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Liquid crystal infiltrated waveguide with distributed Bragg reflectorsDong-Po Cai, Hung-Yi Pan, Ji-Fang Tsai, Hua-Kung Chiu, Shan-Chi Nian, Sheng Hsiung Chang, Chii-Chang Chen, and Chien-Chieh Lee »View Author Affiliations
Dong-Po Cai,1
Hung-Yi Pan,1
Ji-Fang Tsai,1
Hua-Kung Chiu,1
Shan-Chi Nian,1
Sheng Hsiung Chang,1
Chii-Chang Chen,1,*
and Chien-Chieh Lee2
1Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Jhongli 32001, Taiwan 2Optical Sciences Center, National Central University, Jhongli 32001, Taiwan *Corresponding author: trich@dop.ncu.edu.tw |
Optical Materials Express, Vol. 1, Issue 8, pp. 1471-1477 (2011)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OME.1.001471
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Abstract
The electrically tunable band-pass filter in the visible light region is demonstrated by the liquid-crystal infiltrated waveguide formed by the distributed Bragg reflectors with the length of 3 mm. As the white light source is launched in the waveguide, by applying the external voltages from 0 to 30 Vrms, the dynamic control of filter characteristics can be achieved to tune the color of the output light from white light to red, yellow or green. The intensity of the output light can also be attenuated by applying the voltage. The 25 dB attenuation can be achieved as the applied voltage is as low as 9 Vrms.
© 2011 OSA
OCIS Codes
(230.2090) Optical devices : Electro-optical devices
(230.3720) Optical devices : Liquid-crystal devices
(230.7370) Optical devices : Waveguides
ToC Category:
Liquid Crystals
History
Original Manuscript: September 7, 2011
Revised Manuscript: September 25, 2011
Manuscript Accepted: September 25, 2011
Published: November 3, 2011
Virtual Issues
Liquid Crystal Materials for Photonic Applications (2011) Optical Materials Express
Citation
Dong-Po Cai, Hung-Yi Pan, Ji-Fang Tsai, Hua-Kung Chiu, Shan-Chi Nian, Sheng Hsiung Chang, Chii-Chang Chen, and Chien-Chieh Lee, "Liquid crystal infiltrated waveguide with distributed Bragg reflectors," Opt. Mater. Express 1, 1471-1477 (2011)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ome/abstract.cfm?URI=ome-1-8-1471
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References
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- A. D’Alessandro, B. D. Donisi, R. Beccherelli, and R. Asquini, “Nematic liquid crystal optical channel waveguides on silicon,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.42(10), 1084–1090 (2006). [CrossRef]
- K. Neyts, W. Decort, H. Azarinia, P. Vanbrabant, R. James, and J. Beeckman, “Liquid crystals in waveguides for tuning and sensing,” Photonics Lett. Poland3(1),17–19 (2011).
- H. Schmidt, D. Yin, J. P. Barber, and A. R. Hawkins, “Hollow-core waveguides and 2-D waveguide arrays for integrated optics of gas and liquids,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.11(2), 519–527 (2005). [CrossRef]
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- K. Neyts, W. Decort, H. Azarinia, P. Vanbrabant, R. James, and J. Beeckman, “Liquid crystals in waveguides for tuning and sensing,” Photonics Lett. Poland3(1),17–19 (2011).
- D. Donisi, B. Bellini, R. Beccherelli, R. Asquini, G. Gilardi, M. Trotta, and A. d’Alessandro, “Switchable liquid-crystal optical channel wavguide on silicon,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.46(5), 762–768 (2010). [CrossRef]
- R. Bernini, G. Testa, L. Zeni, and P. M. Sarro, “Integrated optofluidic Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on liquid core waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett.93(1), 011106 (2008). [CrossRef]
- M. W. Haakestad, T. T. Alkeskjold, M. D. Nielsen, L. Scolari, J. Riishede, H. E. Engan, and A. Bjarklev, “Electrically tunable photonic bandgap guidance in a liquid-crystal-filled photonic crystal fiber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.17(4), 819–821 (2005). [CrossRef]
- J. B. Jensen, L. H. Pedersen, P. E. Hoiby, L. B. Nielsen, T. P. Hansen, J. R. Folkenberg, J. Riishede, D. Noordegraaf, K. Nielsen, A. Carlsen, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fiber based evanescent-wave sensor for detection of biomolecules in aqueous solutions,” Opt. Lett.29(17), 1974–1976 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. T. Alkeskjold, J. Lægsgaard, A. Bjarklev, D. S. Hermann, A. Anawati, J. Broeng, J. Li, and S. T. Wu, “All-optical modulation in dye-doped nematic liquid crystal photonic bandgap fibers,” Opt. Express12(24), 5857–5871 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. T. Larsen, A. Bjarklev, D. S. Hermann, and J. Broeng, “Optical devices based on liquid crystal photonic bandgap fibres,” Opt. Express11(20), 2589–2596 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. T. Alkeskjold, J. Lægsgaard, A. Bjarklev, D. S. Hermann, A. Anawati, J. Broeng, J. Li, and S. T. Wu, “All-optical modulation in dye-doped nematic liquid crystal photonic bandgap fibers,” Opt. Express12(24), 5857–5871 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. T. Larsen, A. Bjarklev, D. S. Hermann, and J. Broeng, “Optical devices based on liquid crystal photonic bandgap fibres,” Opt. Express11(20), 2589–2596 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. P. Bryan-Brown, E. L. Wood, and I. C. Sage, “Weak surface anchoring of liquid crystals,” Nature399(6734), 338–340 (1999). [CrossRef]
- V. J. Cadarso, A. Llobera, C. Fernandez-Sanchez, M. Darder, and C. Dominguez, “Hollow waveguide-based full-field absorbance biosensor,” Sens. Actuators B Chem.139(1), 143–149 (2009). [CrossRef]
- J. B. Jensen, L. H. Pedersen, P. E. Hoiby, L. B. Nielsen, T. P. Hansen, J. R. Folkenberg, J. Riishede, D. Noordegraaf, K. Nielsen, A. Carlsen, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fiber based evanescent-wave sensor for detection of biomolecules in aqueous solutions,” Opt. Lett.29(17), 1974–1976 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. B. Wolfe, R. S. Conroy, P. Garstecki, B. T. Mayers, M. A. Fischbach, K. E. Paul, M. Prentiss, and G. M. Whitesides, “Dynamic control of liquid-core/liquid-cladding optical waveguides,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.101(34), 12434–12438 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. R. Woliński, S. Ertman, A. Czapla, P. Lesiak, K. Nowecka, A. W. Domanski, E. Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki, R. Dabrowski, and J. Wojcik, “Polarization effects in photonic liquid crystal fibers,” Meas. Sci. Technol.18(10), 3061–3069 (2007). [CrossRef]
- D. Donisi, B. Bellini, R. Beccherelli, R. Asquini, G. Gilardi, M. Trotta, and A. d’Alessandro, “Switchable liquid-crystal optical channel wavguide on silicon,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.46(5), 762–768 (2010). [CrossRef]
- A. D’Alessandro, B. D. Donisi, R. Beccherelli, and R. Asquini, “Nematic liquid crystal optical channel waveguides on silicon,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.42(10), 1084–1090 (2006). [CrossRef]
- T. R. Woliński, S. Ertman, A. Czapla, P. Lesiak, K. Nowecka, A. W. Domanski, E. Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki, R. Dabrowski, and J. Wojcik, “Polarization effects in photonic liquid crystal fibers,” Meas. Sci. Technol.18(10), 3061–3069 (2007). [CrossRef]
- T. R. Wolinski, K. Szaniawska, S. Ertman, P. Lesiak, A. W. Domanski, R. Dabrowski, E. Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki, and J. Wojcik, “Influence of temperature and electrical field on propagation properties of photonic liquid-crystal fibres,” Meas. Sci. Technol.17(5), 985–991 (2006). [CrossRef]
- V. J. Cadarso, A. Llobera, C. Fernandez-Sanchez, M. Darder, and C. Dominguez, “Hollow waveguide-based full-field absorbance biosensor,” Sens. Actuators B Chem.139(1), 143–149 (2009). [CrossRef]
- D. Yin, D. W. Deamer, H. Schmidt, J. P. Barber, and A. R. Hawkins, “Integrated optical waveguides with liquid cores,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(16), 3477–3479 (2004). [CrossRef]
- K. Neyts, W. Decort, H. Azarinia, P. Vanbrabant, R. James, and J. Beeckman, “Liquid crystals in waveguides for tuning and sensing,” Photonics Lett. Poland3(1),17–19 (2011).
- T. R. Woliński, S. Ertman, A. Czapla, P. Lesiak, K. Nowecka, A. W. Domanski, E. Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki, R. Dabrowski, and J. Wojcik, “Polarization effects in photonic liquid crystal fibers,” Meas. Sci. Technol.18(10), 3061–3069 (2007). [CrossRef]
- T. R. Wolinski, K. Szaniawska, S. Ertman, P. Lesiak, A. W. Domanski, R. Dabrowski, E. Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki, and J. Wojcik, “Influence of temperature and electrical field on propagation properties of photonic liquid-crystal fibres,” Meas. Sci. Technol.17(5), 985–991 (2006). [CrossRef]
- V. J. Cadarso, A. Llobera, C. Fernandez-Sanchez, M. Darder, and C. Dominguez, “Hollow waveguide-based full-field absorbance biosensor,” Sens. Actuators B Chem.139(1), 143–149 (2009). [CrossRef]
- A. D’Alessandro, B. D. Donisi, R. Beccherelli, and R. Asquini, “Nematic liquid crystal optical channel waveguides on silicon,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.42(10), 1084–1090 (2006). [CrossRef]
- D. Donisi, B. Bellini, R. Beccherelli, R. Asquini, G. Gilardi, M. Trotta, and A. d’Alessandro, “Switchable liquid-crystal optical channel wavguide on silicon,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.46(5), 762–768 (2010). [CrossRef]
- F. Du, Y. Q. Lu, and S. T. Wu, “Electrically tunable liquid-crystal photonic crystal fiber,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(12), 2181–22183 (2004). [CrossRef]
- V. K. Gupta, J. J. Skaife, T. B. Dubrovsky, and N. L. Abbott, “Optical amplification of ligand-receptor binding using liquid crystals,” Science279(5359), 2077–2080 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. A. Duguay, Y. Kokubun, T. L. Koch, and L. Pfeiffer, “Antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides in SiO2-Si multilayer structures,” Appl. Phys. Lett.49(1), 13–15 (1986). [CrossRef]
- M. W. Haakestad, T. T. Alkeskjold, M. D. Nielsen, L. Scolari, J. Riishede, H. E. Engan, and A. Bjarklev, “Electrically tunable photonic bandgap guidance in a liquid-crystal-filled photonic crystal fiber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.17(4), 819–821 (2005). [CrossRef]
- T. R. Woliński, S. Ertman, A. Czapla, P. Lesiak, K. Nowecka, A. W. Domanski, E. Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki, R. Dabrowski, and J. Wojcik, “Polarization effects in photonic liquid crystal fibers,” Meas. Sci. Technol.18(10), 3061–3069 (2007). [CrossRef]
- T. R. Wolinski, K. Szaniawska, S. Ertman, P. Lesiak, A. W. Domanski, R. Dabrowski, E. Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki, and J. Wojcik, “Influence of temperature and electrical field on propagation properties of photonic liquid-crystal fibres,” Meas. Sci. Technol.17(5), 985–991 (2006). [CrossRef]
- V. J. Cadarso, A. Llobera, C. Fernandez-Sanchez, M. Darder, and C. Dominguez, “Hollow waveguide-based full-field absorbance biosensor,” Sens. Actuators B Chem.139(1), 143–149 (2009). [CrossRef]
- D. B. Wolfe, R. S. Conroy, P. Garstecki, B. T. Mayers, M. A. Fischbach, K. E. Paul, M. Prentiss, and G. M. Whitesides, “Dynamic control of liquid-core/liquid-cladding optical waveguides,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.101(34), 12434–12438 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. B. Jensen, L. H. Pedersen, P. E. Hoiby, L. B. Nielsen, T. P. Hansen, J. R. Folkenberg, J. Riishede, D. Noordegraaf, K. Nielsen, A. Carlsen, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fiber based evanescent-wave sensor for detection of biomolecules in aqueous solutions,” Opt. Lett.29(17), 1974–1976 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. B. Wolfe, R. S. Conroy, P. Garstecki, B. T. Mayers, M. A. Fischbach, K. E. Paul, M. Prentiss, and G. M. Whitesides, “Dynamic control of liquid-core/liquid-cladding optical waveguides,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.101(34), 12434–12438 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Donisi, B. Bellini, R. Beccherelli, R. Asquini, G. Gilardi, M. Trotta, and A. d’Alessandro, “Switchable liquid-crystal optical channel wavguide on silicon,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.46(5), 762–768 (2010). [CrossRef]
- V. K. Gupta, J. J. Skaife, T. B. Dubrovsky, and N. L. Abbott, “Optical amplification of ligand-receptor binding using liquid crystals,” Science279(5359), 2077–2080 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. W. Haakestad, T. T. Alkeskjold, M. D. Nielsen, L. Scolari, J. Riishede, H. E. Engan, and A. Bjarklev, “Electrically tunable photonic bandgap guidance in a liquid-crystal-filled photonic crystal fiber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.17(4), 819–821 (2005). [CrossRef]
- J. B. Jensen, L. H. Pedersen, P. E. Hoiby, L. B. Nielsen, T. P. Hansen, J. R. Folkenberg, J. Riishede, D. Noordegraaf, K. Nielsen, A. Carlsen, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fiber based evanescent-wave sensor for detection of biomolecules in aqueous solutions,” Opt. Lett.29(17), 1974–1976 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Schmidt and A. R. Hawkins, “Optofluidic waveguides: I. Concepts and implementations,” Microfluid. Nanofluid.4(1-2), 3–16 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. R. Hawkins and H. Schmidt, “Optofluidic waveguides: II. Fabrication and structures,” Microfluid. Nanofluid.4(1-2), 17–32 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Schmidt, D. Yin, J. P. Barber, and A. R. Hawkins, “Hollow-core waveguides and 2-D waveguide arrays for integrated optics of gas and liquids,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.11(2), 519–527 (2005). [CrossRef]
- D. Yin, D. W. Deamer, H. Schmidt, J. P. Barber, and A. R. Hawkins, “Integrated optical waveguides with liquid cores,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(16), 3477–3479 (2004). [CrossRef]
- T. T. Alkeskjold, J. Lægsgaard, A. Bjarklev, D. S. Hermann, A. Anawati, J. Broeng, J. Li, and S. T. Wu, “All-optical modulation in dye-doped nematic liquid crystal photonic bandgap fibers,” Opt. Express12(24), 5857–5871 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. T. Larsen, A. Bjarklev, D. S. Hermann, and J. Broeng, “Optical devices based on liquid crystal photonic bandgap fibres,” Opt. Express11(20), 2589–2596 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. B. Jensen, L. H. Pedersen, P. E. Hoiby, L. B. Nielsen, T. P. Hansen, J. R. Folkenberg, J. Riishede, D. Noordegraaf, K. Nielsen, A. Carlsen, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fiber based evanescent-wave sensor for detection of biomolecules in aqueous solutions,” Opt. Lett.29(17), 1974–1976 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Neyts, W. Decort, H. Azarinia, P. Vanbrabant, R. James, and J. Beeckman, “Liquid crystals in waveguides for tuning and sensing,” Photonics Lett. Poland3(1),17–19 (2011).
- J. B. Jensen, L. H. Pedersen, P. E. Hoiby, L. B. Nielsen, T. P. Hansen, J. R. Folkenberg, J. Riishede, D. Noordegraaf, K. Nielsen, A. Carlsen, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fiber based evanescent-wave sensor for detection of biomolecules in aqueous solutions,” Opt. Lett.29(17), 1974–1976 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. A. Duguay, Y. Kokubun, T. L. Koch, and L. Pfeiffer, “Antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides in SiO2-Si multilayer structures,” Appl. Phys. Lett.49(1), 13–15 (1986). [CrossRef]
- M. A. Duguay, Y. Kokubun, T. L. Koch, and L. Pfeiffer, “Antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides in SiO2-Si multilayer structures,” Appl. Phys. Lett.49(1), 13–15 (1986). [CrossRef]
- T. R. Woliński, S. Ertman, A. Czapla, P. Lesiak, K. Nowecka, A. W. Domanski, E. Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki, R. Dabrowski, and J. Wojcik, “Polarization effects in photonic liquid crystal fibers,” Meas. Sci. Technol.18(10), 3061–3069 (2007). [CrossRef]
- T. R. Wolinski, K. Szaniawska, S. Ertman, P. Lesiak, A. W. Domanski, R. Dabrowski, E. Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki, and J. Wojcik, “Influence of temperature and electrical field on propagation properties of photonic liquid-crystal fibres,” Meas. Sci. Technol.17(5), 985–991 (2006). [CrossRef]
- V. J. Cadarso, A. Llobera, C. Fernandez-Sanchez, M. Darder, and C. Dominguez, “Hollow waveguide-based full-field absorbance biosensor,” Sens. Actuators B Chem.139(1), 143–149 (2009). [CrossRef]
- F. Du, Y. Q. Lu, and S. T. Wu, “Electrically tunable liquid-crystal photonic crystal fiber,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(12), 2181–22183 (2004). [CrossRef]
- D. B. Wolfe, R. S. Conroy, P. Garstecki, B. T. Mayers, M. A. Fischbach, K. E. Paul, M. Prentiss, and G. M. Whitesides, “Dynamic control of liquid-core/liquid-cladding optical waveguides,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.101(34), 12434–12438 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Neyts, W. Decort, H. Azarinia, P. Vanbrabant, R. James, and J. Beeckman, “Liquid crystals in waveguides for tuning and sensing,” Photonics Lett. Poland3(1),17–19 (2011).
- J. B. Jensen, L. H. Pedersen, P. E. Hoiby, L. B. Nielsen, T. P. Hansen, J. R. Folkenberg, J. Riishede, D. Noordegraaf, K. Nielsen, A. Carlsen, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fiber based evanescent-wave sensor for detection of biomolecules in aqueous solutions,” Opt. Lett.29(17), 1974–1976 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. B. Jensen, L. H. Pedersen, P. E. Hoiby, L. B. Nielsen, T. P. Hansen, J. R. Folkenberg, J. Riishede, D. Noordegraaf, K. Nielsen, A. Carlsen, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fiber based evanescent-wave sensor for detection of biomolecules in aqueous solutions,” Opt. Lett.29(17), 1974–1976 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. W. Haakestad, T. T. Alkeskjold, M. D. Nielsen, L. Scolari, J. Riishede, H. E. Engan, and A. Bjarklev, “Electrically tunable photonic bandgap guidance in a liquid-crystal-filled photonic crystal fiber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.17(4), 819–821 (2005). [CrossRef]
- J. B. Jensen, L. H. Pedersen, P. E. Hoiby, L. B. Nielsen, T. P. Hansen, J. R. Folkenberg, J. Riishede, D. Noordegraaf, K. Nielsen, A. Carlsen, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fiber based evanescent-wave sensor for detection of biomolecules in aqueous solutions,” Opt. Lett.29(17), 1974–1976 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. R. Woliński, S. Ertman, A. Czapla, P. Lesiak, K. Nowecka, A. W. Domanski, E. Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki, R. Dabrowski, and J. Wojcik, “Polarization effects in photonic liquid crystal fibers,” Meas. Sci. Technol.18(10), 3061–3069 (2007). [CrossRef]
- T. R. Woliński, S. Ertman, A. Czapla, P. Lesiak, K. Nowecka, A. W. Domanski, E. Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki, R. Dabrowski, and J. Wojcik, “Polarization effects in photonic liquid crystal fibers,” Meas. Sci. Technol.18(10), 3061–3069 (2007). [CrossRef]
- T. R. Wolinski, K. Szaniawska, S. Ertman, P. Lesiak, A. W. Domanski, R. Dabrowski, E. Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki, and J. Wojcik, “Influence of temperature and electrical field on propagation properties of photonic liquid-crystal fibres,” Meas. Sci. Technol.17(5), 985–991 (2006). [CrossRef]
- D. B. Wolfe, R. S. Conroy, P. Garstecki, B. T. Mayers, M. A. Fischbach, K. E. Paul, M. Prentiss, and G. M. Whitesides, “Dynamic control of liquid-core/liquid-cladding optical waveguides,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.101(34), 12434–12438 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. B. Jensen, L. H. Pedersen, P. E. Hoiby, L. B. Nielsen, T. P. Hansen, J. R. Folkenberg, J. Riishede, D. Noordegraaf, K. Nielsen, A. Carlsen, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fiber based evanescent-wave sensor for detection of biomolecules in aqueous solutions,” Opt. Lett.29(17), 1974–1976 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. A. Duguay, Y. Kokubun, T. L. Koch, and L. Pfeiffer, “Antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides in SiO2-Si multilayer structures,” Appl. Phys. Lett.49(1), 13–15 (1986). [CrossRef]
- D. B. Wolfe, R. S. Conroy, P. Garstecki, B. T. Mayers, M. A. Fischbach, K. E. Paul, M. Prentiss, and G. M. Whitesides, “Dynamic control of liquid-core/liquid-cladding optical waveguides,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.101(34), 12434–12438 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. W. Haakestad, T. T. Alkeskjold, M. D. Nielsen, L. Scolari, J. Riishede, H. E. Engan, and A. Bjarklev, “Electrically tunable photonic bandgap guidance in a liquid-crystal-filled photonic crystal fiber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.17(4), 819–821 (2005). [CrossRef]
- J. B. Jensen, L. H. Pedersen, P. E. Hoiby, L. B. Nielsen, T. P. Hansen, J. R. Folkenberg, J. Riishede, D. Noordegraaf, K. Nielsen, A. Carlsen, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fiber based evanescent-wave sensor for detection of biomolecules in aqueous solutions,” Opt. Lett.29(17), 1974–1976 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. P. Bryan-Brown, E. L. Wood, and I. C. Sage, “Weak surface anchoring of liquid crystals,” Nature399(6734), 338–340 (1999). [CrossRef]
- R. Bernini, G. Testa, L. Zeni, and P. M. Sarro, “Integrated optofluidic Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on liquid core waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett.93(1), 011106 (2008). [CrossRef]
- A. R. Hawkins and H. Schmidt, “Optofluidic waveguides: II. Fabrication and structures,” Microfluid. Nanofluid.4(1-2), 17–32 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Schmidt and A. R. Hawkins, “Optofluidic waveguides: I. Concepts and implementations,” Microfluid. Nanofluid.4(1-2), 3–16 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Schmidt, D. Yin, J. P. Barber, and A. R. Hawkins, “Hollow-core waveguides and 2-D waveguide arrays for integrated optics of gas and liquids,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.11(2), 519–527 (2005). [CrossRef]
- D. Yin, D. W. Deamer, H. Schmidt, J. P. Barber, and A. R. Hawkins, “Integrated optical waveguides with liquid cores,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(16), 3477–3479 (2004). [CrossRef]
- M. W. Haakestad, T. T. Alkeskjold, M. D. Nielsen, L. Scolari, J. Riishede, H. E. Engan, and A. Bjarklev, “Electrically tunable photonic bandgap guidance in a liquid-crystal-filled photonic crystal fiber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.17(4), 819–821 (2005). [CrossRef]
- V. K. Gupta, J. J. Skaife, T. B. Dubrovsky, and N. L. Abbott, “Optical amplification of ligand-receptor binding using liquid crystals,” Science279(5359), 2077–2080 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. R. Wolinski, K. Szaniawska, S. Ertman, P. Lesiak, A. W. Domanski, R. Dabrowski, E. Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki, and J. Wojcik, “Influence of temperature and electrical field on propagation properties of photonic liquid-crystal fibres,” Meas. Sci. Technol.17(5), 985–991 (2006). [CrossRef]
- R. Bernini, G. Testa, L. Zeni, and P. M. Sarro, “Integrated optofluidic Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on liquid core waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett.93(1), 011106 (2008). [CrossRef]
- D. Donisi, B. Bellini, R. Beccherelli, R. Asquini, G. Gilardi, M. Trotta, and A. d’Alessandro, “Switchable liquid-crystal optical channel wavguide on silicon,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.46(5), 762–768 (2010). [CrossRef]
- K. Neyts, W. Decort, H. Azarinia, P. Vanbrabant, R. James, and J. Beeckman, “Liquid crystals in waveguides for tuning and sensing,” Photonics Lett. Poland3(1),17–19 (2011).
- D. B. Wolfe, R. S. Conroy, P. Garstecki, B. T. Mayers, M. A. Fischbach, K. E. Paul, M. Prentiss, and G. M. Whitesides, “Dynamic control of liquid-core/liquid-cladding optical waveguides,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.101(34), 12434–12438 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. R. Woliński, S. Ertman, A. Czapla, P. Lesiak, K. Nowecka, A. W. Domanski, E. Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki, R. Dabrowski, and J. Wojcik, “Polarization effects in photonic liquid crystal fibers,” Meas. Sci. Technol.18(10), 3061–3069 (2007). [CrossRef]
- T. R. Wolinski, K. Szaniawska, S. Ertman, P. Lesiak, A. W. Domanski, R. Dabrowski, E. Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki, and J. Wojcik, “Influence of temperature and electrical field on propagation properties of photonic liquid-crystal fibres,” Meas. Sci. Technol.17(5), 985–991 (2006). [CrossRef]
- D. B. Wolfe, R. S. Conroy, P. Garstecki, B. T. Mayers, M. A. Fischbach, K. E. Paul, M. Prentiss, and G. M. Whitesides, “Dynamic control of liquid-core/liquid-cladding optical waveguides,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.101(34), 12434–12438 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. R. Woliński, S. Ertman, A. Czapla, P. Lesiak, K. Nowecka, A. W. Domanski, E. Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki, R. Dabrowski, and J. Wojcik, “Polarization effects in photonic liquid crystal fibers,” Meas. Sci. Technol.18(10), 3061–3069 (2007). [CrossRef]
- T. R. Wolinski, K. Szaniawska, S. Ertman, P. Lesiak, A. W. Domanski, R. Dabrowski, E. Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki, and J. Wojcik, “Influence of temperature and electrical field on propagation properties of photonic liquid-crystal fibres,” Meas. Sci. Technol.17(5), 985–991 (2006). [CrossRef]
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- F. Du, Y. Q. Lu, and S. T. Wu, “Electrically tunable liquid-crystal photonic crystal fiber,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(12), 2181–22183 (2004). [CrossRef]
- H. Schmidt, D. Yin, J. P. Barber, and A. R. Hawkins, “Hollow-core waveguides and 2-D waveguide arrays for integrated optics of gas and liquids,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.11(2), 519–527 (2005). [CrossRef]
- D. Yin, D. W. Deamer, H. Schmidt, J. P. Barber, and A. R. Hawkins, “Integrated optical waveguides with liquid cores,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(16), 3477–3479 (2004). [CrossRef]
- R. Bernini, G. Testa, L. Zeni, and P. M. Sarro, “Integrated optofluidic Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on liquid core waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett.93(1), 011106 (2008). [CrossRef]
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- D. Yin, D. W. Deamer, H. Schmidt, J. P. Barber, and A. R. Hawkins, “Integrated optical waveguides with liquid cores,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(16), 3477–3479 (2004). [CrossRef]
- R. Bernini, G. Testa, L. Zeni, and P. M. Sarro, “Integrated optofluidic Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on liquid core waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett.93(1), 011106 (2008). [CrossRef]
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IEEE J. Quantum Electron.
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IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.
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IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.
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Microfluid. Nanofluid.
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Nature
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Opt. Express
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Opt. Lett.
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Photonics Lett. Poland
- K. Neyts, W. Decort, H. Azarinia, P. Vanbrabant, R. James, and J. Beeckman, “Liquid crystals in waveguides for tuning and sensing,” Photonics Lett. Poland3(1),17–19 (2011).
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
- D. B. Wolfe, R. S. Conroy, P. Garstecki, B. T. Mayers, M. A. Fischbach, K. E. Paul, M. Prentiss, and G. M. Whitesides, “Dynamic control of liquid-core/liquid-cladding optical waveguides,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.101(34), 12434–12438 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Pure Appl. Chem.
- M. Barón, “Definitions of basic terms relating to low-molar-mass and polymer liquid crystals,” Pure Appl. Chem.73(5), 845–895 (2001). [CrossRef]
Science
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Sens. Actuators B Chem.
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Other
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2011, Neyts, Photonics Lett. Poland
- K. Neyts, W. Decort, H. Azarinia, P. Vanbrabant, R. James, and J. Beeckman, “Liquid crystals in waveguides for tuning and sensing,” Photonics Lett. Poland3(1),17–19 (2011).
- D. Donisi, B. Bellini, R. Beccherelli, R. Asquini, G. Gilardi, M. Trotta, and A. d’Alessandro, “Switchable liquid-crystal optical channel wavguide on silicon,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.46(5), 762–768 (2010). [CrossRef]
- V. J. Cadarso, A. Llobera, C. Fernandez-Sanchez, M. Darder, and C. Dominguez, “Hollow waveguide-based full-field absorbance biosensor,” Sens. Actuators B Chem.139(1), 143–149 (2009). [CrossRef]
- R. Bernini, G. Testa, L. Zeni, and P. M. Sarro, “Integrated optofluidic Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on liquid core waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett.93(1), 011106 (2008). [CrossRef]
- A. R. Hawkins and H. Schmidt, “Optofluidic waveguides: II. Fabrication and structures,” Microfluid. Nanofluid.4(1-2), 17–32 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Schmidt and A. R. Hawkins, “Optofluidic waveguides: I. Concepts and implementations,” Microfluid. Nanofluid.4(1-2), 3–16 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. R. Woliński, S. Ertman, A. Czapla, P. Lesiak, K. Nowecka, A. W. Domanski, E. Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki, R. Dabrowski, and J. Wojcik, “Polarization effects in photonic liquid crystal fibers,” Meas. Sci. Technol.18(10), 3061–3069 (2007). [CrossRef]
- T. R. Wolinski, K. Szaniawska, S. Ertman, P. Lesiak, A. W. Domanski, R. Dabrowski, E. Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki, and J. Wojcik, “Influence of temperature and electrical field on propagation properties of photonic liquid-crystal fibres,” Meas. Sci. Technol.17(5), 985–991 (2006). [CrossRef]
- A. D’Alessandro, B. D. Donisi, R. Beccherelli, and R. Asquini, “Nematic liquid crystal optical channel waveguides on silicon,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.42(10), 1084–1090 (2006). [CrossRef]
- H. Schmidt, D. Yin, J. P. Barber, and A. R. Hawkins, “Hollow-core waveguides and 2-D waveguide arrays for integrated optics of gas and liquids,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.11(2), 519–527 (2005). [CrossRef]
- M. W. Haakestad, T. T. Alkeskjold, M. D. Nielsen, L. Scolari, J. Riishede, H. E. Engan, and A. Bjarklev, “Electrically tunable photonic bandgap guidance in a liquid-crystal-filled photonic crystal fiber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.17(4), 819–821 (2005). [CrossRef]
- F. Du, Y. Q. Lu, and S. T. Wu, “Electrically tunable liquid-crystal photonic crystal fiber,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(12), 2181–22183 (2004). [CrossRef]
- D. B. Wolfe, R. S. Conroy, P. Garstecki, B. T. Mayers, M. A. Fischbach, K. E. Paul, M. Prentiss, and G. M. Whitesides, “Dynamic control of liquid-core/liquid-cladding optical waveguides,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.101(34), 12434–12438 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Yin, D. W. Deamer, H. Schmidt, J. P. Barber, and A. R. Hawkins, “Integrated optical waveguides with liquid cores,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(16), 3477–3479 (2004). [CrossRef]
- J. B. Jensen, L. H. Pedersen, P. E. Hoiby, L. B. Nielsen, T. P. Hansen, J. R. Folkenberg, J. Riishede, D. Noordegraaf, K. Nielsen, A. Carlsen, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fiber based evanescent-wave sensor for detection of biomolecules in aqueous solutions,” Opt. Lett.29(17), 1974–1976 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Barón, “Definitions of basic terms relating to low-molar-mass and polymer liquid crystals,” Pure Appl. Chem.73(5), 845–895 (2001). [CrossRef]
- G. P. Bryan-Brown, E. L. Wood, and I. C. Sage, “Weak surface anchoring of liquid crystals,” Nature399(6734), 338–340 (1999). [CrossRef]
- V. K. Gupta, J. J. Skaife, T. B. Dubrovsky, and N. L. Abbott, “Optical amplification of ligand-receptor binding using liquid crystals,” Science279(5359), 2077–2080 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. A. Duguay, Y. Kokubun, T. L. Koch, and L. Pfeiffer, “Antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides in SiO2-Si multilayer structures,” Appl. Phys. Lett.49(1), 13–15 (1986). [CrossRef]
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