lett.10(7), 2342–2348 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
N. I. Landy, S. Sajuyigbe, J. J. Mock, D. R. Smith, and W. J. Padilla, “Perfect metamaterial absorber,” Phys. Rev. Lett.100(20), 207402 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
K. Aydin, V. E. Ferry, R. M. Briggs, and H. A. Atwater, “Broadband polarization-independent resonant light absorption using ultrathin plasmonic super absorbers,” Nat. Commun.2, 517 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
K. B. Alici, A. B. Turhan, C. M. Soukoulis, and E. Ozbay, “Optically thin composite resonant absorber at the near-infrared band: a polarization independent and spectrally broadband configuration,” Opt. Express19(15), 14260–14267 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
C. W. Cheng, M. N. Abbas, C. W. Chiu, K. T. Lai, M. H. Shih, and Y. C. Chang, “Wide-angle polarization independent infrared broadband absorbers based on metallic multi-sized disk arrays,” Opt. Express20(9), 10376–10381 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. Q. Chen, H. Cheng, H. F. Yang, J. J. Li, X. Y. Duan, C. Z. Gu, and J. G. Tian, “Polarization insensitive and ominidirectional broadband near perfect planar metamaterial absorber in the near infrared regime,” Appl. Phys. Lett.99(25), 253104 (2011). [CrossRef]
L. Huang, D. R. Chowdhury, S. Ramani, M. T. Reiten, S. N. Luo, A. J. Taylor, and H. T. Chen, “Experimental demonstration of terahertz metamaterial absorbers with a broad and flat high absorption band,” Opt. Lett.37(2), 154–156 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Hendrickson, J. P. Guo, B. Y. Zhang, W. Buchwald, and R. Soref, “Wideband perfect light absorber at midwave infrared using multiplexed metal structures,” Opt. Lett.37(3), 371–373 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Wang, C. Fan, P. Ding, J. He, Y. Cheng, W. Hu, G. Cai, E. Liang, and Q. Xue, “Tunable broad-band perfect absorber by exciting of multiple plasmon resonances at optical frequency,” Opt. Express20(14), 14871–14878 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
P. Bouchon, C. Koechlin, F. Pardo, R. Haïdar, and J. L. Pelouard, “Wideband omnidirectional infrared absorber with a patchwork of plasmonic nanoantennas,” Opt. Lett.37(6), 1038–1040 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Grant, Y. Ma, S. Saha, A. Khalid, and D. R. S. Cumming, “Polarization insensitive, broadband terahertz metamaterial absorber,” Opt. Lett.36(17), 3476–3478 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Y. Q. Ye, Y. Jin, and S. He, “Omnidirectional, polarization-insensitive and broadband thin absorber in the terahertz regime,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B27(3), 498–504 (2010). [CrossRef]
Y. Cui, K. H. Fung, J. Xu, H. Ma, Y. Jin, S. He, and N. X. Fang, “Ultrabroadband light absorption by a sawtooth anisotropic metamaterial slab,” Nano Lett.12(3), 1443–1447 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. Thongrattanasiri, F. H. L. Koppens, and F. J. García de Abajo, “Complete optical absorption in periodically patterned graphene,” Phys. Rev. Lett.108(4), 047401 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
X. L. Liu, T. Tyler, T. Starr, A. F. Starr, N. M. Jokerst, and W. J. Padilla, “Taming the blackbody with infrared metamaterials as selective thermal emitters,” Phys. Rev. Lett.107(4), 045901 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
X. Chen, Y. Chen, M. Yan, and M. Qiu, “Nanosecond photothermal effects in plasmonic nanostructures,” ACS Nano6(3), 2550–2557 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Q. Feng, M. Pu, C. Hu, and X. Luo, “Engineering the dispersion of metamaterial surface for broadband infrared absorption,” Opt. Lett.37(11), 2133–2135 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
T. V. Teperik, F. J. García de Abajo, A. G. Borisov, M. Abdelsalam, P. N. Bartlett, Y. Sugawara, and J. J. Baumberg, “Ominidirectional absorption in nanostructured metal surfaces,” Nat. Photonics2(5), 299–301 (2008). [CrossRef]
J. Grandidier, D. M. Callahan, J. N. Munday, and H. A. Atwater, “Light absorption enhancement in thin-film solar cells using whispering gallery modes in dielectric nanospheres,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)23(10), 1272–1276 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
B. Ding, M. Bardosova, M. E. Pemble, A. V. Korovin, U. Peschel, and S. G. Romanov, “Broadband omnidirectional diversion of light in hybrid plasmonic-photonic heterocrystals,” Adv. Funct. Mater.21(21), 4182–4192 (2011). [CrossRef]
M. Wang, C. Hu, M. Pu, C. Huang, Z. Zhao, Q. Feng, and X. Luo, “Truncated spherical voids for nearly omnidirectional optical absorption,” Opt. Express19(21), 20642–20649 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Y. Yao, J. Yao, V. K. Narasimhan, Z. C. Ruan, C. Xie, S. H. Fan, and Y. Cui, “Broadband light management using low-Q whispering gallery modes in spherical nanoshells,” Nat. Commun.3, 664 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. I. Maaroof, M. B. Cortie, N. Harris, and L. Wieczorek, “Mie and Bragg plasmons in subwavelength silver semi-shells,” Small4(12), 2292–2299 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
C. J. Tang, Z. L. Wang, W. Y. Zhang, N. B. Ming, G. Sun, and P. Sheng, “Localized and delocalized surface-plasmon-mediated light tunneling through monolayer hexagonal-close-packed metallic nanoshells,” Phys. Rev. B80(16), 165401 (2009). [CrossRef]
Q. Wang, C. J. Tang, J. Chen, P. Zhan, and Z. L. Wang, “Effect of symmetry breaking on localized and delocalized surface plasmons in monolayer hexagonal-close-packed metallic truncated nanoshells,” Opt. Express19(24), 23889–23900 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
X. D. Yu, L. Shi, D. Z. Han, J. Zi, and P. V. Braun, “High quality factor metallodielectric hybrid plasmonic-photonic crystals,” Adv. Funct. Mater.20(12), 1910–1916 (2010). [CrossRef]
S. G. Romanov, A. V. Korovin, A. Regensburger, and U. Peschel, “Hybrid colloidal plasmonic-photonic crystals,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)23(22-23), 2515–2533 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
P. Zhan, Z. L. Wang, H. Dong, J. Sun, H. T. Wang, S. N. Zhu, N. B. Ming, and J. Zi, “The anomalous infrared transmission of gold films on two-dimensional colloidal crystals,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)18(12), 1612–1616 (2006). [CrossRef]
J. C. Love, B. D. Gates, D. B. Wolfe, K. E. Paul, and G. M. Whitesides, “Fabrication and wetting properties of metallic half-shells with submicron diameters,” Nano Lett.2(8), 891–894 (2002). [CrossRef]
Y. Y. Li, J. Pan, P. Zhan, S. N. Zhu, N. B. Ming, Z. L. Wang, W. D. Han, X. Y. Jiang, and J. Zi, “Surface plasmon coupling enhanced dielectric environment sensitivity in a quasi-three-dimensional metallic nanohole array,” Opt. Express18(4), 3546–3555 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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