The development of hollow core photonic crystal fibers with low losses over a broad spectral region in the near IR enabled the demonstration of a novel laser type - Hollow-core Optical Fiber Gas Laser (HOFGLAS). The laser combines attractive features of fiber lasers such as compactness and long interaction length of pump and laser radiation with those of gas lasers such as the potential for high output power and narrow line width. This paper summarizes recent developments and describes the demonstration of C₂H₂ and HCN prototype lasers. Avenues to extend laser emission further into the IR are discussed.

© 2012 OSA

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21. C. Hensley, D. H. Broaddus, C. B. Schaffer, and A. L. Gaeta, “Photonic band-gap fiber gas cell fabricated using femtosecond micromachining,” Opt. Express15(11), 6690–6695 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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33. B. Wellegehausen, “Optically pumped CW dimer lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.15(10), 1108–1130 (1979). [CrossRef]
34. R. L. Byer, R. L. Herbst, H. Kildal, and M. D. Levenson, “Optically pumped molecular iodine vapor-phase laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett.20(11), 463–466 (1972). [CrossRef]
35. J. B. Koffend and R. W. Field, “cw optically pumped molecular iodine laser,” J. Appl. Phys.48(11), 4468–4472 (1977). [CrossRef]
36. F. Désévédavy, G. Renversez, J. Troles, P. Houizot, L. Brilland, I. Vasilief, Q. Coulombier, N. Traynor, F. Smektala, and J. L. Adam, “Chalcogenide glass hollow core photonic crystal fibers,” Opt. Mater.32(11), 1532–1539 (2010). [CrossRef]
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42. Y. Y. Wang, N. V. Wheeler, F. Couny, P. J. Roberts, and F. Benabid, “Low loss broadband transmission in hypocycloid-core Kagome hollow-core photonic crystal fiber,” Opt. Lett.36(5), 669–671 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
43. A. M. Jones, C. Fourcade-Dutin, C. Mao, B. Baumgart, A. V. V. Nampoothiri, N. Campbell, Y. Wang, F. Benabid, W. Rudolph, B. R. Washburn, and K. L. Corwin, “Characterization of mid-infrared emissions from C2H2, CO, CO2, and HCN-filled hollow fiber lasers,” Proc. SPIE8237, 82373Y, 82373Y–10 (2012). [CrossRef]
44. W. C. Swann and S. L. Gilbert, “Pressure-induced shift and broadening of 1510–1540-nm acetylene wavelength calibration lines,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B17(7), 1263–1270 (2000). [CrossRef]
45. A. M. Smith, S. L. Coy, W. Klemperer, and K. K. Lehmann, “Fourier transform spectra of overtone bands of HCN from 5400 to 15100 cm−1,” J. Mol. Spectrosc.134(1), 134–153 (1989). [CrossRef]
46. A. V. V. Nampoothiri, A. Ratanavis, N. Campbell, and W. Rudolph, “Molecular C2H2 and HCN lasers pumped by an optical parametric oscillator in the 1.5-μm band,” Opt. Express18(3), 1946–1951 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
47. J. Shephard, J. Jones, D. Hand, G. Bouwmans, J. Knight, P. Russell, and B. Mangan, “High energy nanosecond laser pulses delivered single-mode through hollow-core PBG fibers,” Opt. Express12(4), 717–723 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
48. B. C. Stuart, M. D. Feit, A. M. Rubenchik, B. W. Shore, and M. D. Perry, “Laser-induced damage in dielectrics with nanosecond to subpicosecond pulses,” Phys. Rev. Lett.74(12), 2248–2251 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
49. M. Herman, A. Campargue, M. I. El Idrissi, and J. Vander Auwera, “Vibrational spectroscopic database on acetylene, X1Σg+ (12C2H2, 12C2D2, and 13C2H2),” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data32(3), 921–1361 (2003). [CrossRef]
50. A. Maki, W. Quapp, S. Klee, G. Ch. Mellau, and S. Albert, “Infrared Transitions of H12C14N and H12C15N between 500 and 10 000 cm-1.,” J. Mol. Spectrosc.180(2), 323–336 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
51. K.-R. Sui, Y.-W. Shi, X.-L. Tang, X.-S. Zhu, K. Iwai, and M. Miyagi, “Optical properties of AgI/Ag infrared hollow fiber in the visible wavelength region,” Opt. Lett.33(4), 318–320 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
52. R. L. Abrams, “Coupling losses in hollow waveguide laser resonators,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.8(11), 838–843 (1972). [CrossRef]
53. E. A. J. Marcatili and R. A. Schmeltzer, “Hollow metallic and dielectric waveguides for long distance optical transmission and lasers,” Bell Syst. Tech. J.43, 1783–1809 (1964).
54. P. W. Smith, “A Waveguide Gas Laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett.19(5), 132–134 (1971). [CrossRef]
55. L. S. Rothman, R. L. Hawkins, R. B. Wattson, and R. R. Gamache, “Energy levels, intensities, and linewidths of atmospheric carbon dioxide bands,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf.48(5-6), 537–566 (1992). [CrossRef]
56. J. Han, K. Freel, and M. C. Heaven, “Rotational and vibrational energy transfer in vibrationally excited acetylene at energies near 6560 cm-1,” J. Chem. Phys.135(24), 244304 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
57. A. Ratanavis, N. Campbell, and W. Rudolph, “Feasibility study of optically pumped molecular lasers with small quantum defect,” Opt. Commun.283(6), 1075–1080 (2010). [CrossRef]

Appl. Phys. Lett.

• S. D. Jackson, “Continuous wave 2.9 μm dysprosium-doped fluoride fiber laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett.83(7), 1316–1318 (2003). [CrossRef]
• M. I. Buchwald, C. R. Jones, H. R. Fetterman, and H. R. Schlossberg, “Direct optically pumped multiwavelength CO2 laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett.29(5), 300–302 (1976). [CrossRef]
• R. L. Byer, R. L. Herbst, H. Kildal, and M. D. Levenson, “Optically pumped molecular iodine vapor-phase laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett.20(11), 463–466 (1972). [CrossRef]
• P. W. Smith, “A Waveguide Gas Laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett.19(5), 132–134 (1971). [CrossRef]

Bell Syst. Tech. J.

• E. A. J. Marcatili and R. A. Schmeltzer, “Hollow metallic and dielectric waveguides for long distance optical transmission and lasers,” Bell Syst. Tech. J.43, 1783–1809 (1964).

Electron. Lett.

• H. Többen, “Room temperature CW fiber laser at 3.5 μm in Er3+-doped ZBLAN glass,” Electron. Lett.28(14), 1361–1362 (1992). [CrossRef]
• J. Schneider, “Fluoride fiber laser operating at 3.9 μm,” Electron. Lett.31(15), 1250–1251 (1995). [CrossRef]

IEEE J. Quantum Electron.

• C. S. Kletecka, N. Campbell, C. R. Jones, J. W. Nicholson, and W. Rudolph, “Cascade lasing of molecular HBr in four micron region pumped by a Nd:YAG laser,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.40(10), 1471–1477 (2004). [CrossRef]
• A. Ratanavis, N. Campbell, A. V. V. Nampoothiri, and W. Rudolph, “Performance and spectral tuning of optically overtone pumped molecular lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.45(5), 488–498 (2009). [CrossRef]
• J. E. McCord, A. A. Ionin, S. P. Phipps, P. G. Crowell, A. I. Lampson, J. K. McIver, A. J. W. Brown, and G. D. Hager, “Frequency-tunable optically pumped carbon monoxide laser,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.36(9), 1041–1052 (2000). [CrossRef]
• B. Wellegehausen, “Optically pumped CW dimer lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.15(10), 1108–1130 (1979). [CrossRef]
• R. L. Abrams, “Coupling losses in hollow waveguide laser resonators,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.8(11), 838–843 (1972). [CrossRef]

J. Appl. Phys.

• J. B. Koffend and R. W. Field, “cw optically pumped molecular iodine laser,” J. Appl. Phys.48(11), 4468–4472 (1977). [CrossRef]

J. Chem. Phys.

• J. Han, K. Freel, and M. C. Heaven, “Rotational and vibrational energy transfer in vibrationally excited acetylene at energies near 6560 cm-1,” J. Chem. Phys.135(24), 244304 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

J. Mod. Opt.

• F. Benabid and P. J. Roberts, “Linear and nonlinear optical properties of hollow core photonic crystal fiber,” J. Mod. Opt.58(2), 87–124 (2011). [CrossRef]

J. Mol. Spectrosc.

• A. Maki, W. Quapp, S. Klee, G. Ch. Mellau, and S. Albert, “Infrared Transitions of H12C14N and H12C15N between 500 and 10 000 cm-1.,” J. Mol. Spectrosc.180(2), 323–336 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• A. M. Smith, S. L. Coy, W. Klemperer, and K. K. Lehmann, “Fourier transform spectra of overtone bands of HCN from 5400 to 15100 cm−1,” J. Mol. Spectrosc.134(1), 134–153 (1989). [CrossRef]

J. Opt. A, Pure Appl. Opt.

• F. Couny, F. Benabid, and O. Carraz, “Enhanced SRS in H2 filled hollow core photonic crystal fiber by use of fiber Bragg grating,” J. Opt. A, Pure Appl. Opt.9(2), 156–159 (2007). [CrossRef]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B

• D. J. Richardson, J. Nilsson, and W. A. Clarkson, “High power fiber lasers: current status and future perspectives,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B27(11), B63–B92 (2010). [CrossRef]
• W. C. Swann and S. L. Gilbert, “Pressure-induced shift and broadening of 1510–1540-nm acetylene wavelength calibration lines,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B17(7), 1263–1270 (2000). [CrossRef]

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data

• M. Herman, A. Campargue, M. I. El Idrissi, and J. Vander Auwera, “Vibrational spectroscopic database on acetylene, X1Σg+ (12C2H2, 12C2D2, and 13C2H2),” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data32(3), 921–1361 (2003). [CrossRef]

J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf.

• L. S. Rothman, C. P. Rinsland, A. Goldman, S. T. Massie, D. P. Edwards, J.-M. Flaud, A. Perrin, C. Camy-Peyret, V. Dana, J.-Y. Mandin, J. Schroeder, A. Mccann, R. R. Gamache, R. B. Wattson, K. Yoshino, K. V. Chance, K. W. Jucks, L. R. Brown, V. Nemtchinov, and P. Varanasi, “The Hitran Molecular Spectroscopic Database And Hawks (Hitran atmospheric workstation): 1996 edition,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf.60(5), 665–710 (1998). [CrossRef]
• L. S. Rothman, R. L. Hawkins, R. B. Wattson, and R. R. Gamache, “Energy levels, intensities, and linewidths of atmospheric carbon dioxide bands,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf.48(5-6), 537–566 (1992). [CrossRef]

Opt. Commun.

• A. Ratanavis, N. Campbell, and W. Rudolph, “Feasibility study of optically pumped molecular lasers with small quantum defect,” Opt. Commun.283(6), 1075–1080 (2010). [CrossRef]
• B. V. Zhdanov, T. Ehrenreich, and R. J. Knize, “Highly efficient optically pumped cesium vapor laser,” Opt. Commun.260(2), 696–698 (2006). [CrossRef]

Opt. Eng.

• Y. Kalisky and O. Kalisky, “The status of high-power lasers and their applications in the battlefield,” Opt. Eng.49(9), 091003 (2010). [CrossRef]

Opt. Express

• K. Knabe, S. Wu, J. Lim, K. A. Tillman, P. S. Light, F. Couny, N. Wheeler, R. Thapa, A. M. Jones, J. W. Nicholson, B. R. Washburn, F. Benabid, and K. L. Corwin, “10 kHz accuracy of an optical frequency reference based on 12C2H2-filled large-core kagome photonic crystal fibers,” Opt. Express17(18), 16017–16026 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• A. M. Jones, A. V. V. Nampoothiri, A. Ratanavis, T. Fiedler, N. V. Wheeler, F. Couny, R. Kadel, F. Benabid, B. R. Washburn, K. L. Corwin, and W. Rudolph, “Mid-infrared gas filled photonic crystal fiber laser based on population inversion,” Opt. Express19(3), 2309–2316 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• J. W. Dawson, M. J. Messerly, R. J. Beach, M. Y. Shverdin, E. A. Stappaerts, A. K. Sridharan, P. H. Pax, J. E. Heebner, C. W. Siders, and C. P. Barty, “Analysis of the scalability of diffraction-limited fiber lasers and amplifiers to high average power,” Opt. Express16(17), 13240–13266 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• C. Hensley, D. H. Broaddus, C. B. Schaffer, and A. L. Gaeta, “Photonic band-gap fiber gas cell fabricated using femtosecond micromachining,” Opt. Express15(11), 6690–6695 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• D. Haberberger, S. Tochitsky, and C. Joshi, “Fifteen terawatt picosecond CO2 laser system,” Opt. Express18(17), 17865–17875 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• A. F. Kosolapov, A. D. Pryamikov, A. S. Biriukov, V. S. Shiryaev, M. S. Astapovich, G. E. Snopatin, V. G. Plotnichenko, M. F. Churbanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Demonstration of CO2-laser power delivery through chalcogenide-glass fiber with negative-curvature hollow core,” Opt. Express19(25), 25723–25728 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• A. V. V. Nampoothiri, A. Ratanavis, N. Campbell, and W. Rudolph, “Molecular C2H2 and HCN lasers pumped by an optical parametric oscillator in the 1.5-μm band,” Opt. Express18(3), 1946–1951 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• J. Shephard, J. Jones, D. Hand, G. Bouwmans, J. Knight, P. Russell, and B. Mangan, “High energy nanosecond laser pulses delivered single-mode through hollow-core PBG fibers,” Opt. Express12(4), 717–723 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett.

• Y. Y. Wang, N. V. Wheeler, F. Couny, P. J. Roberts, and F. Benabid, “Low loss broadband transmission in hypocycloid-core Kagome hollow-core photonic crystal fiber,” Opt. Lett.36(5), 669–671 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• K.-R. Sui, Y.-W. Shi, X.-L. Tang, X.-S. Zhu, K. Iwai, and M. Miyagi, “Optical properties of AgI/Ag infrared hollow fiber in the visible wavelength region,” Opt. Lett.33(4), 318–320 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• X. Zhu and R. Jain, “Compact 2 W wavelength-tunable Er:ZBLAN mid-infrared fiber laser,” Opt. Lett.32(16), 2381–2383 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• S. Tokita, M. Murakami, S. Shimizu, M. Hashida, and S. Sakabe, “Liquid-cooled 24 W mid-infrared Er:ZBLAN fiber laser,” Opt. Lett.34(20), 3062–3064 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• F. Couny, F. Benabid, and P. S. Light, “Large-pitch kagome-structured hollow-core photonic crystal fiber,” Opt. Lett.31(24), 3574–3576 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• W. F. Krupke, R. J. Beach, V. K. Kanz, and S. A. Payne, “Resonance transition 795-nm rubidium laser,” Opt. Lett.28(23), 2336–2338 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Mater.

• F. Désévédavy, G. Renversez, J. Troles, P. Houizot, L. Brilland, I. Vasilief, Q. Coulombier, N. Traynor, F. Smektala, and J. L. Adam, “Chalcogenide glass hollow core photonic crystal fibers,” Opt. Mater.32(11), 1532–1539 (2010). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev. Lett.

• F. Couny, F. Benabid, and P. S. Light, “Subwatt threshold cw Raman fiber-gas laser based on H2-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber,” Phys. Rev. Lett.99(14), 143903 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• E. Snitzer, “Optical maser action of Nd+3 in a barium crown glass,” Phys. Rev. Lett.7(12), 444–446 (1961). [CrossRef]
• B. C. Stuart, M. D. Feit, A. M. Rubenchik, B. W. Shore, and M. D. Perry, “Laser-induced damage in dielectrics with nanosecond to subpicosecond pulses,” Phys. Rev. Lett.74(12), 2248–2251 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Proc. SPIE

• A. M. Jones, C. Fourcade-Dutin, C. Mao, B. Baumgart, A. V. V. Nampoothiri, N. Campbell, Y. Wang, F. Benabid, W. Rudolph, B. R. Washburn, and K. L. Corwin, “Characterization of mid-infrared emissions from C2H2, CO, CO2, and HCN-filled hollow fiber lasers,” Proc. SPIE8237, 82373Y, 82373Y–10 (2012). [CrossRef]
• J. Zweiback, A. Komashko, and W. F. Krupke, “Alkali vapor lasers,” Proc. SPIE7581, 75810G, 75810G–5 (2010). [CrossRef]
• A. V. V. Nampoothiri, A. M. Jones, A. Ratanavis, R. Kadel, N. V. Wheeler, F. Couny, F. Benabid, B. R. Washburn, K. L. Corwin, and W. Rudolph, “Mid-IR laser emission from a C2H2 gas filled hollow core photonic crystal fiber,” Proc. SPIE7580, 758001 (2010).

Science

• F. Couny, F. Benabid, P. J. Roberts, P. S. Light, and M. G. Raymer, “Generation and photonic guidance of multi-octave optical-frequency combs,” Science318(5853), 1118–1121 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• R. F. Cregan, B. J. Mangan, J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. St. J. Russell, P. J. Roberts, and D. C. Allan, “Single-mode photonic band gap guidance of light in air,” Science285(5433), 1537–1539 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• F. Benabid, J. C. Knight, G. Antonopoulos, and P. St. J. Russell, “Stimulated Raman scattering in hydrogen-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber,” Science298(5592), 399–402 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• D. G. Ouzounov, F. R. Ahmad, D. Müller, N. Venkataraman, M. T. Gallagher, M. G. Thomas, J. Silcox, K. W. Koch, and A. L. Gaeta, “Generation of megawatt optical solitons in hollow-core photonic band-gap fibers,” Science301(5640), 1702–1704 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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Other

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