Regeneration and helium: regenerating Bragg gratings in helium-loaded germanosilicate optical fibre

doi:10.1364/OME.2.001733

Regeneration and helium: regenerating Bragg gratings in helium-loaded germanosilicate optical fibre

Kevin Cook, Li-Yang Shao, and John Canning »View Author Affiliations

Optical Materials Express, Vol. 2, Issue 12, pp. 1733-1742 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OME.2.001733

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Abstract

We have demonstrated successful regeneration of optical fibre Bragg gratings that have been loaded with helium as opposed to hydrogen. The high temperature stability of these gratings is shown to be comparable to the gratings regenerated using hydrogen – surviving temperatures in excess of 900 °C for over 4 hours. These results using an inert gas confirm our previous model where mechanical relaxations dominate regeneration. Consistent with this, He is also observed to play no local role in changing index modulation whilst increasing average index change during grating writing.

OCIS Codes
(060.2400) Fiber optics and optical communications : Fiber properties
(160.2750) Materials : Glass and other amorphous materials
(060.3738) Fiber optics and optical communications : Fiber Bragg gratings, photosensitivity
(280.4788) Remote sensing and sensors : Optical sensing and sensors

ToC Category:
Glass and Other Amorphous Materials

History
Original Manuscript: September 18, 2012
Revised Manuscript: October 23, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: October 29, 2012
Published: November 6, 2012

Citation
Kevin Cook, Li-Yang Shao, and John Canning, "Regeneration and helium: regenerating Bragg gratings in helium-loaded germanosilicate optical fibre," Opt. Mater. Express 2, 1733-1742 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ome/abstract.cfm?URI=ome-2-12-1733

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References

J. Canning and S. Bandyopadhyay, “Thermally processing glass with nanoscale resolution,” Laser Growth and Processing of Photonic Devices, N. Vainos, ed. (Woodhouse Publishing, 2012).
J. Canning, “Regenerated gratings for optical sensing in harsh environments,” (Invited talk) at Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity and Poling in Glass Waveguides (BGPP), OSA’s Advanced Photonics Congress that Cheyenne Mountain Resort, Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States (2012).
S. Bandyopadhyay, J. Canning, M. Stevenson, and K. Cook, “Ultrahigh-temperature regenerated gratings in boron-codoped germanosilicate optical fiber using 193 nm,” Opt. Lett.33(16), 1917–1919 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Canning, M. Stevenson, S. Bandyopadhyay, and K. Cook, “Extreme silica optical fibre gratings,” Sensors (Basel Switzerland)8(10), 6448–6452 (2008). [CrossRef]
S. Bandyopadhyay, J. Canning, P. Biswas, M. Stevenson, and K. Dasgupta, “A study of regenerated gratings produced in germanosilicate fibers by high temperature annealing,” Opt. Express19(2), 1198–1206 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Canning, S. Bandyopadhyay, M. Stevenson, P. Biswas, J. Fenton, and M. Aslund, “Regenerated gratings,” J. Euro. Opt. Soc. Rapid Publ.4, 09052 (2009). [CrossRef]
E. Lindner, J. Canning, C. Chojetzki, S. Brückner, M. Becker, M. Rothhardt, and H. Bartelt, “Post-hydrogen-loaded draw tower fiber Bragg gratings and their thermal regeneration,” Appl. Opt.50(17), 2519–2522 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
K. Cook, C. Smelser, J. Canning, G. le Garff, M. Lancry, and S. Mihailov, “Regenerated femtosecond fibre gratings,” Proc. SPIE8351, 835111 (2012). [CrossRef]
M. L. Åslund, J. Canning, A. Canagasabey, R. A. de Oliveira, Y. Liu, K. Cook, and G.-D. Peng, “Mapping the thermal distribution within a silica preform tube using regenerated fibre Bragg gratings,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer55(11–12), 3288–3294 (2012). [CrossRef]
F. Mezzadri, F. C. Janzen, C. Martelli, J. Canning, and K. Cook, “Monitoramento de temperatura em turbina de motor diesel de locomotiva com sensor a fibra óptica,” MOMAG2012 – 15th Brazilian Symposium for Microwaves and Optoelectronics (SBMO) and the 10th Brazilian Congress for Electromagnetics (CBMag), Brazil (2012).
K. Chen, T. Chen, J. B. Negley, D. Grobnic, S. J. Mihailov, and J. Canning, “Thermally regenerated fiber Bragg gratings in air-hole microstructured fibre,” (Invited talk) SPIE Defence, Security and Sensing, Orlando, United States (2011).
K. W. Raine, R. Feced, S. E. Kanellopoulos, and V. A. Handerek, “Measurement of axial stress at high spatial resolution in ultraviolet-exposed fibers,” Appl. Opt.38(7), 1086–1095 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
P. J. Lemaire, “Reliability of optical fibers exposed to hydrogen: prediction of long-term loss increases,” Opt. Eng.30(6), 780–789 (1991). [CrossRef]
D. E. Swets, R. W. Lee, and R. C. Frank, “Diffusion coefficients of helium in fused quartz,” J. Chem. Phys.34(1), 17–22 (1961). [CrossRef]
F. Bhakti, J. Larrey, P. Sansonetti, and B. Poumellec, “Impact of in-fiber and out-fiber diffusion on central wavelength of UV-written long period gratings,” in Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Fundamentals and Applications, Vol. 17, 1997 OSA Technical Series, paper BSuD2, pp. 55–57 (1997).
J. Canning, H. R. Sørensen, and M. Kristensen, “Solid-state autocatalysis and oscillatory reactions in silicate glass systems,” Opt. Commun.260(2), 595–600 (2006). [CrossRef]
H. R. Sørensen, J. Canning, and M. Kristensen, “Thermal hypersensitisation and grating evolution in Ge-doped optical fibre,” Opt. Express13(7), 2276–2281 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. L. Åslund, J. Canning, M. Stevenson, and K. Cook, “Thermal stabilization of Type I fiber Bragg gratings for operation up to 600°C,” Opt. Lett.35(4), 586–588 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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[1] J. Canning and S. Bandyopadhyay, “Thermally processing glass with nanoscale resolution,” Laser Growth and Processing of Photonic Devices, N. Vainos, ed. (Woodhouse Publishing, 2012).

[2] J. Canning, “Regenerated gratings for optical sensing in harsh environments,” (Invited talk) at Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity and Poling in Glass Waveguides (BGPP), OSA’s Advanced Photonics Congress that Cheyenne Mountain Resort, Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States (2012).

[3] S. Bandyopadhyay, J. Canning, M. Stevenson, and K. Cook, “Ultrahigh-temperature regenerated gratings in boron-codoped germanosilicate optical fiber using 193 nm,” Opt. Lett.33(16), 1917–1919 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[4] J. Canning, M. Stevenson, S. Bandyopadhyay, and K. Cook, “Extreme silica optical fibre gratings,” Sensors (Basel Switzerland)8(10), 6448–6452 (2008). [CrossRef]

[5] S. Bandyopadhyay, J. Canning, P. Biswas, M. Stevenson, and K. Dasgupta, “A study of regenerated gratings produced in germanosilicate fibers by high temperature annealing,” Opt. Express19(2), 1198–1206 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[6] J. Canning, S. Bandyopadhyay, M. Stevenson, P. Biswas, J. Fenton, and M. Aslund, “Regenerated gratings,” J. Euro. Opt. Soc. Rapid Publ.4, 09052 (2009). [CrossRef]

[7] E. Lindner, J. Canning, C. Chojetzki, S. Brückner, M. Becker, M. Rothhardt, and H. Bartelt, “Post-hydrogen-loaded draw tower fiber Bragg gratings and their thermal regeneration,” Appl. Opt.50(17), 2519–2522 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[8] K. Cook, C. Smelser, J. Canning, G. le Garff, M. Lancry, and S. Mihailov, “Regenerated femtosecond fibre gratings,” Proc. SPIE8351, 835111 (2012). [CrossRef]

[9] M. L. Åslund, J. Canning, A. Canagasabey, R. A. de Oliveira, Y. Liu, K. Cook, and G.-D. Peng, “Mapping the thermal distribution within a silica preform tube using regenerated fibre Bragg gratings,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer55(11–12), 3288–3294 (2012). [CrossRef]

[10] F. Mezzadri, F. C. Janzen, C. Martelli, J. Canning, and K. Cook, “Monitoramento de temperatura em turbina de motor diesel de locomotiva com sensor a fibra óptica,” MOMAG2012 – 15th Brazilian Symposium for Microwaves and Optoelectronics (SBMO) and the 10th Brazilian Congress for Electromagnetics (CBMag), Brazil (2012).

[11] K. Chen, T. Chen, J. B. Negley, D. Grobnic, S. J. Mihailov, and J. Canning, “Thermally regenerated fiber Bragg gratings in air-hole microstructured fibre,” (Invited talk) SPIE Defence, Security and Sensing, Orlando, United States (2011).

[12] K. W. Raine, R. Feced, S. E. Kanellopoulos, and V. A. Handerek, “Measurement of axial stress at high spatial resolution in ultraviolet-exposed fibers,” Appl. Opt.38(7), 1086–1095 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[13] P. J. Lemaire, “Reliability of optical fibers exposed to hydrogen: prediction of long-term loss increases,” Opt. Eng.30(6), 780–789 (1991). [CrossRef]

[14] D. E. Swets, R. W. Lee, and R. C. Frank, “Diffusion coefficients of helium in fused quartz,” J. Chem. Phys.34(1), 17–22 (1961). [CrossRef]

[15] F. Bhakti, J. Larrey, P. Sansonetti, and B. Poumellec, “Impact of in-fiber and out-fiber diffusion on central wavelength of UV-written long period gratings,” in Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Fundamentals and Applications, Vol. 17, 1997 OSA Technical Series, paper BSuD2, pp. 55–57 (1997).

[16] J. Canning, H. R. Sørensen, and M. Kristensen, “Solid-state autocatalysis and oscillatory reactions in silicate glass systems,” Opt. Commun.260(2), 595–600 (2006). [CrossRef]

[17] H. R. Sørensen, J. Canning, and M. Kristensen, “Thermal hypersensitisation and grating evolution in Ge-doped optical fibre,” Opt. Express13(7), 2276–2281 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[18] M. L. Åslund, J. Canning, M. Stevenson, and K. Cook, “Thermal stabilization of Type I fiber Bragg gratings for operation up to 600°C,” Opt. Lett.35(4), 586–588 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[19] http://www.sciner.com/Opticsland/FS.htm

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Regeneration and helium: regenerating Bragg gratings in helium-loaded germanosilicate optical fibre

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