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Quantum dots (QDs) for photonic applicationsPrem Prabhakaran, Won Jin Kim, Kwang-Sup Lee, and Paras N. Prasad »View Author Affiliations
Prem Prabhakaran,1,2
Won Jin Kim,3
Kwang-Sup Lee,1,5,*
and Paras N. Prasad3,4,5
1Department of Advanced Materials, Hannam University, Daejeon 305-811, South Korea 2Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, Av. de la Physique, University Joseph Fourier, Saint Martin d'Heres 38402, France 3Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA 4pnprasad@buffalo.edu 5Both authors contributed equally to this paper. *Corresponding author: kslee@hnu.kr |
Optical Materials Express, Vol. 2, Issue 5, pp. 578-593 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OME.2.000578
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Abstract
Quantum dots and their chemical adaptation for various photonic applications are presented in this review. The use of quantum dots as photoactive components in many applications requires their combination with other materials playing specific roles for separation and transport of charge carriers. Achieving good interfaces between electronically matched component materials is key to improved performance in photodetectors, photovoltaics, electroluminescence application, etc.
© 2012 OSA
OCIS Codes
(040.5150) Detectors : Photoconductivity
(040.5160) Detectors : Photodetectors
(040.5350) Detectors : Photovoltaic
(110.3960) Imaging systems : Microlithography
(160.5320) Materials : Photorefractive materials
(230.5590) Optical devices : Quantum-well, -wire and -dot devices
(350.4238) Other areas of optics : Nanophotonics and photonic crystals
ToC Category:
Nanomaterials
History
Original Manuscript: February 21, 2012
Revised Manuscript: April 4, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: April 5, 2012
Published: April 10, 2012
Virtual Issues
Quantum Dots for Photonic Applications (2012) Optical Materials Express
(2012) Advances in Optics and Photonics
Citation
Prem Prabhakaran, Won Jin Kim, Kwang-Sup Lee, and Paras N. Prasad, "Quantum dots (QDs) for photonic applications," Opt. Mater. Express 2, 578-593 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ome/abstract.cfm?URI=ome-2-5-578
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References
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- S. J. Kim, W. J. Kim, A. N. Cartwright, and P. N. Prasad, “Carrier multiplication in a PbSe nanocrystal and P3HT/PCBM tandem cell,” Appl. Phys. Lett.92(19), 191107 (2008). [CrossRef]
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- R. Thapa, K. R. Choudhury, W. J. Kim, Y. Sahoo, A. N. Cartwright, and P. N. Prasad, “Polymeric nanocomposite infrared photovoltaics enhanced by pentacene,” Appl. Phys. Lett.90(25), 252112 (2007). [CrossRef]
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- W. K. Bae, K. Char, H. Hur, and S. Lee, “Single-step synthesis of quantum dots with chemical composition gradients,” Chem. Mater.20(2), 531–539 (2008). [CrossRef]
- J. Seo, M. J. Cho, D. Lee, A. N. Cartwright, and P. N. Prasad, “Efficient heterojunction photovoltaic cell utilizing nanocomposites of lead sulfide nanocrystals and a low-bandgap polymer,” Adv. Mater.23(34), 3984–3988 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J.-J. Park, P. Prabhakaran, K. K. Jang, Y. Lee, J. Lee, K. Lee, J. Hur, J.-M. Kim, N. Cho, Y. Son, D.-Y. Yang, and K.-S. Lee, “Photopatternable quantum dots forming quasi-ordered arrays,” Nano Lett.10(7), 2310–2317 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. S. Kim, W. J. Kim, N. Cho, S. Shukla, H. Yoon, J. Jang, P. N. Prasad, T.-D. Kim, and K.-S. Lee, “Synthesis and properties of quantum dot-polypyrrole nanotube composites for photovoltaic application,” J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol.9(12), 6957–6961 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- N. Cho, K. Roy Choudhury, R. B. Thapa, Y. Sahoo, T. Ohulchanskyy, A. N. Cartwright, K.-S. Lee, and P. N. Prasad, “Efficient photodetection at IR wavelengths by incorporation of PbSe–carbon nanotube conjugates in a polymeric nanocomposite,” Adv. Mater.19(2), 232–236 (2007). [CrossRef]
- R. Thapa, K. R. Choudhury, W. J. Kim, Y. Sahoo, A. N. Cartwright, and P. N. Prasad, “Polymeric nanocomposite infrared photovoltaics enhanced by pentacene,” Appl. Phys. Lett.90(25), 252112 (2007). [CrossRef]
- K. R. Choudhury, W. J. Kim, Y. Sahoo, K.-S. Lee, and P. N. Prasad, “Solution-processed pentacene quantum-dot polymeric nanocomposite for infrared photodetection,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89(5), 051109 (2006). [CrossRef]
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- L. Martiradonna, A. Qualtieri, T. Stomeo, L. Carbone, R. Cingolani, and M. De Vittorio, “Lithographic nano-patterning of colloidal nanocrystal emitters for the fabrication of waveguide photonic devices,” Sens. Actuators B Chem.126(1), 116–119 (2007). [CrossRef]
- S. Coe, W.-K. Woo, M. Bawendi, and V. Bulović, “Electroluminescence from single monolayers of nanocrystals in molecular organic devices,” Nature420(6917), 800–803 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. W. Yu, J. C. Falkner, B. S. Shih, and V. L. Colvin, “Preparation and characterization of monodisperse PbSe semiconductor nanocrystals in a noncoordinating solvent,” Chem. Mater.16(17), 3318–3322 (2004). [CrossRef]
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- S. J. Kim, W. J. Kim, Y. Sahoo, A. N. Cartwright, and P. N. Prasad, “Multiple exciton generation and electrical extraction from a PbSe quantum dot photoconductor,” Appl. Phys. Lett.92(3), 031107 (2008). [CrossRef]
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- D. Qi, M. Fischbein, M. Drndic, and S. Selmic, “Efficient polymer-nanocrystal quantum-dot photodetectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett.86(9), 093103 (2005). [CrossRef]
- K. R. Choudhury, W. J. Kim, Y. Sahoo, K.-S. Lee, and P. N. Prasad, “Solution-processed pentacene quantum-dot polymeric nanocomposite for infrared photodetection,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89(5), 051109 (2006). [CrossRef]
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- J. Zhu, W. J. Kim, G. S. He, J. Seo, K.-T. Yong, D. Lee, A. N. Cartwright, Y. Cui, and P. N. Prasad, “Enhanced photorefractivity in a polymer/nanocrystal composite photorefractive device at telecom- munication wavelength,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(26), 263108 (2010). [CrossRef]
- J. Seo, W. J. Kim, S. J. Kim, K.-S. Lee, A. N. Cartwright, and P. N. Prasad, “Polymer nanocomposite photovoltaics utilizing CdSe nanocrystals capped with a thermally cleavable solubilizing ligand,” Appl. Phys. Lett.94(13), 133302 (2009). [CrossRef]
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
- H. Arya, Z. Kaul, R. Wadhwa, K. Taira, T. Hirano, and S. C. Kaul, “Quantum dots in bio-imaging: Revolution by the small,” Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.329(4), 1173–1177 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Chem. Mater.
- W. W. Yu, J. C. Falkner, B. S. Shih, and V. L. Colvin, “Preparation and characterization of monodisperse PbSe semiconductor nanocrystals in a noncoordinating solvent,” Chem. Mater.16(17), 3318–3322 (2004). [CrossRef]
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Chem. Phys. Lett.
- A. J. Nozik, “Multiple exciton generation in semiconductor quantum dots,” Chem. Phys. Lett.457(1–3), 3–11 (2008). [CrossRef]
Chem. Rev.
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Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci.
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Inorg. Chem.
- A. J. Nozik, “Exciton multiplication and relaxation dynamics in quantum dots: applications to ultrahigh-efficiency solar photon conversion,” Inorg. Chem.44(20), 6893–6899 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
- Z. A. Peng and X. Peng, “Formation of high-quality CdTe, CdSe, and CdS nanocrystals using CdO as precursor,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.123(1), 183–184 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Afzali, C. D. Dimitrakopoulos, and T. L. Breen, “High-performance, solution-processed organic thin film transistors from a novel pentacene precursor,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.124(30), 8812–8813 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- J. G. Winiarz, L. Zhang, M. Lal, C. S. Friend, and P. N. Prasad, “Observation of the photorefractive effect in a hybrid organic−inorganic nanocomposite,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.121(22), 5287–5295 (1999). [CrossRef]
J. Appl. Phys.
- M. C. Hanna and A. J. Nozik, “Solar conversion efficiency of photovoltaic and photoelectrolysis cells with carrier multiplication absorbers,” J. Appl. Phys.100(7), 074510 (2006). [CrossRef]
J. Mater. Chem.
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J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol.
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Langmuir
- S. Jun, E. Jang, J. Park, and J. Kim, “Photopatterned semiconductor nanocrystals and their electroluminescence from hybrid light-emitting devices,” Langmuir22(6), 2407–2410 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
MRS Bull.
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Nano Lett.
- P. O. Anikeeva, J. E. Halpert, M. G. Bawendi, and V. Bulović, “Quantum dot light-emitting devices with electroluminescence tunable over the entire visible spectrum,” Nano Lett.9(7), 2532–2536 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Qu, Z. A. Peng, and X. Peng, “Alternative routes toward high quality CdSe nanocrystals,” Nano Lett.1(6), 333–337 (2001). [CrossRef]
- W. J. Kim, S. J. Kim, K.-S. Lee, M. Samoc, A. N. Cartwright, and P. N. Prasad, “Robust microstructures using UV photopatternable semiconductor nanocrystals,” Nano Lett.8(10), 3262–3265 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Jasieniak, B. I. MacDonald, S. E. Watkins, and P. Mulvaney, “Solution-processed sintered nanocrystal solar cells via layer-by-layer assembly,” Nano Lett.11(7), 2856–2864 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J.-J. Park, P. Prabhakaran, K. K. Jang, Y. Lee, J. Lee, K. Lee, J. Hur, J.-M. Kim, N. Cho, Y. Son, D.-Y. Yang, and K.-S. Lee, “Photopatternable quantum dots forming quasi-ordered arrays,” Nano Lett.10(7), 2310–2317 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. C. Beard, K. P. Knutsen, P. Yu, J. M. Luther, Q. Song, W. K. Metzger, R. J. Ellingson, and A. J. Nozik, “Multiple exciton generation in colloidal silicon nanocrystals,” Nano Lett.7(8), 2506–2512 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. M. Luther, M. C. Beard, Q. Song, M. Law, R. J. Ellingson, and A. J. Nozik, “Multiple exciton generation in films of electronically coupled PbSe quantum dots,” Nano Lett.7(6), 1779–1784 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Nanotechnology
- J. Seo, S. J. Kim, W. J. Kim, R. Singh, M. Samoc, A. N. Cartwright, and P. N. Prasad, “Enhancement of the photovoltaic performance in PbS nanocrystal:P3HT hybrid composite devices by post-treatment-driven ligand exchange,” Nanotechnology20(9), 095202 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Nat. Mater.
- J. M. Luther, P. K. Jain, T. Ewers, and A. P. Alivisatos, “Localized surface plasmon resonances arising from free carriers in doped quantum dots,” Nat. Mater.10(5), 361–366 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. A. McDonald, G. Konstantatos, S. Zhang, P. W. Cyr, E. J. D. Klem, L. Levina, and E. H. Sargent, “Solution-processed PbS quantum dot infrared photodetectors and photovoltaics,” Nat. Mater.4(2), 138–142 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Nat. Nanotechnol.
- N. Ganesh, W. Zhang, P. C. Mathias, E. Chow, J. A. N. T. Soares, V. Malyarchuk, A. D. Smith, and B. T. Cunningham, “Enhanced fluorescence emission from quantum dots on a photonic crystal surface,” Nat. Nanotechnol.2(8), 515–520 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Nat. Photonics
- K. Aoki, D. Guimard, M. Nishioka, M. Nomura, S. Iwamoto, and Y. Arakawa, “Coupling of quantum-dot light emission with a three-dimensional photonic-crystal nanocavity,” Nat. Photonics2(11), 688–692 (2008). [CrossRef]
Nature
- S. Coe, W.-K. Woo, M. Bawendi, and V. Bulović, “Electroluminescence from single monolayers of nanocrystals in molecular organic devices,” Nature420(6917), 800–803 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. L. Volodin, B. Kippelen, K. Meerholz, B. Javidi, and N. Peyghambarian, “A polymeric optical pattern-recognition system for security verification,” Nature383(6595), 58–60 (1996). [CrossRef]
Science
- N. Tessler, V. Medvedev, M. Kazes, S. Kan, and U. Banin, “Efficient near-infrared polymer nanocrystal light-emitting diodes,” Science295(5559), 1506–1508 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. V. Talapin and C. B. Murray, “PbSe nanocrystal solids for n- and p-channel thin film field-effect transistors,” Science310(5745), 86–89 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. Gur, N. A. Fromer, M. L. Geier, and A. P. Alivisatos, “Air-stable all-inorganic nanocrystal solar cells processed from solution,” Science310(5747), 462–465 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. U. Huynh, J. J. Dittmer, and A. P. Alivisatos, “Hybrid nanorod-polymer solar cells,” Science295(5564), 2425–2427 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Sens. Actuators B Chem.
- L. Martiradonna, A. Qualtieri, T. Stomeo, L. Carbone, R. Cingolani, and M. De Vittorio, “Lithographic nano-patterning of colloidal nanocrystal emitters for the fabrication of waveguide photonic devices,” Sens. Actuators B Chem.126(1), 116–119 (2007). [CrossRef]
Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells
- S. J. Kim, W. J. Kim, A. N. Cartwright, and P. N. Prasad, “Self-passivating hybrid (organic/inorganic) tandem solar cell,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells93(5), 657–661 (2009). [CrossRef]
Other
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- P. N. Prasad, Nanophotonics, 1st ed. (John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, 2004).
2012, Moulé, J. Mater. Chem.
- A. J. Moulé, L. Chang, C. Thambidurai, R. Vidu, and P. Stroeve, “Hybrid solar cells: basic principles and the role of ligands,” J. Mater. Chem.22(6), 2351–2368 (2012). [CrossRef]
- J. Seo, M. J. Cho, D. Lee, A. N. Cartwright, and P. N. Prasad, “Efficient heterojunction photovoltaic cell utilizing nanocomposites of lead sulfide nanocrystals and a low-bandgap polymer,” Adv. Mater.23(34), 3984–3988 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Jasieniak, B. I. MacDonald, S. E. Watkins, and P. Mulvaney, “Solution-processed sintered nanocrystal solar cells via layer-by-layer assembly,” Nano Lett.11(7), 2856–2864 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- A. J. Nozik, M. C. Beard, J. M. Luther, M. Law, R. J. Ellingson, and J. C. Johnson, “Semiconductor quantum dots and quantum dot arrays and applications of multiple exciton generation to third-generation photovoltaic solar cells,” Chem. Rev.110(11), 6873–6890 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J.-J. Park, P. Prabhakaran, K. K. Jang, Y. Lee, J. Lee, K. Lee, J. Hur, J.-M. Kim, N. Cho, Y. Son, D.-Y. Yang, and K.-S. Lee, “Photopatternable quantum dots forming quasi-ordered arrays,” Nano Lett.10(7), 2310–2317 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Zhu, W. J. Kim, G. S. He, J. Seo, K.-T. Yong, D. Lee, A. N. Cartwright, Y. Cui, and P. N. Prasad, “Enhanced photorefractivity in a polymer/nanocrystal composite photorefractive device at telecom- munication wavelength,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(26), 263108 (2010). [CrossRef]
- J. Seo, W. J. Kim, S. J. Kim, K.-S. Lee, A. N. Cartwright, and P. N. Prasad, “Polymer nanocomposite photovoltaics utilizing CdSe nanocrystals capped with a thermally cleavable solubilizing ligand,” Appl. Phys. Lett.94(13), 133302 (2009). [CrossRef]
- P. O. Anikeeva, J. E. Halpert, M. G. Bawendi, and V. Bulović, “Quantum dot light-emitting devices with electroluminescence tunable over the entire visible spectrum,” Nano Lett.9(7), 2532–2536 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. S. Kim, W. J. Kim, N. Cho, S. Shukla, H. Yoon, J. Jang, P. N. Prasad, T.-D. Kim, and K.-S. Lee, “Synthesis and properties of quantum dot-polypyrrole nanotube composites for photovoltaic application,” J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol.9(12), 6957–6961 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Seo, S. J. Kim, W. J. Kim, R. Singh, M. Samoc, A. N. Cartwright, and P. N. Prasad, “Enhancement of the photovoltaic performance in PbS nanocrystal:P3HT hybrid composite devices by post-treatment-driven ligand exchange,” Nanotechnology20(9), 095202 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. J. Kim, W. J. Kim, A. N. Cartwright, and P. N. Prasad, “Self-passivating hybrid (organic/inorganic) tandem solar cell,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells93(5), 657–661 (2009). [CrossRef]
- M. Law, J. M. Luther, Q. Song, B. K. Hughes, C. L. Perkins, and A. J. Nozik, “Structural, optical, and electrical properties of PbSe nanocrystal solids treated thermally or with simple amines,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.130(18), 5974–5985 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Müller, T. A. M. Ferenczi, M. Campoy-Quiles, J. M. Frost, D. D. C. Bradley, P. Smith, N. Stingelin-Stutzmann, and J. Nelson, “Binary organic photovoltaic blends: a simple rationale for optimum compositions,” Adv. Mater.20(18), 3510–3515 (2008). [CrossRef]
- S. J. Kim, W. J. Kim, Y. Sahoo, A. N. Cartwright, and P. N. Prasad, “Multiple exciton generation and electrical extraction from a PbSe quantum dot photoconductor,” Appl. Phys. Lett.92(3), 031107 (2008). [CrossRef]
- W. J. Kim, S. J. Kim, K.-S. Lee, M. Samoc, A. N. Cartwright, and P. N. Prasad, “Robust microstructures using UV photopatternable semiconductor nanocrystals,” Nano Lett.8(10), 3262–3265 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. K. Bae, K. Char, H. Hur, and S. Lee, “Single-step synthesis of quantum dots with chemical composition gradients,” Chem. Mater.20(2), 531–539 (2008). [CrossRef]
- A. J. Nozik, “Multiple exciton generation in semiconductor quantum dots,” Chem. Phys. Lett.457(1–3), 3–11 (2008). [CrossRef]
- K. Aoki, D. Guimard, M. Nishioka, M. Nomura, S. Iwamoto, and Y. Arakawa, “Coupling of quantum-dot light emission with a three-dimensional photonic-crystal nanocavity,” Nat. Photonics2(11), 688–692 (2008). [CrossRef]
- S. J. Kim, W. J. Kim, A. N. Cartwright, and P. N. Prasad, “Carrier multiplication in a PbSe nanocrystal and P3HT/PCBM tandem cell,” Appl. Phys. Lett.92(19), 191107 (2008). [CrossRef]
- N. Cho, K. Roy Choudhury, R. B. Thapa, Y. Sahoo, T. Ohulchanskyy, A. N. Cartwright, K.-S. Lee, and P. N. Prasad, “Efficient photodetection at IR wavelengths by incorporation of PbSe–carbon nanotube conjugates in a polymeric nanocomposite,” Adv. Mater.19(2), 232–236 (2007). [CrossRef]
- N. Ganesh, W. Zhang, P. C. Mathias, E. Chow, J. A. N. T. Soares, V. Malyarchuk, A. D. Smith, and B. T. Cunningham, “Enhanced fluorescence emission from quantum dots on a photonic crystal surface,” Nat. Nanotechnol.2(8), 515–520 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Martiradonna, A. Qualtieri, T. Stomeo, L. Carbone, R. Cingolani, and M. De Vittorio, “Lithographic nano-patterning of colloidal nanocrystal emitters for the fabrication of waveguide photonic devices,” Sens. Actuators B Chem.126(1), 116–119 (2007). [CrossRef]
- A. Luque, A. Martí, and A. J. Nozik, “Solar cells based on quantum dots: multiple exciton generation and intermediate bands,” MRS Bull.32(03), 236–241 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. C. Beard, K. P. Knutsen, P. Yu, J. M. Luther, Q. Song, W. K. Metzger, R. J. Ellingson, and A. J. Nozik, “Multiple exciton generation in colloidal silicon nanocrystals,” Nano Lett.7(8), 2506–2512 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. M. Luther, M. C. Beard, Q. Song, M. Law, R. J. Ellingson, and A. J. Nozik, “Multiple exciton generation in films of electronically coupled PbSe quantum dots,” Nano Lett.7(6), 1779–1784 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Thapa, K. R. Choudhury, W. J. Kim, Y. Sahoo, A. N. Cartwright, and P. N. Prasad, “Polymeric nanocomposite infrared photovoltaics enhanced by pentacene,” Appl. Phys. Lett.90(25), 252112 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. C. Hanna and A. J. Nozik, “Solar conversion efficiency of photovoltaic and photoelectrolysis cells with carrier multiplication absorbers,” J. Appl. Phys.100(7), 074510 (2006). [CrossRef]
- V. I. Klimov, “Detailed-balance power conversion limits of nanocrystal-quantum-dot solar cells in the presence of carrier multiplication,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89(12), 123118 (2006). [CrossRef]
- K. R. Choudhury, W. J. Kim, Y. Sahoo, K.-S. Lee, and P. N. Prasad, “Solution-processed pentacene quantum-dot polymeric nanocomposite for infrared photodetection,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89(5), 051109 (2006). [CrossRef]
- S. Jun, E. Jang, J. Park, and J. Kim, “Photopatterned semiconductor nanocrystals and their electroluminescence from hybrid light-emitting devices,” Langmuir22(6), 2407–2410 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Arya, Z. Kaul, R. Wadhwa, K. Taira, T. Hirano, and S. C. Kaul, “Quantum dots in bio-imaging: Revolution by the small,” Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.329(4), 1173–1177 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. J. Nozik, “Exciton multiplication and relaxation dynamics in quantum dots: applications to ultrahigh-efficiency solar photon conversion,” Inorg. Chem.44(20), 6893–6899 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. A. McDonald, G. Konstantatos, S. Zhang, P. W. Cyr, E. J. D. Klem, L. Levina, and E. H. Sargent, “Solution-processed PbS quantum dot infrared photodetectors and photovoltaics,” Nat. Mater.4(2), 138–142 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Qi, M. Fischbein, M. Drndic, and S. Selmic, “Efficient polymer-nanocrystal quantum-dot photodetectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett.86(9), 093103 (2005). [CrossRef]
- D. V. Talapin and C. B. Murray, “PbSe nanocrystal solids for n- and p-channel thin film field-effect transistors,” Science310(5745), 86–89 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. Gur, N. A. Fromer, M. L. Geier, and A. P. Alivisatos, “Air-stable all-inorganic nanocrystal solar cells processed from solution,” Science310(5747), 462–465 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. W. Yu, J. C. Falkner, B. S. Shih, and V. L. Colvin, “Preparation and characterization of monodisperse PbSe semiconductor nanocrystals in a noncoordinating solvent,” Chem. Mater.16(17), 3318–3322 (2004). [CrossRef]
- M. A. Hines and G. D. Scholes, “Colloidal PbS nanocrystals with size-tunable near-infrared emission: observation of post-synthesis self-narrowing of the particle size distribution,” Adv. Mater.15(21), 1844–1849 (2003). [CrossRef]
- W. U. Huynh, J. J. Dittmer, and A. P. Alivisatos, “Hybrid nanorod-polymer solar cells,” Science295(5564), 2425–2427 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Coe, W.-K. Woo, M. Bawendi, and V. Bulović, “Electroluminescence from single monolayers of nanocrystals in molecular organic devices,” Nature420(6917), 800–803 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- N. Tessler, V. Medvedev, M. Kazes, S. Kan, and U. Banin, “Efficient near-infrared polymer nanocrystal light-emitting diodes,” Science295(5559), 1506–1508 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Afzali, C. D. Dimitrakopoulos, and T. L. Breen, “High-performance, solution-processed organic thin film transistors from a novel pentacene precursor,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.124(30), 8812–8813 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. J. Bukowski and J. H. Simmons, “Quantum dot research: current state and future prospects,” Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci.27(3-4), 119–142 (2002). [CrossRef]
- Z. A. Peng and X. Peng, “Formation of high-quality CdTe, CdSe, and CdS nanocrystals using CdO as precursor,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.123(1), 183–184 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Qu, Z. A. Peng, and X. Peng, “Alternative routes toward high quality CdSe nanocrystals,” Nano Lett.1(6), 333–337 (2001). [CrossRef]
- J. G. Winiarz, L. Zhang, M. Lal, C. S. Friend, and P. N. Prasad, “Observation of the photorefractive effect in a hybrid organic−inorganic nanocomposite,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.121(22), 5287–5295 (1999). [CrossRef]
- B. L. Volodin, B. Kippelen, K. Meerholz, B. Javidi, and N. Peyghambarian, “A polymeric optical pattern-recognition system for security verification,” Nature383(6595), 58–60 (1996). [CrossRef]
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