Beyond the frame rate: measuring high-frequency fluctuations with light-intensity modulation

doi:10.1364/OL.34.000277

Beyond the frame rate: measuring high-frequency fluctuations with light-intensity modulation

Wesley P. Wong and Ken Halvorsen »View Author Affiliations

Optics Letters, Vol. 34, Issue 3, pp. 277-279 (2009)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OL.34.000277

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Abstract
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Abstract

Power-spectral-density measurements of any sampled signal are typically restricted by both acquisition rate and frequency response limitations of instruments, which can be particularly prohibitive for video-based measurements. We have developed a new method called intensity modulation spectral analysis that circumvents these limitations, dramatically extending the effective detection bandwidth. We demonstrate this by video tracking an optically trapped microsphere while oscillating an LED illumination source. This approach allows us to quantify fluctuations of the microsphere at frequencies over 10 times higher than the Nyquist frequency, mimicking a significantly higher frame rate.

OCIS Codes
(120.4820) Instrumentation, measurement, and metrology : Optical systems
(170.4520) Medical optics and biotechnology : Optical confinement and manipulation
(110.4155) Imaging systems : Multiframe image processing

ToC Category:
Instrumentation, Measurement, and Metrology

History
Original Manuscript: October 16, 2008
Revised Manuscript: November 21, 2008
Manuscript Accepted: November 26, 2008
Published: January 26, 2009

Virtual Issues
Vol. 4, Iss. 4 Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics

Citation
Wesley P. Wong and Ken Halvorsen, "Beyond the frame rate: measuring high-frequency fluctuations with light-intensity modulation," Opt. Lett. 34, 277-279 (2009)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-34-3-277

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References

L. Oddershede, J. K. Dreyer, S. Grego, S. Brown, and K. Berg-Sørensen, Biophys. J. 83, 3152 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
C. V. Gabel and H. C. Berg, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 8748 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
E. Korobkova, T. Emonet, J. M. G. Vilar, T. S. Shimizu, and P. Cluzel, Nature 428, 574 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Pelton, D. G. Grier, and P. Guyot-Sionnest, Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 819 (2004). [CrossRef]
F. Gittes, B. Schnurr, P. D. Olmsted, F. C. MacKintosh, and C. F. Schmidt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 3286 (1997). [CrossRef]
M. T. Valentine, P. D. Kaplan, D. Thota, J. C. Crocker, T. Gisler, R. K. Prud'homme, M. Beck, and D. A. Weitz, Phys. Rev. E 64, 061506 (2001). [CrossRef]
K. Svoboda and S. M. Block, Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 23, 247 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
F. R. Verdun, T. L. Ricca, and A. G. Marshall, Appl. Spectrosc. 42, 199 (1988). [CrossRef]
M. H. El-Shafey, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Electrical, Electronic, and Computer Engineering (IEEE, 2004), pp. 210-213.
W. P. Wong and K. Halvorsen, Opt. Express 14, 12517 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
C. Donciu, C. Temneanu, and R. Ciobanu, in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Virtual Environments, Human-Computer Interfaces, and Measurement Systems (IEEE, 2005), pp. 50-53.
R. G. Vaughan, N. L. Scott, and D. R. White, IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 39, 1973 (1991). [CrossRef]
R. Yasuda, H. Miyata, and K. Kinosita, Jr, J. Mol. Biol. 263, 227 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
T. Savin and P. S. Doyle, Biophys. J. 88, 623 (2005). [CrossRef]
T. Savin and P. S. Doyle, Phys. Rev. E 71, 041106 (2005). [CrossRef]
Note that 1/4πN2∫∣H̃0(ω)∣2dω=1/2WN2.
Determination of ϕ to eliminate terms t3 and t4 can be done by calculating ∣H̃(ω)∣2, setting the sum of the ϕ-dependent terms to zero, and solving for the specific case where W=n2π/ω′.
For example, measurement sensitivity can be improved by removing the dc offset (i.e., set B=0). For video imaging, this can be accomplished by simulating positive and negative light (e.g., by using two colors or polarizations) or, for low-light applications, by properly synchronizing two camera frames to each illumination cycle. At the sensor level, IMSA can be implemented by using a camera capable of modulating the incoming signal , or by having two collection wells for each pixel to simulate positive and negative light.
A. C. Mitchell, J. E. Wall, J. G. Murray, and C. G. Morgan, J. Microsc. 206, 225 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
P. R. Dmochowski, B. R. Hayes-Gill, M. Clark, J. A. Crowe, M. G. Somekh, and S. P. Morgan, Electron. Lett. 40, 1403 (2004). [CrossRef]
D. Van Nieuwenhove, W. van der Tempel, R. Grootjans, J. Stiens, and M. Kuijk, IEEE Sens. J. 7, 317 (2007). [CrossRef]
J. C. Crocker and D. G. Grier, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 179, 298-310 (1996). [CrossRef]
E. Toprak and P. R. Selvin, Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 36, 349 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Beck, M.
Berg, H. C.
Berg-Sørensen, K.
Block, S. M.
Brown, S.
Ciobanu, R.
Clark, M.
Cluzel, P.
Crocker, J. C.
Crowe, J. A.
Dmochowski, P. R.
Donciu, C.
Doyle, P. S.
Dreyer, J. K.
El-Shafey, M. H.
Emonet, T.
Gabel, C. V.
Gisler, T.
Gittes, F.
Grego, S.
Grier, D. G.
Grootjans, R.
Guyot-Sionnest, P.
Halvorsen, K.
Hayes-Gill, B. R.
Kaplan, P. D.
Kinosita, K.
Korobkova, E.
Kuijk, M.
MacKintosh, F. C.
Marshall, A. G.
Mitchell, A. C.
Miyata, H.
Morgan, C. G.
Morgan, S. P.
Murray, J. G.
Oddershede, L.
Olmsted, P. D.
Pelton, M.
Prud'homme, R. K.
Ricca, T. L.
Savin, T.
Schmidt, C. F.
Schnurr, B.
Scott, N. L.
Selvin, P. R.
Shimizu, T. S.
Somekh, M. G.
Stiens, J.
Svoboda, K.
Temneanu, C.
Thota, D.
Toprak, E.
Valentine, M. T.
van der Tempel, W.
Van Nieuwenhove, D.
Vaughan, R. G.
Verdun, F. R.
Vilar, J. M. G.
Wall, J. E.
Weitz, D. A.
White, D. R.
Wong, W. P.
Yasuda, R.

Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct.

K. Svoboda and S. M. Block, Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 23, 247 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
E. Toprak and P. R. Selvin, Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 36, 349 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Appl. Phys. Lett.

M. Pelton, D. G. Grier, and P. Guyot-Sionnest, Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 819 (2004). [CrossRef]

Appl. Spectrosc.

F. R. Verdun, T. L. Ricca, and A. G. Marshall, Appl. Spectrosc. 42, 199 (1988). [CrossRef]

Biophys. J.

L. Oddershede, J. K. Dreyer, S. Grego, S. Brown, and K. Berg-Sørensen, Biophys. J. 83, 3152 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
T. Savin and P. S. Doyle, Biophys. J. 88, 623 (2005). [CrossRef]

Electron. Lett.

P. R. Dmochowski, B. R. Hayes-Gill, M. Clark, J. A. Crowe, M. G. Somekh, and S. P. Morgan, Electron. Lett. 40, 1403 (2004). [CrossRef]

IEEE Sens. J.

D. Van Nieuwenhove, W. van der Tempel, R. Grootjans, J. Stiens, and M. Kuijk, IEEE Sens. J. 7, 317 (2007). [CrossRef]

IEEE Trans. Signal Process.

R. G. Vaughan, N. L. Scott, and D. R. White, IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 39, 1973 (1991). [CrossRef]

J. Colloid Interface Sci.

J. C. Crocker and D. G. Grier, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 179, 298-310 (1996). [CrossRef]

J. Microsc.

A. C. Mitchell, J. E. Wall, J. G. Murray, and C. G. Morgan, J. Microsc. 206, 225 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

J. Mol. Biol.

R. Yasuda, H. Miyata, and K. Kinosita, Jr, J. Mol. Biol. 263, 227 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Nature

E. Korobkova, T. Emonet, J. M. G. Vilar, T. S. Shimizu, and P. Cluzel, Nature 428, 574 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Express

W. P. Wong and K. Halvorsen, Opt. Express 14, 12517 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Phys. Rev. E

T. Savin and P. S. Doyle, Phys. Rev. E 71, 041106 (2005). [CrossRef]
M. T. Valentine, P. D. Kaplan, D. Thota, J. C. Crocker, T. Gisler, R. K. Prud'homme, M. Beck, and D. A. Weitz, Phys. Rev. E 64, 061506 (2001). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev. Lett.

F. Gittes, B. Schnurr, P. D. Olmsted, F. C. MacKintosh, and C. F. Schmidt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 3286 (1997). [CrossRef]

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA

C. V. Gabel and H. C. Berg, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 8748 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Other

M. H. El-Shafey, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Electrical, Electronic, and Computer Engineering (IEEE, 2004), pp. 210-213.
Note that 1/4πN2∫∣H̃0(ω)∣2dω=1/2WN2.
Determination of ϕ to eliminate terms t3 and t4 can be done by calculating ∣H̃(ω)∣2, setting the sum of the ϕ-dependent terms to zero, and solving for the specific case where W=n2π/ω′.
For example, measurement sensitivity can be improved by removing the dc offset (i.e., set B=0). For video imaging, this can be accomplished by simulating positive and negative light (e.g., by using two colors or polarizations) or, for low-light applications, by properly synchronizing two camera frames to each illumination cycle. At the sensor level, IMSA can be implemented by using a camera capable of modulating the incoming signal , or by having two collection wells for each pixel to simulate positive and negative light.
C. Donciu, C. Temneanu, and R. Ciobanu, in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Virtual Environments, Human-Computer Interfaces, and Measurement Systems (IEEE, 2005), pp. 50-53.

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[1] L. Oddershede, J. K. Dreyer, S. Grego, S. Brown, and K. Berg-Sørensen, Biophys. J. 83, 3152 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[2] C. V. Gabel and H. C. Berg, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 8748 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[3] E. Korobkova, T. Emonet, J. M. G. Vilar, T. S. Shimizu, and P. Cluzel, Nature 428, 574 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[4] M. Pelton, D. G. Grier, and P. Guyot-Sionnest, Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 819 (2004). [CrossRef]

[5] F. Gittes, B. Schnurr, P. D. Olmsted, F. C. MacKintosh, and C. F. Schmidt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 3286 (1997). [CrossRef]

[6] M. T. Valentine, P. D. Kaplan, D. Thota, J. C. Crocker, T. Gisler, R. K. Prud'homme, M. Beck, and D. A. Weitz, Phys. Rev. E 64, 061506 (2001). [CrossRef]

[7] K. Svoboda and S. M. Block, Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 23, 247 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[8] F. R. Verdun, T. L. Ricca, and A. G. Marshall, Appl. Spectrosc. 42, 199 (1988). [CrossRef]

[9] M. H. El-Shafey, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Electrical, Electronic, and Computer Engineering (IEEE, 2004), pp. 210-213.

[10] W. P. Wong and K. Halvorsen, Opt. Express 14, 12517 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[11] C. Donciu, C. Temneanu, and R. Ciobanu, in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Virtual Environments, Human-Computer Interfaces, and Measurement Systems (IEEE, 2005), pp. 50-53.

[12] R. G. Vaughan, N. L. Scott, and D. R. White, IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 39, 1973 (1991). [CrossRef]

[13] R. Yasuda, H. Miyata, and K. Kinosita, Jr, J. Mol. Biol. 263, 227 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[14] T. Savin and P. S. Doyle, Biophys. J. 88, 623 (2005). [CrossRef]

[15] T. Savin and P. S. Doyle, Phys. Rev. E 71, 041106 (2005). [CrossRef]

[16] Note that 1/4πN2∫∣H̃0(ω)∣2dω=1/2WN2.

[17] Determination of ϕ to eliminate terms t3 and t4 can be done by calculating ∣H̃(ω)∣2, setting the sum of the ϕ-dependent terms to zero, and solving for the specific case where W=n2π/ω′.

[18] For example, measurement sensitivity can be improved by removing the dc offset (i.e., set B=0). For video imaging, this can be accomplished by simulating positive and negative light (e.g., by using two colors or polarizations) or, for low-light applications, by properly synchronizing two camera frames to each illumination cycle. At the sensor level, IMSA can be implemented by using a camera capable of modulating the incoming signal , or by having two collection wells for each pixel to simulate positive and negative light.

[19] A. C. Mitchell, J. E. Wall, J. G. Murray, and C. G. Morgan, J. Microsc. 206, 225 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[20] P. R. Dmochowski, B. R. Hayes-Gill, M. Clark, J. A. Crowe, M. G. Somekh, and S. P. Morgan, Electron. Lett. 40, 1403 (2004). [CrossRef]

[21] D. Van Nieuwenhove, W. van der Tempel, R. Grootjans, J. Stiens, and M. Kuijk, IEEE Sens. J. 7, 317 (2007). [CrossRef]

[22] J. C. Crocker and D. G. Grier, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 179, 298-310 (1996). [CrossRef]

[23] E. Toprak and P. R. Selvin, Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 36, 349 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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Beyond the frame rate: measuring high-frequency fluctuations with light-intensity modulation