Important for telecommunications, luminescence of trivalent erbium (Er) at 1.5 μm generally arises from a Stokes-shifted downconversion mechanism. We show that this luminescence following direct excitation of the ${}^4{\mathrm{I}}_{11/2}$ state is generated by upconversion-mediated looping process in ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}/{\mathrm{Sc}}^{3+}$-codoped ${\mathrm{LiNbO}}_3$ single crystal. Emissions at 1.0 and 1.5 μm from the ${}^4{\mathrm{I}}_{11/2}$ and ${}^4{\mathrm{I}}_{13/2}$ states display linear and quadratic dependences on the excitation density in two separated ranges with a threshold of $20\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$. This observation correlates with two- and four-photon processes in green and red upconversion emissions. The mechanism described has implications in the improvement of the output of 1.5 μm luminescence.

© 2012 Optical Society of America

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