Stable nanosecond pulse generation from a graphene-based passively <i>Q</i>-switched Yb-doped fiber laser

doi:10.1364/OL.36.004008

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Stable nanosecond pulse generation from a graphene-based passively Q-switched Yb-doped fiber laser

Jiang Liu, Sida Wu, Quan-Hong Yang, and Pu Wang »View Author Affiliations

Optics Letters, Vol. 36, Issue 20, pp. 4008-4010 (2011)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OL.36.004008

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Abstract

We demonstrate stable $70 ns$ pulse generation from a Yb-doped fiber laser passively Q-switched by a graphene-based saturable absorber mirror in a short linear cavity. The maximum output power was $12 mW$ and the highest single pulse energy was $46 nJ$ . The repetition rate of the fiber laser can be widely tuned from 140 to $257 kHz$ along with the increase of the pump power. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report for passively Q-switched sub- $100 - ns$ pulse operation of a graphene-based saturable absorber in a Yb-doped fiber laser.

Highly stable and compact pulsed fiber lasers are very attractive because of their compactness, flexibility, and low cost [1

P. Dupriez, C. Finot, A. Malinowski, J. K. Sahu, J. Nilsson, D. J. Richardson, K. G. Wilcox, H. D. Foreman, and A. C. Tropper, Opt. Express 14, 9611 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 2

M. Leigh, W. Shi, J. Zong, J. Wang, S. Jiang, and N. Peyghambarian, Opt. Lett. 32, 897 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 3

A. Ancona, S. Döring, C. Jauregui, F. Röser, J. Limpert, S. Nolte, and A. Tünnermann, Opt. Lett. 34, 3304 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. They have been found in a vast range of applications in recent years including optical imaging, fiber communications, and material processing. The passively mode-locked or Q-switched fiber laser has been proven to be a powerful and convenient way for femtosecond, picosecond, and nanosecond pulse generation [4

M. Baumgartl, F. Jansen, F. Stutzki, C. Jauregui, B. Ortaç, J. Limpert, and A. Tünnermann, Opt. Lett. 36, 244 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 5

A. Chong, J. Buckley, W. Renninger, and F. Wise, Opt. Express 14, 10095 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 6

S. Pierrot, J. Saby, A. Bertrand, F. Liegeois, C. Duterte, B. Coquelin, Y. Hernandez, F. Salin, and D. Giannone, in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics , OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2010), paper CFD3.

, 7

E. J. R. Kelleher, J. C. Travers, Z. Sun, A. G. Rozhin, A. C. Ferrari, S. V. Popov, and J. R. Taylor, Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 111108 (2009). [CrossRef]

]. Normally, semiconductor saturable absorbable mirrors (SESAMs) are used as “saturable absorbers” for passively mode-locked or Q-switched operation in fiber lasers [8

X. Tian, M. Tang, P. P. Shum, Y. Gong, C. Lin, S. Fu, and T. Zhang, Opt. Lett. 34, 1432 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 9

Z. Zhang, K. Torizuka, T. Itatani, K. Kobayashi, T. Sugaya, and T. Nakagawa, Opt. Lett. 22, 1006 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 10

T. Hakulinen and O. G. Okhotnikov, Opt. Lett. 32, 2677 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. Significant research results have been published in this area over the past two decades and SESAM mode-locked fiber lasers have been commercialized by several laser companies world wide. However, a SESAM is still considered as an expensive and complex component for fabrication.

Recently, graphene, a two-dimensional crystal of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice, has attracted much attention as a novel saturable absorber due to its outstanding linear and nonlinear optical properties, such as a low threshold level of saturable absorption (

\sim 0.7 MW {cm}^{- 2}

), ultrafast recovery time (

\sim 200 fs

), and an ultrabroad wavelength independent saturable absorption range, which covers the wavelength range from the visible to mid-IR [11

K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Dubonos, I. V. Grigorieva, and A. A. Firsov, Science 306, 666 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 12

A. C. Ferrari, J. C. Meyer, V. Scardaci, C. Casiraghi, M. Lazzeri, F. Mauri, S. Piscanec, D. Jiang, K. S. Novoselov, S. Roth, and A. K. Geim, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 187401 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 13

Q. L. Bao, H. Zhang, Y. Wang, Z. H. Ni, Z. X. Shen, K. P. Loh, and D. Y. Tang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 19, 3077 (2009). [CrossRef]

, 14

Z. Sun, T. Hasan, F. Torrisi, D. Popa, G. Privitera, F. Wang, F. Bonaccorso, D. M. Basko, and A. C. Ferrari, ACS Nano 4, 803 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 15

F. Bonaccorso, Z. Sun, T. Hasan, and A. C. Ferrari, Nat. Photon. 4, 611 (2010). [CrossRef]

, 16

A. Martinez, K. Fuse, B. Xu, and S. Yamashita, Opt. Express 18, 23054 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. Graphene mode-locked or Q-switched fiber lasers have been studied internationally since the report of a graphene-based ultrafast Er-doped fiber laser in 2009 [17

T. Hasan, Z. P. Sun, F. Q. Wang, F. Bonaccorso, P. H. Tan, A. G. Rozhin, and A. C. Ferrari, Adv. Mater. 21, 3874 (2009). [CrossRef]

, 18

Z. Q. Luo, M. Zhou, J. Weng, G. M. Huang, H. Y. Xu, C. C. Ye, and Z. P. Cai, Opt. Lett. 35, 3709 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. Most follow-up studies have been concentrated on performance optimization and improvement of a graphene saturable absorber mode-locked at

1.5 - 1.6 μm

, such as single pulse energy up to

7.3 nJ

of a graphene mode-locked Er-doped fiber laser [19

H. Zhang, D. Y. Tang, L. M. Zhao, Q. L. Bao, and K. P. Loh, Opt. Express 17, 17630 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

] or a sub-

200 - fs

mode-locked Er-doped fiber laser with a graphene saturable absorber [20

D. Popa, Z. Sun, F. Torrisi, T. Hasan, F. Wang, and A. C. Ferrari, Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 203106 (2010). [CrossRef]

]. By contrast, fewer studies have been reported on passively mode-locked or Q-switched graphene-based saturable absorbers at

1.0 - 1.1 μm

, namely, Yb-doped fiber lasers, although graphene also has a fine saturable absorption characteristic in these wavelength ranges. More recently, Luo et al. reported a graphene passively Q-switched Er-doped fiber laser in a ring cavity that has a pulse width of

3.7 μs

and a pulse energy of

16.7 nJ

[18

Z. Q. Luo, M. Zhou, J. Weng, G. M. Huang, H. Y. Xu, C. C. Ye, and Z. P. Cai, Opt. Lett. 35, 3709 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. Popa et al. reported single pulse energy of

40 nJ

for a

60 kHz

repetition frequency and a pulse width of

\sim 2 μs

in a graphene passively Q-switched tunable Er-doped fiber laser in a ring cavity configuration [21

D. Popa, Z. Sun, T. Hasan, F. Torrisi, F. Wang, and A. C. Ferrari, Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 073106 (2011). [CrossRef]

]. Both reports have the pulse width as long as

2 - 3 μs

. In light of practical applications, stable sub-

100 - ns

pulses are more desirable for Yb-doped fiber lasers.

Here, we report stable

70 ns

pulse generation from a Yb-doped fiber laser passively Q-switched by a graphene- deposited broadband reflective mirror in a short linear cavity. The average output power is

12 mW

and the repetition rate can be widely tuned from 140 to

257 kHz

along with the increase of the pump power, corresponding to the highest single pulse energy of

46 nJ

with a

70 ns

pulse width.

The graphene passively Q-switched Yb-doped fiber laser is constructed in a linear cavity configuration, as depicted in Fig. 1. The total length of the cavity is

\sim 15 cm

, which includes

\sim 10 cm

of Yb-doped fiber (pump absorption is

\sim 1200 dB / m

975 nm

), the core of the gain fiber has a diameter of

6.5 μm

and a numerical aperture of 0.16, and its inner cladding has a diameter of

128 μm

. The gain fiber is pumped by a single-mode diode laser with a center wavelength of

974 nm

and a maximum output power of

600 mW

. A narrowband (FWHM of

0.5 nm

), high-reflectivity (80%) fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is used as an output coupler. One end of the Yb-doped fiber is fusion spliced to the fiber grating and the other end is perpendicularly cleaved and butted to a reflective graphene saturable absorber mirror.

The graphene saturable absorber used in the experiment was made by depositing the graphene–polyvinyl- alcohol (PVA) composite on a broadband reflective mirror. The graphene used was prepared by a low- temperature exfoliation under vacuum. A homogeneous mixture suspension of graphene and PVA was prepared by mixing graphene (

40 mg

) with PVA aqueous solution (

60 ml

4 mg / ml

), followed by a strong sonication for

2 h

. This suspension was kept for

48 h

and no precipitation was observed. Then the broadband reflective mirror was immersed in the suspension for

6 h

. Finally, a thin graphene membrane was formed on the broadband reflecting mirror and the membrane-coated mirror was dried at

70 ° C

for

3 h

for the Q-switched Yb-doped fiber lasers [22

W. Lv, D. M. Tang, Y. B. He, C. H. You, Z. Q. Shi, X. C. Chen, C. M. Chen, P. X. Hou, C. Liu, and Q. H. Yang, ACS Nano 3, 3730 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. As decided by the immersion time of the mirror, the thickness of the graphene was in the range of 6–8 layers, and the saturable absorption modulation depth was estimated to be about 20%. In addition, due to enhanced scattering of graphene multilayers caused by larger nonsaturation loss [13

Q. L. Bao, H. Zhang, Y. Wang, Z. H. Ni, Z. X. Shen, K. P. Loh, and D. Y. Tang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 19, 3077 (2009). [CrossRef]

], the reflectivity of the graphene-deposited broadband reflective mirror was only around 80%, and the large nonsaturation loss also resulted in a lower damage threshold of the membrane.

Stable passively Q-switched pulses of the Yb-doped fiber laser occurred at pump power of

\sim 120 mW

, and the repetition rate was

140 kHz

, corresponding to output power of

\sim 1.5 mW

. Figure 2 shows the stable pulse train of the passively Q-switched fiber laser with a

217 kHz

repetition rate when the pump power was

224 mW

. In this case, the pulse width was

\sim 170 ns

. The pulse repetition rate of the Q-switched Yb-doped fiber laser can be widely tuned from 140 to

257 kHz

by increasing the pump power from 120 to

360 mW

. Figure 3 is the optical spectrum of the Q-switched pulses. The center wavelength was at

1064.2 nm

and the spectral bandwidth (FWHM) was

\sim 0.13 nm

as measured by an optical spectral analyzer (YOKOGAWA AQ6370B) with resolution of

0.02 nm

Figure 4 shows the output power and pulse width with the increase of incident pump power. The average output power almost linearly increased with the rise of incident pump power. When the incident pump power was

360 mW

, the maximum output power was

12 mW

, and the single pulse energy was

46 nJ

for a

70 ns

pulse width. Figure 5 shows the stable minimal pulse width by a

4 GHz

bandwidth oscilloscope (Agilent MSO 9404 A) and a

5 GHz

photodetector. We achieved stable passively Q-switched operation when the incident pump power was in the range of 120 to

360 mW

. Neither amplitude variation nor timing jitter was noticeable in the pulse train. We also measured the RF spectrum at a laser output power of

12 mW

and the signal-to-noise ratio was over

30 dB

(

10^{3}

contrast), indicating that the passively Q-switched state was stable. However, with further increase of the pump power, the pulse width was reduced to

56 ns

, but the pulse train of the passively Q-switched laser became unstable and strong amplitude variation appeared, as shown in Fig. 6. We think the fluctuation is caused by the lower damage threshold of the graphene membrane under higher pump power, considering the fact that the laser will completely stop lasing if we increase the pump power further, but the laser can operate again if we change the butted position of the graphene membrane at low pump power.

In [23

J. Liu, S. Wu, Q. Yang, Y. Song, Z. Wang, and P. Wang, in CLEO: 2011-Laser Applications to Photonic Applications , OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2011), paper JWA23.

], we also adopted a ring cavity configuration to demonstrate stable graphene passively Q-switched operation in a Yb-doped fiber laser at

1075 nm

. The ring cavity length was

\sim 12 m

and the pulse width was

\sim 2.2 μs

. In principle, we can reduce the pulse width by shortening the ring cavity length, because the pulse width was directly affected by the long cavity length in a passively Q-switched fiber laser. However, in practice, it is difficult to shorten the ring cavity to the length we desire. Therefore, in this work, we used an

\sim 15 cm

linear cavity with a high-reflectivity FBG (80%) as one of the cavity mirrors, which was helpful for the stabilization of pulse generation. Furthermore, narrowband FBG also defined the lasing wavelength and spectral bandwidth, which are more compatible with traditional laser systems designed for Nd:YAG lasers. We also used an FBG with higher reflectivity (99.5%) as an output coupler; the pulse signal-to-noise ratio was still around

30 dB

, but the stable output power was much less at same pump power because of the low transmission of the signal. Another way to reduce the pulse width is to use saturable absorbers with higher modulation because the pulse width is inversely proportional to the modulation depth of the saturable absorber [24

R. Herda, S. Kivistö, and O. G. Okhotnikov, Opt. Lett. 33, 1011 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. For example,

100 nJ

pulse energy and

8 ns

pulse width passively Q-switched fiber laser pulses have been obtained using a SESAM with high modulation depth of 70% from a linear cavity [10

T. Hakulinen and O. G. Okhotnikov, Opt. Lett. 32, 2677 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. However, we cannot use a thicker graphene membrane to increase the modulation depth because of the increase of the coupling loss between the fiber and the reflective mirror.

In conclusion, we have demonstrated stable

70 ns

pulse generation at

1064.2 nm

in a graphene-based passively Q-switched Yb-doped fiber laser, which produces

46 nJ

pulses with a pulse width of

\sim 70 ns

. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of stable nano second passively Q-switched operation by a graphene saturable absorber in a Yb-doped fiber laser. Graphene- based saturable absorbers show promising potential to be Q-switchers for pulse fiber or crystal lasers in the near future because of their good performance, easy fabrication, low cost, and wide availability.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, Nos. 61177048 and 50972101), the Beijing Municipal Education Commission (No. KZ2011100050011) and Beijing University of Technology, China.

References and links

1.	P. Dupriez, C. Finot, A. Malinowski, J. K. Sahu, J. Nilsson, D. J. Richardson, K. G. Wilcox, H. D. Foreman, and A. C. Tropper, Opt. Express 14, 9611 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2.	M. Leigh, W. Shi, J. Zong, J. Wang, S. Jiang, and N. Peyghambarian, Opt. Lett. 32, 897 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3.	A. Ancona, S. Döring, C. Jauregui, F. Röser, J. Limpert, S. Nolte, and A. Tünnermann, Opt. Lett. 34, 3304 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4.	M. Baumgartl, F. Jansen, F. Stutzki, C. Jauregui, B. Ortaç, J. Limpert, and A. Tünnermann, Opt. Lett. 36, 244 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5.	A. Chong, J. Buckley, W. Renninger, and F. Wise, Opt. Express 14, 10095 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
6.	S. Pierrot, J. Saby, A. Bertrand, F. Liegeois, C. Duterte, B. Coquelin, Y. Hernandez, F. Salin, and D. Giannone, in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics , OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2010), paper CFD3.
7.	E. J. R. Kelleher, J. C. Travers, Z. Sun, A. G. Rozhin, A. C. Ferrari, S. V. Popov, and J. R. Taylor, Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 111108 (2009). [CrossRef]
8.	X. Tian, M. Tang, P. P. Shum, Y. Gong, C. Lin, S. Fu, and T. Zhang, Opt. Lett. 34, 1432 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
9.	Z. Zhang, K. Torizuka, T. Itatani, K. Kobayashi, T. Sugaya, and T. Nakagawa, Opt. Lett. 22, 1006 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10.	T. Hakulinen and O. G. Okhotnikov, Opt. Lett. 32, 2677 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11.	K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Dubonos, I. V. Grigorieva, and A. A. Firsov, Science 306, 666 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12.	A. C. Ferrari, J. C. Meyer, V. Scardaci, C. Casiraghi, M. Lazzeri, F. Mauri, S. Piscanec, D. Jiang, K. S. Novoselov, S. Roth, and A. K. Geim, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 187401 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13.	Q. L. Bao, H. Zhang, Y. Wang, Z. H. Ni, Z. X. Shen, K. P. Loh, and D. Y. Tang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 19, 3077 (2009). [CrossRef]
14.	Z. Sun, T. Hasan, F. Torrisi, D. Popa, G. Privitera, F. Wang, F. Bonaccorso, D. M. Basko, and A. C. Ferrari, ACS Nano 4, 803 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
15.	F. Bonaccorso, Z. Sun, T. Hasan, and A. C. Ferrari, Nat. Photon. 4, 611 (2010). [CrossRef]
16.	A. Martinez, K. Fuse, B. Xu, and S. Yamashita, Opt. Express 18, 23054 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
17.	T. Hasan, Z. P. Sun, F. Q. Wang, F. Bonaccorso, P. H. Tan, A. G. Rozhin, and A. C. Ferrari, Adv. Mater. 21, 3874 (2009). [CrossRef]
18.	Z. Q. Luo, M. Zhou, J. Weng, G. M. Huang, H. Y. Xu, C. C. Ye, and Z. P. Cai, Opt. Lett. 35, 3709 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
19.	H. Zhang, D. Y. Tang, L. M. Zhao, Q. L. Bao, and K. P. Loh, Opt. Express 17, 17630 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
20.	D. Popa, Z. Sun, F. Torrisi, T. Hasan, F. Wang, and A. C. Ferrari, Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 203106 (2010). [CrossRef]
21.	D. Popa, Z. Sun, T. Hasan, F. Torrisi, F. Wang, and A. C. Ferrari, Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 073106 (2011). [CrossRef]
22.	W. Lv, D. M. Tang, Y. B. He, C. H. You, Z. Q. Shi, X. C. Chen, C. M. Chen, P. X. Hou, C. Liu, and Q. H. Yang, ACS Nano 3, 3730 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
23.	J. Liu, S. Wu, Q. Yang, Y. Song, Z. Wang, and P. Wang, in CLEO: 2011-Laser Applications to Photonic Applications , OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2011), paper JWA23.
24.	R. Herda, S. Kivistö, and O. G. Okhotnikov, Opt. Lett. 33, 1011 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Fig. 1 Schematic setup of the graphene passively Q-switched Yb-doped fiber laser. WDM, wavelength division multiplexer; FBG, fiber Bragg grating; YDF, ytterbium- doped fiber.

Fig. 2 Stable pulse train of the graphene passively Q-switched Yb-doped fiber laser when the pump power was

224 mW

Fig. 3 Optical spectrum of the graphene passively Q-switched Yb-doped fiber laser.

Fig. 4 Output power and pulse width with the increase of incident pump power.

Fig. 5 Minimal pulse width of the stable graphene passively Q-switched Yb-doped fiber laser.

Fig. 6 Unstable pulse train of the graphene passively Q-switched fiber laser.

OCIS Codes
(140.3510) Lasers and laser optics : Lasers, fiber
(140.3540) Lasers and laser optics : Lasers, Q-switched
(160.4330) Materials : Nonlinear optical materials
(140.3615) Lasers and laser optics : Lasers, ytterbium

ToC Category:
Lasers and Laser Optics

History
Original Manuscript: July 8, 2011
Revised Manuscript: August 24, 2011
Manuscript Accepted: September 12, 2011
Published: October 6, 2011

Citation
Jiang Liu, Sida Wu, Quan-Hong Yang, and Pu Wang, "Stable nanosecond pulse generation from a graphene-based passively Q-switched Yb-doped fiber laser," Opt. Lett. 36, 4008-4010 (2011)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-36-20-4008

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References

P. Dupriez, C. Finot, A. Malinowski, J. K. Sahu, J. Nilsson, D. J. Richardson, K. G. Wilcox, H. D. Foreman, and A. C. Tropper, Opt. Express 14, 9611 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Leigh, W. Shi, J. Zong, J. Wang, S. Jiang, and N. Peyghambarian, Opt. Lett. 32, 897 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. Ancona, S. Döring, C. Jauregui, F. Röser, J. Limpert, S. Nolte, and A. Tünnermann, Opt. Lett. 34, 3304 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Baumgartl, F. Jansen, F. Stutzki, C. Jauregui, B. Ortaç, J. Limpert, and A. Tünnermann, Opt. Lett. 36, 244(2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. Chong, J. Buckley, W. Renninger, and F. Wise, Opt. Express 14, 10095 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. Pierrot, J. Saby, A. Bertrand, F. Liegeois, C. Duterte, B. Coquelin, Y. Hernandez, F. Salin, and D. Giannone, in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2010), paper CFD3.
E. J. R. Kelleher, J. C. Travers, Z. Sun, A. G. Rozhin, A. C. Ferrari, S. V. Popov, and J. R. Taylor, Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 111108 (2009). [CrossRef]
X. Tian, M. Tang, P. P. Shum, Y. Gong, C. Lin, S. Fu, and T. Zhang, Opt. Lett. 34, 1432 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Z. Zhang, K. Torizuka, T. Itatani, K. Kobayashi, T. Sugaya, and T. Nakagawa, Opt. Lett. 22, 1006 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
T. Hakulinen and O. G. Okhotnikov, Opt. Lett. 32, 2677 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Dubonos, I. V. Grigorieva, and A. A. Firsov, Science 306, 666 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. C. Ferrari, J. C. Meyer, V. Scardaci, C. Casiraghi, M. Lazzeri, F. Mauri, S. Piscanec, D. Jiang, K. S. Novoselov, S. Roth, and A. K. Geim, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 187401(2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Q. L. Bao, H. Zhang, Y. Wang, Z. H. Ni, Z. X. Shen, K. P. Loh, and D. Y. Tang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 19, 3077 (2009). [CrossRef]
Z. Sun, T. Hasan, F. Torrisi, D. Popa, G. Privitera, F. Wang, F. Bonaccorso, D. M. Basko, and A. C. Ferrari, ACS Nano 4, 803 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
F. Bonaccorso, Z. Sun, T. Hasan, and A. C. Ferrari, Nat. Photon. 4, 611 (2010). [CrossRef]
A. Martinez, K. Fuse, B. Xu, and S. Yamashita, Opt. Express 18, 23054 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
T. Hasan, Z. P. Sun, F. Q. Wang, F. Bonaccorso, P. H. Tan, A. G. Rozhin, and A. C. Ferrari, Adv. Mater. 21, 3874(2009). [CrossRef]
Z. Q. Luo, M. Zhou, J. Weng, G. M. Huang, H. Y. Xu, C. C. Ye, and Z. P. Cai, Opt. Lett. 35, 3709 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
H. Zhang, D. Y. Tang, L. M. Zhao, Q. L. Bao, and K. P. Loh, Opt. Express 17, 17630 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
D. Popa, Z. Sun, F. Torrisi, T. Hasan, F. Wang, and A. C. Ferrari, Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 203106 (2010). [CrossRef]
D. Popa, Z. Sun, T. Hasan, F. Torrisi, F. Wang, and A. C. Ferrari, Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 073106 (2011). [CrossRef]
W. Lv, D. M. Tang, Y. B. He, C. H. You, Z. Q. Shi, X. C. Chen, C. M. Chen, P. X. Hou, C. Liu, and Q. H. Yang, ACS Nano 3, 3730 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Liu, S. Wu, Q. Yang, Y. Song, Z. Wang, and P. Wang, in CLEO: 2011-Laser Applications to Photonic Applications, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2011), paper JWA23.
R. Herda, S. Kivistö, and O. G. Okhotnikov, Opt. Lett. 33, 1011 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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