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Compact TCBD based molecules and supramolecular assemblies for third-order nonlinear opticsMarten T. Beels, Michelle S. Fleischman, Ivan Biaggio, Benjamin Breiten, Markus Jordan, and François Diederich »View Author Affiliations
Marten T. Beels,1,*
Michelle S. Fleischman,1
Ivan Biaggio,1
Benjamin Breiten,2
Markus Jordan,2
and François Diederich2
1Department of Physics, Lehigh University, 16 Memorial Drive East, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA 2Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH-Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland *Corresponding author: mtb308@lehigh.edu |
Optical Materials Express, Vol. 2, Issue 3, pp. 294-303 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OME.2.000294
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Abstract
We present linear and nonlinear optical properties of small donor-acceptor substituted molecules for third-order nonlinear optics and of their dense assemblies created by molecular beam deposition in high vacuum. The molecules are variations on the DDMEBT molecule, obtained by varying the structure of the electron donating groups around a compact conjugated core derived from a tetracyanobutadiene (TCBD) group. We discuss the optical properties, lifetime, losses, and robustness of vapor-deposited DDMEBT thin films and the influence of the different end-groups on both the linear and nonlinear optical properties of the molecules and the resulting supramolecular assemblies.
© 2012 OSA
OCIS Codes
(190.4400) Nonlinear optics : Nonlinear optics, materials
(190.4710) Nonlinear optics : Optical nonlinearities in organic materials
ToC Category:
Nonlinear Optical Materials
History
Original Manuscript: January 3, 2012
Revised Manuscript: February 11, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: February 13, 2012
Published: February 21, 2012
Citation
Marten T. Beels, Michelle S. Fleischman, Ivan Biaggio, Benjamin Breiten, Markus Jordan, and François Diederich, "Compact TCBD based molecules and supramolecular assemblies for third-order nonlinear optics," Opt. Mater. Express 2, 294-303 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ome/abstract.cfm?URI=ome-2-3-294
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References
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- T. Vallaitis, R. Bonk, J. Guetlein, D. Hillerkuss, J. Li, W. Freude, J. Leuthold, C. Koos, M. L. Scimeca, I. Biaggio, F. Diederich, B. Breiten, P. Dumon, and R. Baets, “All-optical wavelength conversion of 56 Gbit/s NRZ-DQPSK signals in silicon-organic hybrid strip waveguides,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2010), paper OTuN1.
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- T. Michinobu, C. Boudon, J.-P. Gisselbrecht, P. Seiler, B. Frank, N. Moonen, M. Gross, and F. Diederich, “Donor-substituted 1,1,4,4-tetracyanobutadienes (TCBDs): New chromophores with efficient intramolecular charge-transfer interactions by atom-economic synthesis,” Chem.-Eur. J.12, 1889–1905 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Michinobu, J. C. May, J. H. Lim, C. Boudon, J.-P. Gisselbrecht, P. Seiler, M. Gross, I. Biaggio, and F. Diederich, “A new class of organic donor–acceptor molecules with large third-order optical nonlinearities,” Chem. Commun. (6), 737–739 (2005). [CrossRef]
- N. Moonen, W. C. Pomerantz, R. Gist, C. Boudon, J.-P. Gisselbrecht, T. Kawai, A. Kishoka, M. Gross, M. Irie, and F. Diederich, “Donor-substituted cyanoethynylethenes: π-conjugation and band-gap tuning in strong charge-transfer chromophores,” Chem. Eur. J.11, 3325–3341 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Breiten, Y. Wu, P. Jarowsky, J.-P. Gisselbrecht, C. Boudon, M. Griesser, C. Onitsch, G. Gescheidt, W. Schweizer, N. Langer, C. Lennartz, and F. Diederich, “Donor-substituted octacyano[4]dendralenes: a new class of cyano-rich nonplanar organic acceptors,” Chem. Sci.2, 88–93 (2011). [CrossRef]
- B. B. Frank, P. R. Laporta, B. Breiten, M. C. Kuzyk, P. D. Jarowski, W. B. Schweizer, P. Seiler, I. Biaggio, C. Boudon, J.-P. Gisselbrecht, and F. Diederich, “Comparison of cc triple and double bonds as spacers in pushpull chromophores,” Eur. J. Org. Chem.2011, 4307–4317 (2011). [CrossRef]
- B. Breiten, “Acetylenic scaffolding. nonplanar push-pull chromophores for opto-electronic applications,” Phd dissertation (ETH, Zürich, 2011). DOI:. [CrossRef]
- W. Freude, T. Vallaitis, C. Koos, J.-M. Brosi, L. Alloatti, P. Dumon, R. Baets, M. L. Scimeca, I. Biaggio, B. Breiten, F. Diederich, and J. Leuthold, “Ultrafast silicon-organic hybrid (soh) photonics,” in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (Optical Society of America, 2010), p. CThR1.
- T. Vallaitis, R. Bonk, J. Guetlein, D. Hillerkuss, J. Li, W. Freude, J. Leuthold, C. Koos, M. L. Scimeca, I. Biaggio, F. Diederich, B. Breiten, P. Dumon, and R. Baets, “All-optical wavelength conversion of 56 Gbit/s NRZ-DQPSK signals in silicon-organic hybrid strip waveguides,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2010), paper OTuN1.
- J. Leuthold, W. Freude, J. Brosi, R. Baets, P. Dumon, I. Biaggio, M. Scimeca, F. Diederich, B. Frank, and C. Koos, “Silicon organic hybrid technology - a platform for practical nonlinear optics,” Proc. IEEE97, 1304–1316 (2009). [CrossRef]
- W. Freude, T. Vallaitis, C. Koos, J.-M. Brosi, L. Alloatti, P. Dumon, R. Baets, M. L. Scimeca, I. Biaggio, B. Breiten, F. Diederich, and J. Leuthold, “Ultrafast silicon-organic hybrid (soh) photonics,” in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (Optical Society of America, 2010), p. CThR1.
- J. C. May, I. Biaggio, F. Bures, and F. Diederich, “Extended conjugation and donor-acceptor substitution to improve the third-order optical nonlinearity of small molecules,” Appl. Phys. Lett.90, 251106 (2007) doi:. [CrossRef]
- B. B. Frank, P. R. Laporta, B. Breiten, M. C. Kuzyk, P. D. Jarowski, W. B. Schweizer, P. Seiler, I. Biaggio, C. Boudon, J.-P. Gisselbrecht, and F. Diederich, “Comparison of cc triple and double bonds as spacers in pushpull chromophores,” Eur. J. Org. Chem.2011, 4307–4317 (2011). [CrossRef]
- B. Breiten, Y. Wu, P. Jarowsky, J.-P. Gisselbrecht, C. Boudon, M. Griesser, C. Onitsch, G. Gescheidt, W. Schweizer, N. Langer, C. Lennartz, and F. Diederich, “Donor-substituted octacyano[4]dendralenes: a new class of cyano-rich nonplanar organic acceptors,” Chem. Sci.2, 88–93 (2011). [CrossRef]
- M. Jordan, M. Kivala, C. Boudon, J.-P. Gisselbrecht, W. Schweizer, P. Seiler, and F. Diederich, “Switching the regioselectivity in cycloaddition-retro-electrocyclizations between donor-activated alkynes and the electron accepting olefins tcne and tcnq,” Chem.-Asian J.6, 396–401 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Kivala and F. Diederich, “Acetylene-derived strong organic acceptors for planar and nonplanar push-pull chromophores,” Acc. Chem. Res.42, 235–248 (2009). [CrossRef]
- J. Leuthold, W. Freude, J. Brosi, R. Baets, P. Dumon, I. Biaggio, M. Scimeca, F. Diederich, B. Frank, and C. Koos, “Silicon organic hybrid technology - a platform for practical nonlinear optics,” Proc. IEEE97, 1304–1316 (2009). [CrossRef]
- T. Vallaitis, S. Bogatscher, L. Alloatti, P. Dumon, R. Baets, M. L. Scimeca, I. Biaggio, F. Diederich, C. Koos, W. Freude, and J. Leuthold, “Optical properties of highly nonlinear silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) waveguide geometries,” Opt. Express17, 17357–17368 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Koos, P. Vorreau, T. Vallaitis, P. Dumon, W. Bogaerts, R. Baets, B. Esembeson, I. Biaggio, T. Michinobu, F. Diederich, W. Freude, and J. Leuthold, “All-optical high-speed signal processing with silicon-organic hybrid slot waveguides,” Nat. Photonics3, 216–219 (2009). [CrossRef]
- B. Esembeson, M. L. Scimeca, T. Michinobu, F. Diederich, and I. Biaggio, “A high optical quality supramolecular assembly for third-order integrated nonlinear optics,” Adv. Mater.19, 4584–4587 (2008). [CrossRef]
- J. C. May, I. Biaggio, F. Bures, and F. Diederich, “Extended conjugation and donor-acceptor substitution to improve the third-order optical nonlinearity of small molecules,” Appl. Phys. Lett.90, 251106 (2007) doi:. [CrossRef]
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- W. Freude, T. Vallaitis, C. Koos, J.-M. Brosi, L. Alloatti, P. Dumon, R. Baets, M. L. Scimeca, I. Biaggio, B. Breiten, F. Diederich, and J. Leuthold, “Ultrafast silicon-organic hybrid (soh) photonics,” in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (Optical Society of America, 2010), p. CThR1.
- T. Vallaitis, R. Bonk, J. Guetlein, D. Hillerkuss, J. Li, W. Freude, J. Leuthold, C. Koos, M. L. Scimeca, I. Biaggio, F. Diederich, B. Breiten, P. Dumon, and R. Baets, “All-optical wavelength conversion of 56 Gbit/s NRZ-DQPSK signals in silicon-organic hybrid strip waveguides,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2010), paper OTuN1.
- T. Vallaitis, R. Bonk, J. Guetlein, D. Hillerkuss, J. Li, W. Freude, J. Leuthold, C. Koos, M. L. Scimeca, I. Biaggio, F. Diederich, B. Breiten, P. Dumon, and R. Baets, “All-optical wavelength conversion of 56 Gbit/s NRZ-DQPSK signals in silicon-organic hybrid strip waveguides,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2010), paper OTuN1.
- J. Leuthold, M. Winter, W. Freude, C. Koos, D. Hillerkuss, T. Schellinger, R. Schmogrow, T. Vallaitis, R. Bonk, A. Marculescu, J. Li, M. Dreschmann, J. Meyer, M. Huebner, J. Becker, S. B. Ezra, N. Narkiss, B. Nebendahl, F. Parmigiani, P. Petropoulos, B. Resan, A. Oehler, K. Weingarten, T. Ellermeyer, J. Lutz, and M. Moller, “All-optical FFT signal processing of a 10.8 Tb/s single channel OFDM signal,” in Photonics in Switching, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2010), paper PWC1.
- T. Michinobu, J. C. May, J. H. Lim, C. Boudon, J.-P. Gisselbrecht, P. Seiler, M. Gross, I. Biaggio, and F. Diederich, “A new class of organic donor–acceptor molecules with large third-order optical nonlinearities,” Chem. Commun. (6), 737–739 (2005). [CrossRef]
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- J. Leuthold, M. Winter, W. Freude, C. Koos, D. Hillerkuss, T. Schellinger, R. Schmogrow, T. Vallaitis, R. Bonk, A. Marculescu, J. Li, M. Dreschmann, J. Meyer, M. Huebner, J. Becker, S. B. Ezra, N. Narkiss, B. Nebendahl, F. Parmigiani, P. Petropoulos, B. Resan, A. Oehler, K. Weingarten, T. Ellermeyer, J. Lutz, and M. Moller, “All-optical FFT signal processing of a 10.8 Tb/s single channel OFDM signal,” in Photonics in Switching, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2010), paper PWC1.
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- T. Michinobu, J. C. May, J. H. Lim, C. Boudon, J.-P. Gisselbrecht, P. Seiler, M. Gross, I. Biaggio, and F. Diederich, “A new class of organic donor–acceptor molecules with large third-order optical nonlinearities,” Chem. Commun. (6), 737–739 (2005). [CrossRef]
- J. Leuthold, M. Winter, W. Freude, C. Koos, D. Hillerkuss, T. Schellinger, R. Schmogrow, T. Vallaitis, R. Bonk, A. Marculescu, J. Li, M. Dreschmann, J. Meyer, M. Huebner, J. Becker, S. B. Ezra, N. Narkiss, B. Nebendahl, F. Parmigiani, P. Petropoulos, B. Resan, A. Oehler, K. Weingarten, T. Ellermeyer, J. Lutz, and M. Moller, “All-optical FFT signal processing of a 10.8 Tb/s single channel OFDM signal,” in Photonics in Switching, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2010), paper PWC1.
- C. Koos, P. Vorreau, T. Vallaitis, P. Dumon, W. Bogaerts, R. Baets, B. Esembeson, I. Biaggio, T. Michinobu, F. Diederich, W. Freude, and J. Leuthold, “All-optical high-speed signal processing with silicon-organic hybrid slot waveguides,” Nat. Photonics3, 216–219 (2009). [CrossRef]
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- T. Michinobu, C. Boudon, J.-P. Gisselbrecht, P. Seiler, B. Frank, N. Moonen, M. Gross, and F. Diederich, “Donor-substituted 1,1,4,4-tetracyanobutadienes (TCBDs): New chromophores with efficient intramolecular charge-transfer interactions by atom-economic synthesis,” Chem.-Eur. J.12, 1889–1905 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- J. Leuthold, M. Winter, W. Freude, C. Koos, D. Hillerkuss, T. Schellinger, R. Schmogrow, T. Vallaitis, R. Bonk, A. Marculescu, J. Li, M. Dreschmann, J. Meyer, M. Huebner, J. Becker, S. B. Ezra, N. Narkiss, B. Nebendahl, F. Parmigiani, P. Petropoulos, B. Resan, A. Oehler, K. Weingarten, T. Ellermeyer, J. Lutz, and M. Moller, “All-optical FFT signal processing of a 10.8 Tb/s single channel OFDM signal,” in Photonics in Switching, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2010), paper PWC1.
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- B. Breiten, Y. Wu, P. Jarowsky, J.-P. Gisselbrecht, C. Boudon, M. Griesser, C. Onitsch, G. Gescheidt, W. Schweizer, N. Langer, C. Lennartz, and F. Diederich, “Donor-substituted octacyano[4]dendralenes: a new class of cyano-rich nonplanar organic acceptors,” Chem. Sci.2, 88–93 (2011). [CrossRef]
- J. Leuthold, M. Winter, W. Freude, C. Koos, D. Hillerkuss, T. Schellinger, R. Schmogrow, T. Vallaitis, R. Bonk, A. Marculescu, J. Li, M. Dreschmann, J. Meyer, M. Huebner, J. Becker, S. B. Ezra, N. Narkiss, B. Nebendahl, F. Parmigiani, P. Petropoulos, B. Resan, A. Oehler, K. Weingarten, T. Ellermeyer, J. Lutz, and M. Moller, “All-optical FFT signal processing of a 10.8 Tb/s single channel OFDM signal,” in Photonics in Switching, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2010), paper PWC1.
- J. Leuthold, M. Winter, W. Freude, C. Koos, D. Hillerkuss, T. Schellinger, R. Schmogrow, T. Vallaitis, R. Bonk, A. Marculescu, J. Li, M. Dreschmann, J. Meyer, M. Huebner, J. Becker, S. B. Ezra, N. Narkiss, B. Nebendahl, F. Parmigiani, P. Petropoulos, B. Resan, A. Oehler, K. Weingarten, T. Ellermeyer, J. Lutz, and M. Moller, “All-optical FFT signal processing of a 10.8 Tb/s single channel OFDM signal,” in Photonics in Switching, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2010), paper PWC1.
- N. Moonen, W. C. Pomerantz, R. Gist, C. Boudon, J.-P. Gisselbrecht, T. Kawai, A. Kishoka, M. Gross, M. Irie, and F. Diederich, “Donor-substituted cyanoethynylethenes: π-conjugation and band-gap tuning in strong charge-transfer chromophores,” Chem. Eur. J.11, 3325–3341 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- J. Leuthold, M. Winter, W. Freude, C. Koos, D. Hillerkuss, T. Schellinger, R. Schmogrow, T. Vallaitis, R. Bonk, A. Marculescu, J. Li, M. Dreschmann, J. Meyer, M. Huebner, J. Becker, S. B. Ezra, N. Narkiss, B. Nebendahl, F. Parmigiani, P. Petropoulos, B. Resan, A. Oehler, K. Weingarten, T. Ellermeyer, J. Lutz, and M. Moller, “All-optical FFT signal processing of a 10.8 Tb/s single channel OFDM signal,” in Photonics in Switching, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2010), paper PWC1.
- B. Breiten, Y. Wu, P. Jarowsky, J.-P. Gisselbrecht, C. Boudon, M. Griesser, C. Onitsch, G. Gescheidt, W. Schweizer, N. Langer, C. Lennartz, and F. Diederich, “Donor-substituted octacyano[4]dendralenes: a new class of cyano-rich nonplanar organic acceptors,” Chem. Sci.2, 88–93 (2011). [CrossRef]
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- T. Vallaitis, S. Bogatscher, L. Alloatti, P. Dumon, R. Baets, M. L. Scimeca, I. Biaggio, F. Diederich, C. Koos, W. Freude, and J. Leuthold, “Optical properties of highly nonlinear silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) waveguide geometries,” Opt. Express17, 17357–17368 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- W. Freude, T. Vallaitis, C. Koos, J.-M. Brosi, L. Alloatti, P. Dumon, R. Baets, M. L. Scimeca, I. Biaggio, B. Breiten, F. Diederich, and J. Leuthold, “Ultrafast silicon-organic hybrid (soh) photonics,” in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (Optical Society of America, 2010), p. CThR1.
- T. Vallaitis, R. Bonk, J. Guetlein, D. Hillerkuss, J. Li, W. Freude, J. Leuthold, C. Koos, M. L. Scimeca, I. Biaggio, F. Diederich, B. Breiten, P. Dumon, and R. Baets, “All-optical wavelength conversion of 56 Gbit/s NRZ-DQPSK signals in silicon-organic hybrid strip waveguides,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2010), paper OTuN1.
- B. B. Frank, P. R. Laporta, B. Breiten, M. C. Kuzyk, P. D. Jarowski, W. B. Schweizer, P. Seiler, I. Biaggio, C. Boudon, J.-P. Gisselbrecht, and F. Diederich, “Comparison of cc triple and double bonds as spacers in pushpull chromophores,” Eur. J. Org. Chem.2011, 4307–4317 (2011). [CrossRef]
- M. Jordan, M. Kivala, C. Boudon, J.-P. Gisselbrecht, W. Schweizer, P. Seiler, and F. Diederich, “Switching the regioselectivity in cycloaddition-retro-electrocyclizations between donor-activated alkynes and the electron accepting olefins tcne and tcnq,” Chem.-Asian J.6, 396–401 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- P. D. Maker, R. W. Terhune, M. Nisenoff, and C. M. Savage, “Effects of dispersion and focusing on the production of optical harmonics,” Phys. Rev. Lett.8, 21–22 (1962). [CrossRef]
- P. K. Tien and R. Ulrich, “Theory of prism-film coupler and thin-film light guides,” J. Opt. Soc. Am.60, 1325–1337 (1970). [CrossRef]
- P. K. Tien, R. Ulrich, and R. J. Martin, “Modes of propagating light waves in thin deposited semiconductor films,” Appl. Phys. Lett.14, 291–294 (1969). [CrossRef]
- P. K. Tien and R. Ulrich, “Theory of prism-film coupler and thin-film light guides,” J. Opt. Soc. Am.60, 1325–1337 (1970). [CrossRef]
- P. K. Tien, R. Ulrich, and R. J. Martin, “Modes of propagating light waves in thin deposited semiconductor films,” Appl. Phys. Lett.14, 291–294 (1969). [CrossRef]
- T. Vallaitis, S. Bogatscher, L. Alloatti, P. Dumon, R. Baets, M. L. Scimeca, I. Biaggio, F. Diederich, C. Koos, W. Freude, and J. Leuthold, “Optical properties of highly nonlinear silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) waveguide geometries,” Opt. Express17, 17357–17368 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Koos, P. Vorreau, T. Vallaitis, P. Dumon, W. Bogaerts, R. Baets, B. Esembeson, I. Biaggio, T. Michinobu, F. Diederich, W. Freude, and J. Leuthold, “All-optical high-speed signal processing with silicon-organic hybrid slot waveguides,” Nat. Photonics3, 216–219 (2009). [CrossRef]
- W. Freude, T. Vallaitis, C. Koos, J.-M. Brosi, L. Alloatti, P. Dumon, R. Baets, M. L. Scimeca, I. Biaggio, B. Breiten, F. Diederich, and J. Leuthold, “Ultrafast silicon-organic hybrid (soh) photonics,” in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (Optical Society of America, 2010), p. CThR1.
- J. Leuthold, M. Winter, W. Freude, C. Koos, D. Hillerkuss, T. Schellinger, R. Schmogrow, T. Vallaitis, R. Bonk, A. Marculescu, J. Li, M. Dreschmann, J. Meyer, M. Huebner, J. Becker, S. B. Ezra, N. Narkiss, B. Nebendahl, F. Parmigiani, P. Petropoulos, B. Resan, A. Oehler, K. Weingarten, T. Ellermeyer, J. Lutz, and M. Moller, “All-optical FFT signal processing of a 10.8 Tb/s single channel OFDM signal,” in Photonics in Switching, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2010), paper PWC1.
- T. Vallaitis, R. Bonk, J. Guetlein, D. Hillerkuss, J. Li, W. Freude, J. Leuthold, C. Koos, M. L. Scimeca, I. Biaggio, F. Diederich, B. Breiten, P. Dumon, and R. Baets, “All-optical wavelength conversion of 56 Gbit/s NRZ-DQPSK signals in silicon-organic hybrid strip waveguides,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2010), paper OTuN1.
- C. Koos, P. Vorreau, T. Vallaitis, P. Dumon, W. Bogaerts, R. Baets, B. Esembeson, I. Biaggio, T. Michinobu, F. Diederich, W. Freude, and J. Leuthold, “All-optical high-speed signal processing with silicon-organic hybrid slot waveguides,” Nat. Photonics3, 216–219 (2009). [CrossRef]
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- T. Michinobu, C. Boudon, J.-P. Gisselbrecht, P. Seiler, B. Frank, N. Moonen, M. Gross, and F. Diederich, “Donor-substituted 1,1,4,4-tetracyanobutadienes (TCBDs): New chromophores with efficient intramolecular charge-transfer interactions by atom-economic synthesis,” Chem.-Eur. J.12, 1889–1905 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- N. Moonen, W. C. Pomerantz, R. Gist, C. Boudon, J.-P. Gisselbrecht, T. Kawai, A. Kishoka, M. Gross, M. Irie, and F. Diederich, “Donor-substituted cyanoethynylethenes: π-conjugation and band-gap tuning in strong charge-transfer chromophores,” Chem. Eur. J.11, 3325–3341 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. S. Andrews, “Using rotational averaging to calculate the bulk response of isotropic and anisotropic samples from molecular parameters,” J. Chem. Educ.81, 877–885 (2004). [CrossRef]
- U. Gubler and C. Bosshard, “Optical third-harmonic generation of fused silica in gas atmosphere: Absolute value of the third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility χ(3),” Phys. Rev. B61, 10702–10710 (2000). [CrossRef]
- P. K. Tien, R. Ulrich, and R. J. Martin, “Modes of propagating light waves in thin deposited semiconductor films,” Appl. Phys. Lett.14, 291–294 (1969). [CrossRef]
- P. D. Maker, R. W. Terhune, M. Nisenoff, and C. M. Savage, “Effects of dispersion and focusing on the production of optical harmonics,” Phys. Rev. Lett.8, 21–22 (1962). [CrossRef]
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