To enable multiple functions of plasmonic nanocircuits, it is of key importance to control the propagation properties and the modal distribution of the guided optical modes such that their impedance matches to that of nearby quantum systems and desired light-matter interaction can be achieved. Here, we present efficient mode converters for manipulating guided modes on a plasmonic two-wire transmission line. The mode conversion is achieved through varying the path length, wire cross section and the surrounding index of refraction. Instead of pure optical interference, strong near-field coupling of surface plasmons results in great momentum splitting and modal profile variation. We theoretically demonstrate control over nanoantenna radiation and discuss the possibility to enhance nanoscale light-matter interaction. The proposed converter may find applications in surface plasmon amplification, index sensing and enhanced nanoscale spectroscopy.

© 2012 OSA

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31. FDTD solutions, Lumerical Solutions Inc., Vancouver, Canada. http://www.lumerical.com/ .
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34. J. Takahara, S. Yamagishi, H. Taki, A. Morimoto, and T. Kobayashi, “Guiding of a one-dimensional optical beam with nanometer diameter,” Opt. Lett.22(7), 475–477 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
35. M. I. Stockman, “Nanofocusing of optical energy in tapered plasmonic waveguides,” Phys. Rev. Lett.93(13), 137404 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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39. Y. Gao, Q. Gan, Z. Xin, X. Cheng, and F. J. Bartoli, “Plasmonic Mach-Zehnder interferometer for ultrasensitive on-chip biosensing,” ACS Nano5(12), 9836–9844 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
40. P. Nordlander, C. Oubre, E. Prodan, K. Li, and M. I. Stockman, “Plasmon hybridization in nanoparticle dimers,” Nano Lett.4(5), 899–903 (2004). [CrossRef]
41. J.-S. Huang, J. Kern, P. Geisler, P. Weinmann, M. Kamp, A. Forchel, P. Biagioni, and B. Hecht, “Mode imaging and selection in strongly coupled nanoantennas,” Nano Lett.10(6), 2105–2110 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
42. P. J. Schuck, D. P. Fromm, A. Sundaramurthy, G. S. Kino, and W. E. Moerner, “Improving the mismatch between light and nanoscale objects with gold bowtie nanoantennas,” Phys. Rev. Lett.94(1), 017402 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
43. S. Chandrasekhar, A. S. Vengurlekar, V. T. Karulkar, and S. K. Roy, “Temperature, light intensity and microstructure dependence of the refractive index of polycrystalline silicon films,” Thin Solid Films169(2), 205–212 (1989). [CrossRef]
44. E. M. True and L. McCaughan, “Large nonresonant light-induced refractive-index changes in thin films of amorphous arsenic sulfide,” Opt. Lett.16(7), 458–460 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
45. N. Large, M. Abb, J. Aizpurua, and O. L. Muskens, “Photoconductively loaded plasmonic nanoantenna as building block for ultracompact optical switches,” Nano Lett.10(5), 1741–1746 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
46. A. Cavalleri, C. Tóth, C. W. Siders, J. A. Squier, F. Ráksi, P. Forget, and J. C. Kieffer, “Femtosecond structural dynamics in VO2 during an ultrafast solid-solid phase transition,” Phys. Rev. Lett.87(23), 237401 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
47. M. Seo, J. Kyoung, H. Park, S. Koo, H.-S. Kim, H. Bernien, B. J. Kim, J. H. Choe, Y. H. Ahn, H.-T. Kim, N. Park, Q. H. Park, K. Ahn, and D.-S. Kim, “Active terahertz nanoantennas based on VO2 phase transition,” Nano Lett.10(6), 2064–2068 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
48. S. Y. Park and D. Stroud, “Splitting of surface plasmon frequencies of metal particles in a nematic liquid crystal,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(14), 2920–2922 (2004). [CrossRef]
49. W. Dickson, G. A. Wurtz, P. R. Evans, R. J. Pollard, and A. V. Zayats, “Electronically controlled surface plasmon dispersion and optical transmission through metallic hole arrays using liquid crystal,” Nano Lett.8(1), 281–286 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
50. J. Berthelot, A. Bouhelier, C. Huang, J. Margueritat, G. Colas-des-Francs, E. Finot, J.-C. Weeber, A. Dereux, S. Kostcheev, H. I. E. Ahrach, A.-L. Baudrion, J. Plain, R. Bachelot, P. Royer, and G. P. Wiederrecht, “Tuning of an optical dimer nanoantenna by electrically controlling its load impedance,” Nano Lett.9(11), 3914–3921 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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57. D. W. Pohl, S. G. Rodrigo, and L. Novotny, “Stacked optical antennas,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98(2), 023111–023113 (2011). [CrossRef]

ACS Nano

• Y. Gao, Q. Gan, Z. Xin, X. Cheng, and F. J. Bartoli, “Plasmonic Mach-Zehnder interferometer for ultrasensitive on-chip biosensing,” ACS Nano5(12), 9836–9844 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• A. Guerrero-Martínez, M. Grzelczak, and L. M. Liz-Marzán, “Molecular thinking for nanoplasmonic design,” ACS Nano6(5), 3655–3662 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Appl. Phys. Lett.

• S. Y. Park and D. Stroud, “Splitting of surface plasmon frequencies of metal particles in a nematic liquid crystal,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(14), 2920–2922 (2004). [CrossRef]
• D. W. Pohl, S. G. Rodrigo, and L. Novotny, “Stacked optical antennas,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98(2), 023111–023113 (2011). [CrossRef]
• J. Wen, P. Banzer, A. Kriesch, D. Ploss, B. Schmauss, and U. Peschel, “Experimental cross-polarization detection of coupling far-field light to highly confined plasmonic gap modes via nanoantennas,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98(10), 101109 (2011). [CrossRef]

J. Chem. Phys.

• A. M. Boiron, B. Lounis, and M. Orrit, “Single molecules of dibenzanthanthrene in n-hexadecane,” J. Chem. Phys.105(10), 3969–3974 (1996). [CrossRef]

J. Phys. Chem. Lett.

• S. Berweger, J. M. Atkin, R. L. Olmon, and M. B. Raschke, “Light on the tip of a needle: Plasmonic nanofocusing for spectroscopy on the nanoscale,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett.3(7), 945–952 (2012). [CrossRef]

Nano Lett.

• J.-S. Huang, T. Feichtner, P. Biagioni, and B. Hecht, “Impedance matching and emission properties of nanoantennas in an optical nanocircuit,” Nano Lett.9(5), 1897–1902 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• C. Rewitz, T. Keitzl, P. Tuchscherer, J.-S. Huang, P. Geisler, G. Razinskas, B. Hecht, and T. Brixner, “Ultrafast plasmon propagation in nanowires characterized by far-field spectral interferometry,” Nano Lett.12(1), 45–49 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• J. A. Dionne, H. J. Lezec, and H. A. Atwater, “Highly confined photon transport in subwavelength metallic slot waveguides,” Nano Lett.6(9), 1928–1932 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• A. V. Krasavin, T. P. Vo, W. Dickson, P. M. Bolger, and A. V. Zayats, “All-plasmonic modulation via stimulated emission of copropagating surface plasmon polaritons on a substrate with gain,” Nano Lett.11(6), 2231–2235 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• M. Seo, J. Kyoung, H. Park, S. Koo, H.-S. Kim, H. Bernien, B. J. Kim, J. H. Choe, Y. H. Ahn, H.-T. Kim, N. Park, Q. H. Park, K. Ahn, and D.-S. Kim, “Active terahertz nanoantennas based on VO2 phase transition,” Nano Lett.10(6), 2064–2068 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• W. Dickson, G. A. Wurtz, P. R. Evans, R. J. Pollard, and A. V. Zayats, “Electronically controlled surface plasmon dispersion and optical transmission through metallic hole arrays using liquid crystal,” Nano Lett.8(1), 281–286 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• J. Berthelot, A. Bouhelier, C. Huang, J. Margueritat, G. Colas-des-Francs, E. Finot, J.-C. Weeber, A. Dereux, S. Kostcheev, H. I. E. Ahrach, A.-L. Baudrion, J. Plain, R. Bachelot, P. Royer, and G. P. Wiederrecht, “Tuning of an optical dimer nanoantenna by electrically controlling its load impedance,” Nano Lett.9(11), 3914–3921 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• N. Large, M. Abb, J. Aizpurua, and O. L. Muskens, “Photoconductively loaded plasmonic nanoantenna as building block for ultracompact optical switches,” Nano Lett.10(5), 1741–1746 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• P. Nordlander, C. Oubre, E. Prodan, K. Li, and M. I. Stockman, “Plasmon hybridization in nanoparticle dimers,” Nano Lett.4(5), 899–903 (2004). [CrossRef]
• J.-S. Huang, J. Kern, P. Geisler, P. Weinmann, M. Kamp, A. Forchel, P. Biagioni, and B. Hecht, “Mode imaging and selection in strongly coupled nanoantennas,” Nano Lett.10(6), 2105–2110 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• Y. Liu, T. Zentgraf, G. Bartal, and X. Zhang, “Transformational plasmon optics,” Nano Lett.10(6), 1991–1997 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• E. Verhagen, L. K. Kuipers, and A. Polman, “Plasmonic nanofocusing in a dielectric wedge,” Nano Lett.10(9), 3665–3669 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Nano Today

• N. Yang, Y. Tang, and A. E. Cohen, “Spectroscopy in sculpted fields,” Nano Today4(3), 269–279 (2009). [CrossRef]

Nat. Commun.

• J.-S. Huang, V. Callegari, P. Geisler, C. Brüning, J. Kern, J. C. Prangsma, X. Wu, T. Feichtner, J. Ziegler, P. Weinmann, M. Kamp, A. Forchel, P. Biagioni, U. Sennhauser, and B. Hecht, “Atomically flat single-crystalline gold nanostructures for plasmonic nanocircuitry,” Nat. Commun.1(9), 150 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Nat. Mater.

• J. A. Schuller, E. S. Barnard, W. Cai, Y. C. Jun, J. S. White, and M. L. Brongersma, “Plasmonics for extreme light concentration and manipulation,” Nat. Mater.9(3), 193–204 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Nat. Photonics

• L. Novotny and N. van Hulst, “Antennas for light,” Nat. Photonics5(2), 83–90 (2011). [CrossRef]
• M. Schnell, P. Alonso Gonzalez, L. Arzubiaga, F. Casanova, L. E. Hueso, A. Chuvilin, and R. Hillenbrand, “Nanofocusing of mid-infrared energy with tapered transmission lines,” Nat. Photonics5(5), 283–287 (2011). [CrossRef]
• P. Berini and I. De Leon, “Surface plasmon-polariton amplifiers and lasers,” Nat. Photonics6(1), 16–24 (2011). [CrossRef]
• I. De Leon and P. Berini, “Amplification of long-range surface plasmons by a dipolar gain medium,” Nat. Photonics4(6), 382–387 (2010). [CrossRef]
• M. C. Gather, K. Meerholz, N. Danz, and K. Leosson, “Net optical gain in a plasmonic waveguide embedded in a fluorescent polymer,” Nat. Photonics4(7), 457–461 (2010). [CrossRef]
• K. F. MacDonald, Z. L. Samson, M. I. Stockman, and N. I. Zheludev, “Ultrafast active plasmonics,” Nat. Photonics3(1), 55–58 (2009). [CrossRef]

Nat. Phys.

• D. E. Chang, A. S. Sorensen, E. A. Demler, and M. D. Lukin, “A single-photon transistor using nanoscale surface plasmons,” Nat. Phys.3(11), 807–812 (2007). [CrossRef]

Nature

• S. I. Bozhevolnyi, V. S. Volkov, E. Devaux, J.-Y. Laluet, and T. W. Ebbesen, “Channel plasmon subwavelength waveguide components including interferometers and ring resonators,” Nature440(7083), 508–511 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• W. L. Barnes, A. Dereux, and T. W. Ebbesen, “Surface plasmon subwavelength optics,” Nature424(6950), 824–830 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Express

• P. M. Krenz, R. L. Olmon, B. A. Lail, M. B. Raschke, and G. D. Boreman, “Near-field measurement of infrared coplanar strip transmission line attenuation and propagation constants,” Opt. Express18(21), 21678–21686 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• J. Wen, S. Romanov, and U. Peschel, “Excitation of plasmonic gap waveguides by nanoantennas,” Opt. Express17(8), 5925–5932 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• M. A. Noginov, V. A. Podolskiy, G. Zhu, M. Mayy, M. Bahoura, J. A. Adegoke, B. A. Ritzo, and K. Reynolds, “Compensation of loss in propagating surface plasmon polariton by gain in adjacent dielectric medium,” Opt. Express16(2), 1385–1392 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett.

• J. Takahara, S. Yamagishi, H. Taki, A. Morimoto, and T. Kobayashi, “Guiding of a one-dimensional optical beam with nanometer diameter,” Opt. Lett.22(7), 475–477 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• E. M. True and L. McCaughan, “Large nonresonant light-induced refractive-index changes in thin films of amorphous arsenic sulfide,” Opt. Lett.16(7), 458–460 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Phys. Rev. B

• P. B. Johnson and R. W. Christy, “Optical constants of the noble metals,” Phys. Rev. B6(12), 4370–4379 (1972). [CrossRef]
• J.-S. Huang, D. V. Voronine, P. Tuchscherer, T. Brixner, and B. Hecht, “Deterministic spatiotemporal control of optical fields in nanoantennas and plasmonic circuits,” Phys. Rev. B79(19), 195441 (2009). [CrossRef]
• J. C. Weeber, J. R. Krenn, A. Dereux, B. Lamprecht, Y. Lacroute, and J. P. Goudonnet, “Near-field observation of surface plasmon polariton propagation on thin metal stripes,” Phys. Rev. B64(4), 045411 (2001). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev. E Stat. Phys. Plasmas Fluids Relat. Interdiscip. Topics

• L. Novotny and C. Hafner, “Light propagation in a cylindrical waveguide with a complex, metallic, dielectric function,” Phys. Rev. E Stat. Phys. Plasmas Fluids Relat. Interdiscip. Topics50(5), 4094–4106 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Phys. Rev. Lett.

• M. I. Stockman, “Nanofocusing of optical energy in tapered plasmonic waveguides,” Phys. Rev. Lett.93(13), 137404 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• S. Kühn, U. Håkanson, L. Rogobete, and V. Sandoghdar, “Enhancement of single-molecule fluorescence using a gold nanoparticle as an optical nanoantenna,” Phys. Rev. Lett.97(1), 017402 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• D. J. Bergman and M. I. Stockman, “Surface plasmon amplification by stimulated emission of radiation: Quantum generation of coherent surface plasmons in nanosystems,” Phys. Rev. Lett.90(2), 027402 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• S. I. Bozhevolnyi, V. S. Volkov, E. Devaux, and T. W. Ebbesen, “Channel plasmon-polariton guiding by subwavelength metal grooves,” Phys. Rev. Lett.95(4), 046802 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• E. Verhagen, M. Spasenović, A. Polman, and L. K. Kuipers, “Nanowire plasmon excitation by adiabatic mode transformation,” Phys. Rev. Lett.102(20), 203904 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• S. Zhang, H. Wei, K. Bao, U. Håkanson, N. J. Halas, P. Nordlander, and H. Xu, “Chiral surface plasmon polaritons on metallic nanowires,” Phys. Rev. Lett.107(9), 096801 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• D. E. Chang, A. S. Sørensen, P. R. Hemmer, and M. D. Lukin, “Quantum optics with surface plasmons,” Phys. Rev. Lett.97(5), 053002 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• P. J. Schuck, D. P. Fromm, A. Sundaramurthy, G. S. Kino, and W. E. Moerner, “Improving the mismatch between light and nanoscale objects with gold bowtie nanoantennas,” Phys. Rev. Lett.94(1), 017402 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• A. Cavalleri, C. Tóth, C. W. Siders, J. A. Squier, F. Ráksi, P. Forget, and J. C. Kieffer, “Femtosecond structural dynamics in VO2 during an ultrafast solid-solid phase transition,” Phys. Rev. Lett.87(23), 237401 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• J.-J. Greffet, M. Laroche, and F. Marquier, “Impedance of a nanoantenna and a single quantum emitter,” Phys. Rev. Lett.105(11), 117701 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Rep. Prog. Phys.

• P. Biagioni, J.-S. Huang, and B. Hecht, “Nanoantennas for visible and infrared radiation,” Rep. Prog. Phys.75(2), 024402 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Science

• E. Ozbay, “Plasmonics: Merging photonics and electronics at nanoscale dimensions,” Science311(5758), 189–193 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Thin Solid Films

• S. Chandrasekhar, A. S. Vengurlekar, V. T. Karulkar, and S. K. Roy, “Temperature, light intensity and microstructure dependence of the refractive index of polycrystalline silicon films,” Thin Solid Films169(2), 205–212 (1989). [CrossRef]

Other

• W. E. M. T. Basché, M. Orrit, and U. P. Wild, Single-Molecule Optical Detection, Imaging and Spectroscopy (Wiley-VCH, 1997).
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