The paper outlines the optimization of plasmonic nanostructures in order to improve their sensing properties such as their sensitivity and their ease of manipulation. The key point in this study is the optimization of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) properties essential to the sensor characteristics, and more especially for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Two aspects were considered in order to optimize the sensing performance: apolar plasmonic nanostructures for non polarization dependent detection and improvements of SERS sensitivity by using a molecular adhesion layer between gold nanostructures and glass. Both issues could be generalized to all plasmon-resonance-based sensing applications.

© 2012 OSA

1. E. Hutter and J. H. Fendler, “Exploitation of localized surface plasmon resonance,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)16(19), 1685–1706 (2004). [CrossRef]
2. W. Fritzsche and T. A. Taton, “Metal nanoparticles as labels for heterogeneous chip-based DNA detection,” Nanotechnology14(12), R63–R73 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3. S. Nie and S. R. Emory, “Probing Single molecules and single nanoparticles by surface-enhanced Raman scattering,” Science275(5303), 1102–1106 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4. A. J. Haes and R. P. Van Duyne, “A nanoscale optical biosensor: sensitivity and selectivity of an approach based on the localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy of triangular silver nanoparticles,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.124(35), 10596–10604 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5. H. X. Xu, J. Aizpurua, M. Käll, and P. Apell, “Electromagnetic contributions to single-molecule sensitivity in surface-enhanced Raman scattering,” Phys. Rev. E Stat. Phys. Plasmas Fluids Relat. Interdiscip. Topics62(33 Pt B), 4318–4324 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
6. K. Kneipp, W. Yang, H. Kneipp, L. Perelman, I. Itzkan, R. Dasari, and M. Feld, “Single molecule detection using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS),” Phys. Rev. Lett.78(9), 1667–1670 (1997). [CrossRef]
7. Z. Q. Tian, B. Ren, and D. Y. Wu, “Surface-enhanced Raman scattering: from noble to transition metals and from rough surfaces to ordered nanostructures,” J. Phys. Chem. B106(37), 9463–9483 (2002). [CrossRef]
8. F. Neubrech, A. Garcia-Etxarri, D. Weber, J. Bochterle, H. Shen, M. Lamy de la Chapelle, G. W. Bryant, J. Aizpurua, and A. Pucci, “Defect-induced activation of symmetry forbidden infrared resonances in individual metallic nanorods,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(21), 213111 (2010). [CrossRef]
9. A. Pucci, F. Neubrech, D. Weber, S. Hong, T. Toury, and M. de la Chapelle, “Surface enhanced infrared spectroscopy using gold nanoantennas,” Phys. Status Solidi B.247(8), 2071–2074 (2010). [CrossRef]
10. C. D. Geddes, I. Gryczynski, J. Malicka, Z. Gryczynski, and J. R. Lakowicz, “Metal-enhanced fluorescence: potential applications in HTS,” Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen.6(2), 109–117 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11. J. A. Sánchez-Gil, J. V. García-Ramos, and E. R. Méndez, “Electromagnetic mechanism in surface-enhanced Raman scattering from Gaussian-correlated randomly rough metal substrates,” Opt. Express10(17), 879–886 (2002). [PubMed]
12. K. Kneipp, Y. Wang, H. Kneipp, L. T. Perelman, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Single Molecule Detection Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS),” Phys. Rev. Lett.78(9), 1667–1670 (1997). [CrossRef]
13. E. C. Le Ru, M. Meyer, and P. G. Etchegoin, “Proof of single-molecule sensitivity in surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) by means of a two-analyte technique,” J. Phys. Chem. B110(4), 1944–1948 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. E. C. Le Ru and P. G. Etchegoin, “Single-molecule surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy,” Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem.63(1), 65–87 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
15. H. X. Xu, E. J. Bjerneld, M. Käll, and L. Börjesson, “Spectroscopy of single hemoglobin molecules by surface enhanced Raman scattering,” Phys. Rev. Lett.83(21), 4357–4360 (1999). [CrossRef]
16. E. M. Prodan, C. Radloff, N. J. Halas, and P. Nordlander, “A hybridization model for the plasmon response of complex nanostructures,” Science302(5644), 419–422 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
17. C. E. Talley, J. B. Jackson, C. Oubre, N. K. Grady, C. W. Hollars, S. M. Lane, T. R. Huser, P. Nordlander, and N. J. Halas, “Surface-enhanced Raman scattering from individual Au nanoparticles and nanoparticle dimer substrates,” Nano Lett.5(8), 1569–1574 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
18. P. K. Jain and M. A. El-Sayed, “Plasmonic coupling in noble metal nanostructures,” Chem. Phys. Lett.487(4-6), 153–164 (2010). [CrossRef]
19. K.- Yoshida, T. Itoh, H. Tamaru, V. Biju, M. Ishikawa, and Y. Ozaki, “Quantitative evaluation of electromagnetic enhancement in surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering from plasmonic properties and morphologies of individual Ag nanostructures,” Phys. Rev. B81(11), 115406 (2010). [CrossRef]
20. J. Grand, M. de la Chapelle, J.-L. Bijeon, P.-M. Adam, A. Vial, and P. Royer, “Role of localized surface plasmons in surface-enhanced Raman scattering of shape-controlled metallic particles in regular arrays,” Phys. Rev. B72(3), 033407 (2005). [CrossRef]
21. H. V. Chu, Y. J. Liu, Y. W. Huang, and Y. P. Zhao, “A high sensitive fiber SERS probe based on silver nanorod arrays,” Opt. Express15(19), 12230–12239 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
22. C. L. Haynes and R. P. Van Duyne, “Plasmon-sampled surface-enhanced Raman excitation spectroscopy,” J. Phys. Chem. B107(30), 7426–7433 (2003). [CrossRef]
23. A. D. McFarland, M. A. Young, J. A. Dieringer, and R. P. Van Duyne, “Wavelength-scanned surface-enhanced Raman excitation spectroscopy,” J. Phys. Chem. B109(22), 11279–11285 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
24. N. Félidj, J. Aubard, G. Lévi, J. R. Krenn, A. Hohenau, G. Schider, A. Leitner, and F. R. Aussenegg, “Optimized surface-enhanced Raman scattering on gold nanoparticle arrays,” Appl. Phys. Lett.82(18), 3095–3097 (2003). [CrossRef]
25. N. Guillot, H. Shen, B. Frémaux, O. Peron, E. Rinnert, T. Toury, and M. Lamy de la Chapelle, “Surface enhanced Raman scattering optimization of gold nanocylinder arrays: Influence of the localized surface plasmon resonance and excitation wavelength,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(2), 023113 (2010). [CrossRef]
26. N. Félidj, J. Aubard, G. Lévi, J. R. Krenn, M. Salerno, G. Schider, B. Lamprecht, A. Leitner, and F. R. Aussenegg, “Controlling the optical response of regular arrays of gold particles for surface-enhanced Raman scattering,” Phys. Rev. B65(7), 075419 (2002). [CrossRef]
27. L. Gunnarsson, E. J. Bjerneld, H. Xu, S. Petronis, B. Kasemo, and M. Käll, “Interparticle coupling effects in nanofabricated substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering,” Appl. Phys. Lett.78(6), 802–804 (2001). [CrossRef]
28. J. P. Schmidt, S. E. Cross, and S. K. Buratto, “Surface-enhanced Raman scattering from ordered Ag nanocluster arrays,” J. Chem. Phys.121(21), 10657–10659 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
29. L. Billot, M. Lamy de la Chapelle, A.-S. Grimault, A. Vial, D. Barchiesi, J.-L. Bijeon, P.-M. Adam, and P. Royer, “Surface enhanced Raman scattering on gold nanowire arrays: Evidence of strong multipolar surface plasmon resonance enhancement,” Chem. Phys. Lett.422(4-6), 303–307 (2006). [CrossRef]
30. J. Janata, Principles of Chemical Sensors (Plenum Press, New York, New York, 1989)
31. M. Sackmann, S. Bom, T. Balster, and A. Materny, “Nanostructured gold surfaces as reproducible substrates for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy,” J. Raman Spectrosc.38(3), 277–282 (2007). [CrossRef]
32. Y. B. Zheng, B. K. Juluri, X. L. Mao, T. R. Walker, and T. J. Huang, “Systematic investigation of localized surface plasmon resonance of long-range ordered Au nanodisk arrays,” J. Appl. Phys.103(1), 014308–014317 (2008). [CrossRef]
33. H. Aouani, J. Wenger, D. Gérard, H. Rigneault, E. Devaux, T. W. Ebbesen, F. Mahdavi, T. J. Xu, and S. Blair, “Crucial role of the adhesion layer on the plasmonic fluorescence enhancement,” ACS Nano3(7), 2043–2048 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
34. M. Lamy de la Chapelle, N. Guillot, B. Frémaux, H. Shen, and T. Toury, “Novel apolar plasmonic nanostructures with extended optical tunability for sensing applications,” Plasmonics (2012), doi:. [CrossRef]
35. J. Jerphagnon, D. Chemla, and R. Bonneville, “The description of the physical properties of condensed matter using irreducible tensors,” Adv. Phys.27(4), 609–650 (1978). [CrossRef]
36. J. Zyss, “Molecular engineering implication of rotational invariance in quadratic nonlinear optics: From dipolar to octupolar molecules and materials,” J. Chem. Phys.98(9), 6583–6600 (1993). [CrossRef]
37. T. Klar, M. Perner, S. Grosse, G. von Plessen, W. Spirkl, and J. Feldmann, “Surface-plasmon resonances in single metallic nanoparticles,” Phys. Rev. Lett.80(19), 4249–4252 (1998). [CrossRef]
38. S. A. Maier, Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications (Springer, 2007)
39. S. H. Park, J.-H. Im, J.-W. Im, B.-H. Chun, and J.-H. Kim, “Adsorption kinetics of Au and Ag nanoparticles on functionalized glass surfaces,” Microchem. J.63(1), 71–91 (1999). [CrossRef]
40. C. A. Goss, D. H. Charych, and M. Majda, “Application of 3-Mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysliane as a molecular adhesive in the fabrication of vapor-deposited gold electrodes on glass substrates,” Anal. Chem.63(1), 85–88 (1991). [CrossRef]
41. X. J. Jiao, J. Goeckeritz, S. Blair, and M. Oldham, “Localization of near-field resonances in bowtie antennae: influence of adhesion layers,” Plasmonics4(1), 37–50 (2009). [CrossRef]
42. T. C. Tisone and J. Drobek, “Diffusion in thin film Ti-Au, Ti-Pd, and Ti-Pt couples,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol.9(1), 271–275 (1972). [CrossRef]

ACS Nano

• H. Aouani, J. Wenger, D. Gérard, H. Rigneault, E. Devaux, T. W. Ebbesen, F. Mahdavi, T. J. Xu, and S. Blair, “Crucial role of the adhesion layer on the plasmonic fluorescence enhancement,” ACS Nano3(7), 2043–2048 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)

• E. Hutter and J. H. Fendler, “Exploitation of localized surface plasmon resonance,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)16(19), 1685–1706 (2004). [CrossRef]

Adv. Phys.

• J. Jerphagnon, D. Chemla, and R. Bonneville, “The description of the physical properties of condensed matter using irreducible tensors,” Adv. Phys.27(4), 609–650 (1978). [CrossRef]

Anal. Chem.

• C. A. Goss, D. H. Charych, and M. Majda, “Application of 3-Mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysliane as a molecular adhesive in the fabrication of vapor-deposited gold electrodes on glass substrates,” Anal. Chem.63(1), 85–88 (1991). [CrossRef]

Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem.

• E. C. Le Ru and P. G. Etchegoin, “Single-molecule surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy,” Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem.63(1), 65–87 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Appl. Phys. Lett.

• F. Neubrech, A. Garcia-Etxarri, D. Weber, J. Bochterle, H. Shen, M. Lamy de la Chapelle, G. W. Bryant, J. Aizpurua, and A. Pucci, “Defect-induced activation of symmetry forbidden infrared resonances in individual metallic nanorods,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(21), 213111 (2010). [CrossRef]
• N. Félidj, J. Aubard, G. Lévi, J. R. Krenn, A. Hohenau, G. Schider, A. Leitner, and F. R. Aussenegg, “Optimized surface-enhanced Raman scattering on gold nanoparticle arrays,” Appl. Phys. Lett.82(18), 3095–3097 (2003). [CrossRef]
• N. Guillot, H. Shen, B. Frémaux, O. Peron, E. Rinnert, T. Toury, and M. Lamy de la Chapelle, “Surface enhanced Raman scattering optimization of gold nanocylinder arrays: Influence of the localized surface plasmon resonance and excitation wavelength,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(2), 023113 (2010). [CrossRef]
• L. Gunnarsson, E. J. Bjerneld, H. Xu, S. Petronis, B. Kasemo, and M. Käll, “Interparticle coupling effects in nanofabricated substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering,” Appl. Phys. Lett.78(6), 802–804 (2001). [CrossRef]

Chem. Phys. Lett.

• L. Billot, M. Lamy de la Chapelle, A.-S. Grimault, A. Vial, D. Barchiesi, J.-L. Bijeon, P.-M. Adam, and P. Royer, “Surface enhanced Raman scattering on gold nanowire arrays: Evidence of strong multipolar surface plasmon resonance enhancement,” Chem. Phys. Lett.422(4-6), 303–307 (2006). [CrossRef]
• P. K. Jain and M. A. El-Sayed, “Plasmonic coupling in noble metal nanostructures,” Chem. Phys. Lett.487(4-6), 153–164 (2010). [CrossRef]

Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen.

• C. D. Geddes, I. Gryczynski, J. Malicka, Z. Gryczynski, and J. R. Lakowicz, “Metal-enhanced fluorescence: potential applications in HTS,” Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen.6(2), 109–117 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

J. Am. Chem. Soc.

• A. J. Haes and R. P. Van Duyne, “A nanoscale optical biosensor: sensitivity and selectivity of an approach based on the localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy of triangular silver nanoparticles,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.124(35), 10596–10604 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

J. Appl. Phys.

• Y. B. Zheng, B. K. Juluri, X. L. Mao, T. R. Walker, and T. J. Huang, “Systematic investigation of localized surface plasmon resonance of long-range ordered Au nanodisk arrays,” J. Appl. Phys.103(1), 014308–014317 (2008). [CrossRef]

J. Chem. Phys.

• J. Zyss, “Molecular engineering implication of rotational invariance in quadratic nonlinear optics: From dipolar to octupolar molecules and materials,” J. Chem. Phys.98(9), 6583–6600 (1993). [CrossRef]
• J. P. Schmidt, S. E. Cross, and S. K. Buratto, “Surface-enhanced Raman scattering from ordered Ag nanocluster arrays,” J. Chem. Phys.121(21), 10657–10659 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

J. Phys. Chem. B

• C. L. Haynes and R. P. Van Duyne, “Plasmon-sampled surface-enhanced Raman excitation spectroscopy,” J. Phys. Chem. B107(30), 7426–7433 (2003). [CrossRef]
• A. D. McFarland, M. A. Young, J. A. Dieringer, and R. P. Van Duyne, “Wavelength-scanned surface-enhanced Raman excitation spectroscopy,” J. Phys. Chem. B109(22), 11279–11285 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• Z. Q. Tian, B. Ren, and D. Y. Wu, “Surface-enhanced Raman scattering: from noble to transition metals and from rough surfaces to ordered nanostructures,” J. Phys. Chem. B106(37), 9463–9483 (2002). [CrossRef]
• E. C. Le Ru, M. Meyer, and P. G. Etchegoin, “Proof of single-molecule sensitivity in surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) by means of a two-analyte technique,” J. Phys. Chem. B110(4), 1944–1948 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

J. Raman Spectrosc.

• M. Sackmann, S. Bom, T. Balster, and A. Materny, “Nanostructured gold surfaces as reproducible substrates for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy,” J. Raman Spectrosc.38(3), 277–282 (2007). [CrossRef]

J. Vac. Sci. Technol.

• T. C. Tisone and J. Drobek, “Diffusion in thin film Ti-Au, Ti-Pd, and Ti-Pt couples,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol.9(1), 271–275 (1972). [CrossRef]

Microchem. J.

• S. H. Park, J.-H. Im, J.-W. Im, B.-H. Chun, and J.-H. Kim, “Adsorption kinetics of Au and Ag nanoparticles on functionalized glass surfaces,” Microchem. J.63(1), 71–91 (1999). [CrossRef]

Nano Lett.

• C. E. Talley, J. B. Jackson, C. Oubre, N. K. Grady, C. W. Hollars, S. M. Lane, T. R. Huser, P. Nordlander, and N. J. Halas, “Surface-enhanced Raman scattering from individual Au nanoparticles and nanoparticle dimer substrates,” Nano Lett.5(8), 1569–1574 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Nanotechnology

• W. Fritzsche and T. A. Taton, “Metal nanoparticles as labels for heterogeneous chip-based DNA detection,” Nanotechnology14(12), R63–R73 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Express

• J. A. Sánchez-Gil, J. V. García-Ramos, and E. R. Méndez, “Electromagnetic mechanism in surface-enhanced Raman scattering from Gaussian-correlated randomly rough metal substrates,” Opt. Express10(17), 879–886 (2002). [PubMed]
• H. V. Chu, Y. J. Liu, Y. W. Huang, and Y. P. Zhao, “A high sensitive fiber SERS probe based on silver nanorod arrays,” Opt. Express15(19), 12230–12239 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Phys. Rev. B

• K.- Yoshida, T. Itoh, H. Tamaru, V. Biju, M. Ishikawa, and Y. Ozaki, “Quantitative evaluation of electromagnetic enhancement in surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering from plasmonic properties and morphologies of individual Ag nanostructures,” Phys. Rev. B81(11), 115406 (2010). [CrossRef]
• J. Grand, M. de la Chapelle, J.-L. Bijeon, P.-M. Adam, A. Vial, and P. Royer, “Role of localized surface plasmons in surface-enhanced Raman scattering of shape-controlled metallic particles in regular arrays,” Phys. Rev. B72(3), 033407 (2005). [CrossRef]
• N. Félidj, J. Aubard, G. Lévi, J. R. Krenn, M. Salerno, G. Schider, B. Lamprecht, A. Leitner, and F. R. Aussenegg, “Controlling the optical response of regular arrays of gold particles for surface-enhanced Raman scattering,” Phys. Rev. B65(7), 075419 (2002). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev. E Stat. Phys. Plasmas Fluids Relat. Interdiscip. Topics

• H. X. Xu, J. Aizpurua, M. Käll, and P. Apell, “Electromagnetic contributions to single-molecule sensitivity in surface-enhanced Raman scattering,” Phys. Rev. E Stat. Phys. Plasmas Fluids Relat. Interdiscip. Topics62(33 Pt B), 4318–4324 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Phys. Rev. Lett.

• K. Kneipp, W. Yang, H. Kneipp, L. Perelman, I. Itzkan, R. Dasari, and M. Feld, “Single molecule detection using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS),” Phys. Rev. Lett.78(9), 1667–1670 (1997). [CrossRef]
• K. Kneipp, Y. Wang, H. Kneipp, L. T. Perelman, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Single Molecule Detection Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS),” Phys. Rev. Lett.78(9), 1667–1670 (1997). [CrossRef]
• H. X. Xu, E. J. Bjerneld, M. Käll, and L. Börjesson, “Spectroscopy of single hemoglobin molecules by surface enhanced Raman scattering,” Phys. Rev. Lett.83(21), 4357–4360 (1999). [CrossRef]
• T. Klar, M. Perner, S. Grosse, G. von Plessen, W. Spirkl, and J. Feldmann, “Surface-plasmon resonances in single metallic nanoparticles,” Phys. Rev. Lett.80(19), 4249–4252 (1998). [CrossRef]

Phys. Status Solidi B.

• A. Pucci, F. Neubrech, D. Weber, S. Hong, T. Toury, and M. de la Chapelle, “Surface enhanced infrared spectroscopy using gold nanoantennas,” Phys. Status Solidi B.247(8), 2071–2074 (2010). [CrossRef]

Plasmonics

• M. Lamy de la Chapelle, N. Guillot, B. Frémaux, H. Shen, and T. Toury, “Novel apolar plasmonic nanostructures with extended optical tunability for sensing applications,” Plasmonics (2012), doi:. [CrossRef]
• X. J. Jiao, J. Goeckeritz, S. Blair, and M. Oldham, “Localization of near-field resonances in bowtie antennae: influence of adhesion layers,” Plasmonics4(1), 37–50 (2009). [CrossRef]

Science

• S. Nie and S. R. Emory, “Probing Single molecules and single nanoparticles by surface-enhanced Raman scattering,” Science275(5303), 1102–1106 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• E. M. Prodan, C. Radloff, N. J. Halas, and P. Nordlander, “A hybridization model for the plasmon response of complex nanostructures,” Science302(5644), 419–422 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Other

• S. A. Maier, Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications (Springer, 2007)
• J. Janata, Principles of Chemical Sensors (Plenum Press, New York, New York, 1989)

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