Auto bias control technique for optical OFDM transmitter with bias dithering

doi:10.1364/OE.21.005833

Auto bias control technique for optical OFDM transmitter with bias dithering

Tao Gui, Cai Li, Qi Yang, Xiao Xiao, Linghen Meng, Chao Li, Xingwen Yi, Chao Jin, and Zhaohui Li »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 21, Issue 5, pp. 5833-5841 (2013)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.005833

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– Abstract
1. Introduction
2. The principle of auto bias control technique
3. Experimental setup and results
4. Conclusions
– References and links

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Abstract

In coherent optical communication systems, the transmitter usually employs an optical in-phase and quadrature (IQ) modulator to perform electrical-to-optical up-conversion. However, some environmental factors, such as temperature and mechanical stress, strongly influence the stability. To stabilize the quality of the transmitted signal, auto bias control (ABC) is essential to keep modulator in optimum bias. In this paper, we present a novel method of ABC for the optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (O-OFDM) signal. In the proposed scheme, a small cosine/sine wave dither signal is added on to the I/Q baseband signal, respectively. Based on the power monitoring of the 1st and 2nd harmonics of the dither signal, the biases of the optical IQ modulator for O-OFDM system can be adjusted very precisely. The simulation and experimental results show good performance on locating the optimum bias voltages for the IQ modulator with high precision.

1. Introduction

In the last decade, the attention of both academia and industry in high-capacity transmission shifted to coherent optical communication due to rapid advances in semiconductor technology and electronic digital signal processing (DSP) [1

G. Li, “Recent advances in coherent optical communication,” Adv. Opt. Photon. 1(2), 279–307 (2009). [CrossRef]

–3

W. Shieh and C. Athaudage, “Coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing,” Electron. Lett. 42(10), 587–589 (2006). [CrossRef]

]. Along with the rapid development of coherent optical single carrier, coherent optical OFDM (CO-OFDM) received much attention due to its excellent performance and flexibility, and has been considered as a promising technology for the future long-haul transmission and dynamic optical networks [4

W. Shieh, H. Bao, and Y. Tang, “Coherent optical OFDM: theory and design,” Opt. Express 16(2), 841–859 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. The optical IQ modulator is a key component for generation of the optical signals in coherent optical transmission system. However, some environmental factors, such as temperature and mechanical vibration, strongly influence the stability of IQ modulator [5

T. Sugihara, T. Yoshida, and K. Ishida, “Effect of Modulator Bias Control in the Presence of a Finite Extinction Ratio in DQPSK Pre-equalization Systems,” J. Lightwave Technol. 29(15), 2235–2248 (2011).

K. Sekine, C. Hasegawa, N. Kikuchi, and S. Sasaki, “A Novel Bias Control Technique for MZ Modulator with Monitoring Power of Backward Light for Advanced Modulation Formats,” in Proc. of OFC (2007), Paper. OTuH5.

]. To maintain the long-term quality of the transmitted signal, ABC is essential to trace the optimum bias conditions. In [7

H. Kawakami, E. Yoshida, and Y. Miyamoto, “Asymmetric dithering technique for bias condition monitoring in optical QPSK modulator,” Electron. Lett. 46(6), 430–431 (2010). [CrossRef]

H. Kawakami, T. Kobayashi, E. Yoshida, and Y. Miyamoto, “Auto bias control technique for optical 16-QAM transmitter with asymmetric bias dithering,” Opt. Express 19(26), B308–B312 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

], the ABC was based on an asymmetric dithering and has been employed to monitor and control the bias drifting of signal carriers modulated with QPSK and 16-QAM, respectively. Differential phase information could also be used to control the biases for single carrier modulation [9

H. Choi, Y. Takushima, H. Y. Choi, J. H. Chang, and Y. C. Chung, “Modulation-Format-Free Bias Control Technique for MZ Modulator Based on Differential Phasor Monitor,” in Proc. of OFC (2011), Paper. JWA033.

]. However, only a few publications on bias controlling for O-OFDM have been reported, in [10

P. S. Cho and M. Nazarathy, “Bias control for optical OFDM transmitters,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 22(14), 1030–1032 (2010). [CrossRef]

], Cho analyzed the statistics of output optical power to control the bias of OFDM modulated signal.

In this paper, we propose a novel ABC approach for O-OFDM as an extension of [10

P. S. Cho and M. Nazarathy, “Bias control for optical OFDM transmitters,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 22(14), 1030–1032 (2010). [CrossRef]

]. In [10

P. S. Cho and M. Nazarathy, “Bias control for optical OFDM transmitters,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 22(14), 1030–1032 (2010). [CrossRef]

], within a small range ( ± 10% of V_π ) close to the optimum DC condition, the statistical analysis only offers a tiny distinguish ratio of the monitored power (< 0.5 dB). This may be a challenge for the practical implementation. In our proposed scheme, we add a small sine/cosine dither onto the OFDM I/Q signal. Based on the power monitoring of the 1st and 2nd harmonics of the dither signal, the bias of the optical IQ modulator for O-OFDM system can be finely controlled. A numerical simulation is first conducted to investigate the effect of the proposed bias control method. We then carry out a 10 Gb/s single-polarization CO-OFDM experiment to evaluate the system performance under the controlled bias condition. We will demonstrate that the proposed approach successfully enables us to control the system to the optimum bias condition with only negligible dithering penalty in the back-to-back configuration.

2. The principle of auto bias control technique

A typical ABC configuration for an optical IQ modulator is illustrated in Fig. 1. The IQ modulator comprises two parallel Mach–Zehnder modulators, with an I/Q phase shifter to define the phase difference of the two optical paths. In most of the current commercial optical IQ modulator, a photo-detector (PD) is integrated at the output end to detect a small proportion (usually ~5%) of the signal power. To monitor and control the biases, a low speed (tens of MHz) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is employed to sample the detector signal. A digital signal processor (DSP) is then used to trace the optimum bias conditions. The calculated bias voltages are applied to the modulator after digital-to-analog conversion.

Fig. 1 The auto bias control configuration.

The output optical field E_o can be written as:

E_{o} = \frac{E_{i}}{2} [\cos (\frac{π}{2} \cdot \frac{V_{I} + V_{b i a s, I}}{V_{π}}) + \cos (\frac{π}{2} \cdot \frac{V_{Q} + V_{b i a s, Q}}{V_{π}}) e^{- j ϕ_{I Q}}]

(1)

where, φ_IQ is the phase difference between the IQ branches, V_π is the half-wave switching voltage, V_bias,I and V_bias,Q are the DC bias voltages for the real and imaginary components, respectively. The monitored electrical current of the coupled PD at the output end is proportional to the output optical power (I_m∝P_o = |E_o|²), given by [10

P. S. Cho and M. Nazarathy, “Bias control for optical OFDM transmitters,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 22(14), 1030–1032 (2010). [CrossRef]

]

P_{o} = \frac{P_{i}}{8} [2 + \cos (ϕ_{I} + ϕ_{b i a s, I}) + \cos (ϕ_{Q} + ϕ_{b i a s, Q}) + 4 \cos \frac{(ϕ_{I} + ϕ_{b i a s, I})}{2} \cos \frac{(ϕ_{Q} + ϕ_{b i a s, Q})}{2} \cos ϕ_{I Q}]

(2)

Where φ_I(Q) = πV_I(Q)/V_π, φ_bias,I(Q) = πV_bias,I(Q)/V_π, and P_i denotes the input optical power P_i = |E_i|².

To locate the optimum biases of the two MZM branches, we make the following obversions: biasing at the null point will suppress the optical carrier, and drive the RF signal in the most linear region of the IQ modulator; any drift from the null point will result a DC offset coupled onto the monitored electrical signal I_m. Thus, we can monitor the power of the monitoring signal I_m including both RF and DC components using an electrical low-pass filter, which we call ‘current power’ for brevity. Minimizing the current power by tuning the two biases suppresses the optical carrier, and forces the bias to the null point. Figure 2(a) shows the monitored current power as a function of both φ_bias,I and φ_bias,Q under the optimum φ_IQ. As shown in Fig. 2(a), for any given φ_bias,Q, we can minimize the current power to find the optimum φ_bias,I. Similarly, we can then find the optimum φ_bias,Q under the optimum φ_bias,I. With a few rounds of tracing, the current power can achieve the minimum value, which indicates the two bias voltages are optimized. To observe the detailed simulation results, we plot the relative current power as a function of φ_bias,I with varying φ_IQ and φ_bias,Q in the Fig. 2(b). Here, we define the distinguish ratio (DR) as the maximum current power variation in a specified range of biases. Within the range of |△φ_bias,I|≤0.1π, the DR is only 0.5 dB, where △φ_bias,I = φ_bias,I-φ_{bias,I_optimum}. As a result, φ_bias,I(Q) would be easily affected by the electrical noise or resolution inaccuracy of sampling [10

P. S. Cho and M. Nazarathy, “Bias control for optical OFDM transmitters,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 22(14), 1030–1032 (2010). [CrossRef]

]. also analyzed the bias voltage for φ_IQ using the variance of I_m as a function of the phase shifter. Similarly, the optimum φ_IQ is hard to be precisely controlled.

Fig. 2 The relative power as a function of (a)φ_bias,I and φ_bias,Q, (b)φ_bias,I with differentφ_bias,Q andφ_IQ.

In order to achieve precisely bias control, a small cosine/sine dither signal is added onto the OFDM signal. Note that the frequency of dither signal f_dith should be much smaller than the bandwidth of OFDM subcarriers. The detailed procedure of proposed ABC technique is described as following: I) We first monitor the minimum current power based on [10

P. S. Cho and M. Nazarathy, “Bias control for optical OFDM transmitters,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 22(14), 1030–1032 (2010). [CrossRef]

] to locate the biases in the range of ~0.1π. II) The optimum bias of φ_IQ is indicated by monitoring the overall minimum current power at the frequency of 2nd harmonic of dither signal. III) With numbers of iterations, the optimum bias ofφ_bias,I/Q can be estimated by monitoring the minimum current power at the frequency of 1st harmonic of dither signal. Next the fundamental and simulation results of proposed scheme will be introduced. The dither signal is expressed as V_dithcos(2πf_ditht) and V_dithsin(2πf_ditht) for the real and imaginary branches respectively, where V_{drift, I} and V_{drift, Q} are relatively small compared to V_π. In such a configuration, the biased signal can be expressed as:

\begin{array}{l} V_{b i a s, I} = - V_{π} + V_{d r i f t, I} + V_{d i t h} \cos (ω_{d i t h} t) \\ V_{b i a s, Q} = - V_{π} + V_{d r i f t, Q} + V_{d i t h} \sin (ω_{d i t h} t) \end{array}

(3)

In the practical implementation, the OFDM subcarriers close to DC are commonly padded with zero to avoid DC interference [11

Q. Yang, Y. Ma, and W. Shieh, “107 Gb/s Coherent Optical OFDM Reception Using Orthogonal Band Multiplexing,” in Proc. of OFC (2008), Paper. PDP7.

].The OFDM RF signal V_I and V_Q can be written as Eq. (4), note that 2f_dith << f_s:

\begin{array}{l} V_{I} (t) = \sum_{2}^{N_{s c}} Re {c {}_{k}} \cos (2 π f_{s} (k - 1) t) \\ V_{Q} (t) = \sum_{2}^{N_{s c}} Im {c {}_{k}} \sin (2 π f_{s} (k - 1) t) \end{array}

(4)

First we set F1, F2 as following:

\begin{array}{l} F_{1} = 2 + \cos (ϕ_{I} + ϕ_{b i a s, I}) + \cos (ϕ_{Q} + ϕ_{b i a s, Q}) \\ F_{2} = 4 \cos (\frac{ϕ_{I} + ϕ_{b i a s, I}}{2}) \cos (\frac{ϕ_{Q} + ϕ_{b i a s, Q}}{2}) \cos ϕ_{I Q} \end{array}

(5)

Then we substitute Eq. (3), Eq. (4) into F₁, F₂ and expand using a Taylor series expansion to second order, respectively:

\begin{array}{l} F_{1} (t) \approx 2 - 1 + \frac{{(ϕ_{I} + ϕ_{b i a s, I} + π)}^{2}}{2} - 1 + \frac{{(ϕ_{Q} + ϕ_{b i a s, Q} + π)}^{2}}{2} \\ = \frac{π^{2}}{V_{π}^{2}} \frac{{(V_{I} (t) + V_{d r i f t, I} + V_{d i t h} \cos (2 π f_{d i t h} t))}^{2}}{2} + \frac{π^{2}}{V_{π}^{2}} \frac{{(V_{Q} (t) + V_{d r i f t, Q} + V_{d i t h} \sin (2 π f_{d i t h} t))}^{2}}{2} \\ = \frac{π^{2}}{2 V_{π}^{2}} (2 V_{d i t h} [V_{d r i f t, I} \cos (2 π f_{d i t h} t) + V_{d r i f t, Q} \sin (2 π f_{d i t h} t)] + V_{d i t h}^{2} + V_{d r i f t, I}^{2} + V_{d r i f t, Q}^{2}) \\ + \frac{π^{2}}{2 V_{π}^{2}} (V_{I}^{2} (t) + V_{Q}^{2} (t) + 2 V_{I} (t) (V_{d r i f t, I} + V_{d i t h} \cos (2 π f_{d i t h} t)) + 2 V_{Q} (t) \cdot (V_{d r i f t, Q} + V_{d i t h} \sin (2 π f_{d i t h} t))) \end{array}

(6)

\begin{array}{l} F_{2} (t) = 4 \sin (\frac{ϕ_{I} + ϕ_{b i a s, I} + π}{2}) \sin (\frac{ϕ_{Q} + ϕ_{b i a s, Q} + π}{2}) \cos ϕ_{I Q} \\ \approx 4 (\frac{ϕ_{I} + ϕ_{b i a s, I} + π}{2}) \cdot (\frac{ϕ_{Q} + ϕ_{b i a s, Q} + π}{2}) \cos ϕ_{I Q} \\ = π^{2} (\frac{V_{I} (t) + V_{d r i f t, I} + V_{d i t h} \cos (2 π f_{d i t h} t)}{V_{π}} \cdot \frac{V_{Q} (t) + V_{d r i f t, Q} + V_{d i t h} \sin (2 π f_{d i t h} t)}{V_{π}}) \cos ϕ_{I Q} \\ = \frac{π^{2}}{V_{π}^{2}} {V_{d r i f t, I} V_{d r i f t, Q} + V_{d i t h} [V_{d r i f t, Q} \cos (ω_{d i t h} t) + V_{d r i f t, I} \sin (ω_{d i t h} t)] + 0.5 \cdot V_{d i t h}^{2} \cos (2 ω_{d i t h} t)} \cos ϕ_{I Q} + \\ \frac{π^{2}}{V_{π}^{2}} {V_{I} (t) V_{Q} (t) + V_{I} (t) V_{d i t h} \cos (2 π f_{d i t h} t) + V_{I} (t) V_{d r i f t, I} + V_{Q} (t) V_{d r i f t, Q} + V_{Q} (t) V_{d i t h} \sin (2 π f_{d i t h} t)} \cos ϕ_{I Q} \end{array}

(7)

It can be proved that the cross terms including OFDM in Eq. (6) and Eq. (7) has negligible impact in the range of DC to f_s-f_dither. Because the frequency of dither signal f_dither is much smaller than the subcarrier bandwidth f_s, those cross terms can be digitally or electrically removed by employing a low-pass filter. Therefore, the F₁ can be approximately express as:

F_{1} (t) \approx \frac{π^{2}}{2 V_{π}^{2}} {\underset{DC harmonic component}{\underset{︸}{V_{d r i f t, I}^{2} + V_{d r i f t, Q}^{2} + V_{d i t h}^{2}}} + \underset{1^{st} harmonic component}{\underset{︸}{2 V_{d i t h} [V_{d r i f t, I} \cos (2 π f_{d i t h} t) + V_{d r i f t, Q} \sin (2 π f_{d i t h} t)]}}}

(8)

Analogously, the summation of the F₂ can be also expressed as:

F_{2} (t) \approx \frac{π^{2}}{V_{π}^{2}} {\underset{1^{st} harmonic component}{\underset{︸}{V_{d i t h} [V_{d r i f t, Q} \cos (2 π f_{d i t h} t) + V_{d r i f t, I} \sin (2 π f_{d i t h} t)]}} + \underset{2^{nd} harmonic component}{\underset{︸}{0.5 \cdot V_{d i t h}^{2} \cos (4 π f_{d i t h} t)}}} \cos ϕ_{I Q}

(9)

Then we monitor the signal power of dither harmonics applying a low speed ADC operated at tens of megahertz. From Eq. (9), the signal contains 1st and 2nd harmonics of dither frequency at φ_IQ≠90°. The 2nd harmonic component only vanishes when φ_IQ equals to 90°. Similarly, according to the Eq. (8) the 1st harmonic component vanishes when V_{drift, I} and V_{drift, Q} equal to zero. Thus, within the 0.1π range based on [10

P. S. Cho and M. Nazarathy, “Bias control for optical OFDM transmitters,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 22(14), 1030–1032 (2010). [CrossRef]

], we are able to control the three bias voltages just by monitoring the RF power of 1st and 2nd harmonic components. The first step is to tuneφ_IQ to the optimum, which can be achieved by monitoring the power of 2nd harmonic component of dither signal using a narrow band pass filter. Minimizing this power will lead φ_IQ to 90°.

Figure 3 shows the power of the 2nd harmonic component at the frequency of 2f_dith versusφ_IQ of differentφ_bias,I(Q). As shown in the figure, the 2nd harmonic component power reaches the minimum value whenφ_IQ equals to π/2 with any settings of φ_bias,I(Q). The DR within the range of |△φ_IQ|≤0.1π is larger than 15dB. Such a high DR signifies that the optimum bias can be accurately set.

Fig. 3 The power of the 2nd harmonic vs.φ_IQ with differentφ_bias,I andφ_bias,Q;

Figure 4(a) shows the power of the 1st harmonic component as a function ofφ_bias,I and φ_bias,Q, whereφ_IQ = π/2. The power of 1st harmonic component reaches the minimum when both ofφ_bias,Q andφ_bias,I are optimum. Figure 4(b) shows the power of the 1st harmonic component as a function ofφ_bias,I with certain values of △φ_bias,Q. From the Fig. 4(b) we find that the performance of proposed technique is dependent on the resolution of the adjusted bias votages provided by the DACs. For instance, DR is only 5 dB with resolution of 0.02π whereas DR of 17 dB can be achieved with resolution of 0.001π. Currently many commercialized DACs have a resolution up to 16 bits, which can give a tracking resolution of 2π/2^16 = 0.00003π. With such resolution the DR within range of |△φ_bias,I|≤0.1π is more than 20 dB. With a few iterations of tracing the minimum power, we can readily find and control the biasφ_bias,I(Q) to be close to the optimum.

Fig. 4 The power of (a) the 1st harmonic versusφ_bias,I andφ_bias,Q, (b) the 1st harmonic component versusφ_bias,I.

3. Experimental setup and results

A coherent optical OFDM back-to-back experiment is conducted to evaluate proposed ABC scheme. Figure 5 shows the experimental setup. The OFDM signal with 4-QAM mapping along with the dither signal (10MHz) is first offline generated with 4-QAM mapping, and then uploaded into a Tektronix arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) 7122B, operated at 10GS/s. The OFDM baseband signal is constructed with 80 subcarriers. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) size is 128. Two subcarriers are used to estimate the phase noise. 1/8 of the symbol period is used for cyclic prefix. The information rate is 10.6 Gb/s. The middle two sub-carriers are set to zero to avoid DC interference. The RF signal is fed into an optical IQ modulator (Suimitomo, T.SBX1.5-10-P-FA) to perform electrical-to-optical up-conversion. The half-wave switching voltage for the modulator used in the experiment is 5.8V. A typical coherent receiver is used to detect the optical signal. The received base band signal is digitized by a real-time scope operated at 12.5 GS/s. In the digital signal processing, we use a digital band-pass filter with a bandwidth of 1MHz to remove other frequency components, in order to monitor the RF power which only includes the 1st or 2nd harmonic component.

Fig. 5 Experimental setup for evaluation the proposed auto bias control technique.

Figure 6 shows the electrical current power as a function of one MZM bias voltage (△φ_bias,I). The φ_IQ is set to π/2. There exists a power floor of the monitored RF power in the region close to the optimum bias, which matches well with the simulation results in Fig. 2. Some local minimum points can be found in the experiment, which is mainly due to the electrical/optical noise and the quantization error of ADC when detecting the small signal. However, by tracking the minimum current power in large variation range ofφ_bias,I and φ_bias,Q with sufficient DAC resolution we can locate the biases in the range of 0.1π close to optimum.

Fig. 6 The current power as a function of △φ_bias,I.

Then, we add the dither signal onto transmitted signal, in which the frequency is 10 MHz, and the amplitude is 10% to the OFDM subcarrier. The insets of Fig. 7 show the electrical spectrum after PD. Whenφ_IQ = π/2, the 2nd harmonic component (~20MHz) vanishes. Hence, minimizing the 2nd harmonic component power will directly lead φ_IQ to π/2. The DR is as high as ~13 dB.

Fig. 7 The 2nd harmonic component power as a function of △φ_IQ

Figure 8 shows the power of the 1st harmonic component as a function of φ_bias,I, where φ_bias,Q and φ_IQ are set to optimum voltages. Similarly, the 1st harmonic component vanishes when φ_bias,I reaches to the optimum point. The DR is up to 16 dB when |△φ_bias,I|≤0.05π (where the range of 0.29 V). The experimental results are well in agreement with the simulation results discussed in section 2.

Fig. 8 The 1st harmonic power as a function of φ_bias,I

Furthermore, to evaluate the influence of the dither signal, we conduct a bit error ratio (BER) against OSNR measurement with and without dither signal in a back-to-back measurement, which is shown in Fig. 9. The theoretical required OSNR for the BER of 10⁻³ is ~3 dB. The required OSNRs with and without dither signal are 5.0 dB and 4.8 dB, respectively. The tiny difference is mainly due to additional power of the dithering signal. The inset shows 4-QAM constellation measured at high OSNR (~6 dB/0.1nm) under the dynamically tracked optimum biases.

Fig. 9 The BER performance of a 10.6 Gb/s OFDM signals with and without dither signal

4. Conclusions

In this paper, we propose a novel ABC technique for O-OFDM based on power monitoring of 1st and 2nd harmonics of dither signals. The proposed scheme is easy to be implemented with low-speed optoelectronic devices. The theoretical analysis is given to illustrate the principle of the proposed scheme. The simulation and experiment results show good performance of an I/Q modulator with its biases set optimally according to the proposed scheme.

Acknowledgment

This work was supported by the National Basic Research (973) Program of China (2010CB328300), and 863 Program of China (2012AA011302). We also thank Dr. Henning Buelow from Bell Labs in Stuttgart for helpful discussion.

References and links

1.	G. Li, “Recent advances in coherent optical communication,” Adv. Opt. Photon. 1(2), 279–307 (2009). [CrossRef]
2.	I. B. Djordjevic and B. Vasic, “Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing for high-speed optical transmission,” Opt. Express 14(9), 3767–3775 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3.	W. Shieh and C. Athaudage, “Coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing,” Electron. Lett. 42(10), 587–589 (2006). [CrossRef]
4.	W. Shieh, H. Bao, and Y. Tang, “Coherent optical OFDM: theory and design,” Opt. Express 16(2), 841–859 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5.	T. Sugihara, T. Yoshida, and K. Ishida, “Effect of Modulator Bias Control in the Presence of a Finite Extinction Ratio in DQPSK Pre-equalization Systems,” J. Lightwave Technol. 29(15), 2235–2248 (2011).
6.	K. Sekine, C. Hasegawa, N. Kikuchi, and S. Sasaki, “A Novel Bias Control Technique for MZ Modulator with Monitoring Power of Backward Light for Advanced Modulation Formats,” in Proc. of OFC (2007), Paper. OTuH5.
7.	H. Kawakami, E. Yoshida, and Y. Miyamoto, “Asymmetric dithering technique for bias condition monitoring in optical QPSK modulator,” Electron. Lett. 46(6), 430–431 (2010). [CrossRef]
8.	H. Kawakami, T. Kobayashi, E. Yoshida, and Y. Miyamoto, “Auto bias control technique for optical 16-QAM transmitter with asymmetric bias dithering,” Opt. Express 19(26), B308–B312 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
9.	H. Choi, Y. Takushima, H. Y. Choi, J. H. Chang, and Y. C. Chung, “Modulation-Format-Free Bias Control Technique for MZ Modulator Based on Differential Phasor Monitor,” in Proc. of OFC (2011), Paper. JWA033.
10.	P. S. Cho and M. Nazarathy, “Bias control for optical OFDM transmitters,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 22(14), 1030–1032 (2010). [CrossRef]
11.	Q. Yang, Y. Ma, and W. Shieh, “107 Gb/s Coherent Optical OFDM Reception Using Orthogonal Band Multiplexing,” in Proc. of OFC (2008), Paper. PDP7.

OCIS Codes
(060.1660) Fiber optics and optical communications : Coherent communications
(060.2330) Fiber optics and optical communications : Fiber optics communications

ToC Category:
Fiber Optics and Optical Communications

History
Original Manuscript: December 7, 2012
Revised Manuscript: January 25, 2013
Manuscript Accepted: February 7, 2013
Published: March 1, 2013

Citation
Tao Gui, Cai Li, Qi Yang, Xiao Xiao, Linghen Meng, Chao Li, Xingwen Yi, Chao Jin, and Zhaohui Li, "Auto bias control technique for optical OFDM transmitter with bias dithering," Opt. Express 21, 5833-5841 (2013)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-21-5-5833

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References

G. Li, “Recent advances in coherent optical communication,” Adv. Opt. Photon.1(2), 279–307 (2009). [CrossRef]
I. B. Djordjevic and B. Vasic, “Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing for high-speed optical transmission,” Opt. Express14(9), 3767–3775 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
W. Shieh and C. Athaudage, “Coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing,” Electron. Lett.42(10), 587–589 (2006). [CrossRef]
W. Shieh, H. Bao, and Y. Tang, “Coherent optical OFDM: theory and design,” Opt. Express16(2), 841–859 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
T. Sugihara, T. Yoshida, and K. Ishida, “Effect of Modulator Bias Control in the Presence of a Finite Extinction Ratio in DQPSK Pre-equalization Systems,” J. Lightwave Technol.29(15), 2235–2248 (2011).
K. Sekine, C. Hasegawa, N. Kikuchi, and S. Sasaki, “A Novel Bias Control Technique for MZ Modulator with Monitoring Power of Backward Light for Advanced Modulation Formats,” in Proc. of OFC (2007), Paper. OTuH5.
H. Kawakami, E. Yoshida, and Y. Miyamoto, “Asymmetric dithering technique for bias condition monitoring in optical QPSK modulator,” Electron. Lett.46(6), 430–431 (2010). [CrossRef]
H. Kawakami, T. Kobayashi, E. Yoshida, and Y. Miyamoto, “Auto bias control technique for optical 16-QAM transmitter with asymmetric bias dithering,” Opt. Express19(26), B308–B312 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
H. Choi, Y. Takushima, H. Y. Choi, J. H. Chang, and Y. C. Chung, “Modulation-Format-Free Bias Control Technique for MZ Modulator Based on Differential Phasor Monitor,” in Proc. of OFC (2011), Paper. JWA033.
P. S. Cho and M. Nazarathy, “Bias control for optical OFDM transmitters,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.22(14), 1030–1032 (2010). [CrossRef]
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