Optics InfoBase > Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics > Volume 2 > Issue 7 > Page 7538
Three-dimensional visualization of choroidal vessels by using standard and ultra-high resolution scattering optical coherence angiography
Youngjoo Hong, Shuich Makita, Masahiro Yamanari, Masahiro Miura, Soohyun Kim, Toyohiko Yatagai, and Yoshiaki Yasuno »View Author Affiliations
1Computational Optics Group in University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan and Computational Optics and Ophthalmology Group, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST, Guseong-dong, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
3Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
*hongyoungjoo@kaist.ac.kr
**yasuno@optlab2.bk.tsukuba.ac.jp
Optics Express, Vol. 15, Issue 12, pp. 7538-7550 (2007)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.15.007538
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Abstract
Scattering optical coherence angiography (S-OCA) is a noninvasive imaging method that is based on the high-speed standard 800nm band spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and the ultra-high-resolution SD-OCT which has the axial resolution of 6.1 μm and 2.9 μm in tissue, respectively. In this paper, we have demonstrated the use of this method for in vivo human retinal imaging. A three-dimensional view of the choroidal vasculature was obtained by segmenting the choroidal vessels; this was done using intensity threshold based binarization at each depth plane relative to the retinal pigment epithelium. A vascular projection image was obtained by integrating the segmented choroidal vasculature. In order to assess the feasibility of the proposed method, we compared these images with those obtained using existing invasive methods such as fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography. Clinically worthful images are obtained from the application of S-OCA to the age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy.
© 2007 Optical Society of America
OCIS Codes
(100.6890) Image processing : Three-dimensional image processing
(110.4500) Imaging systems : Optical coherence tomography
(170.4470) Medical optics and biotechnology : Ophthalmology
(170.4500) Medical optics and biotechnology : Optical coherence tomography
ToC Category:
Medical Optics and Biotechnology
History
Original Manuscript: February 22, 2007
Revised Manuscript: May 2, 2007
Manuscript Accepted: May 3, 2007
Published: June 5, 2007
Virtual Issues
Vol. 2, Iss. 7 Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics
Citation
Youngjoo Hong, Shuich Makita, Masahiro Yamanari, Masahiro Miura, Soohyun Kim, Toyohiko Yatagai, and Yoshiaki Yasuno, "Three-dimensional visualization of choroidal vessels by using standard and ultra-high resolution scattering optical coherence angiography," Opt. Express 15, 7538-7550 (2007)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/vjbo/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-12-7538
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References
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- Y. Yasuno, Y. J. Hong, S. Makita, M. Yamanari, M. Akiba, M. Miura, and T. Yatagai, "In vivo high-contrast imaging of deep posterior eye by 1-μm swept source optical coherence tomography and scattering optical coherence angiography," Opt. Express 15, 6121-6139 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Makita, Y. J. Hong, M. Yamanari, T. Yatagai, and Y. Yasuno, "Optical coherence angiography," Opt. Express 14, 7821-7840 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Hope-Ross, L. Yannuzzi, E. Gragoudas, D. Guyer, J. Slakter, J. Sorenson, S. Krupsky, D. Orlock, and C. Puliafito, "Adverse reactions due to indocyanine green," Ophthalmology 101, 529-533 (1994). [PubMed]
- Y. Hori, Y. Yasuno, S. Sakai, M. Matsumoto, T. Sugawara, V. D. Madjarova, M. Yamanari, S. Makita, T. Yasui, T. Araki, M. Itoh, and T. Yatagai, "Automatic characterization and segmentation of human skin using three-dimensional optical coherence tomography," Opt. Express 14, 1862-1877 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, W. G. S. C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. Chang, T. F. M. R. Hee, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, "Optical coherence tomography," Science 254, 1178-1181 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Hori, Y. Yasuno, S. Sakai, M. Matsumoto, T. Sugawara, V. D. Madjarova, M. Yamanari, S. Makita, T. Yasui, T. Araki, M. Itoh, and T. Yatagai, "Automatic characterization and segmentation of human skin using three-dimensional optical coherence tomography," Opt. Express 14, 1862-1877 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Yazdanfar, A. M. Rollins, and J. A. Izatt, "In vivo imaging of human retinal flow dynamics by color Doppler optical coherence tomography," Arch. Ophthalmol. 121, 235-239 (2003). [PubMed]
- A. F. Fercher, C. K. Hitzenberger, G. Kamp, and S. Y. El-Zaiat, "Measurement of intraocular distances by backscattering spectral interferometry," Opt. Commun. 117, 43-48 (1995). [CrossRef]
- B. Povazay, K. Bizheva, B. Hermann, A. Unterhuber, H. Sattman, A. F. Fercher, W. Drexler, C. Schubert, P. K. Ahnelt, M. Mei, R. Holzwarth, W. J. Wadsworth, J. C. Knight, and P. S. Russel, "Enhanced visualization of choroidal vessels using ultrahigh resolution ophthalmic OCT at 1050 nm," Opt. Express 11, 1980-1986 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Patel, S. Rassam, R. Newsom, J. Wiek, and E. Kohner, "Retinal blood flow in diabetic retinopathy," BMJ 305, 678-683 (1992). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Flammer, S. Orgul, V. P. Costa, N. Orzalesi, G. K. Krieglstein, L. M. Serra, J.-P. Renard, and E. Stefansson,"The impact of ocular blood flow in glaucoma," Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 21, 359−393 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Hope-Ross, L. Yannuzzi, E. Gragoudas, D. Guyer, J. Slakter, J. Sorenson, S. Krupsky, D. Orlock, and C. Puliafito, "Adverse reactions due to indocyanine green," Ophthalmology 101, 529-533 (1994). [PubMed]
- K. A. Kwiterovich, M. G. Maguire, R. P. Murphy, A. P. Schachat, N. M. Bressler, S. B. Bressler, and S. L. Fine, "Frequency of adverse systemic reactions after fluorescein angiography. Results of a prospective stud," Ophthalmology 98, 1139−1142 (1991). [PubMed]
- R. Leitgeb, W. Drexler, A. Unterhuber, B. Hermann, T. Bajraszewski, T. Le, A. Stingl, and A. Fercher, "Ultrahigh resolution Fourier domain optical coherence tomography," Opt. Express 12, 2156-2165 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Leitgeb, L. F. Schmetterer, M. Wojtkowski, C. K. Hitzenberger, M. Sticker, andd A. F. Fercher, "Flow velocity measurements by frequency domain short coherence interferometry," Proc. SPIE 4619,16-21 (2002). [CrossRef]
- D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, W. G. S. C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. Chang, T. F. M. R. Hee, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, "Optical coherence tomography," Science 254, 1178-1181 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Häusler and M. W. Lindner, "Coherence rader" and "spectral radar" —New tools for dermatological diagnosis," J. Biomed. Opt. 3, 21-31 (1998).
- Y. Hori, Y. Yasuno, S. Sakai, M. Matsumoto, T. Sugawara, V. D. Madjarova, M. Yamanari, S. Makita, T. Yasui, T. Araki, M. Itoh, and T. Yatagai, "Automatic characterization and segmentation of human skin using three-dimensional optical coherence tomography," Opt. Express 14, 1862-1877 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. A. Kwiterovich, M. G. Maguire, R. P. Murphy, A. P. Schachat, N. M. Bressler, S. B. Bressler, and S. L. Fine, "Frequency of adverse systemic reactions after fluorescein angiography. Results of a prospective stud," Ophthalmology 98, 1139−1142 (1991). [PubMed]
- Y. Yasuno, Y. J. Hong, S. Makita, M. Yamanari, M. Akiba, M. Miura, and T. Yatagai, "In vivo high-contrast imaging of deep posterior eye by 1-μm swept source optical coherence tomography and scattering optical coherence angiography," Opt. Express 15, 6121-6139 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Makita, Y. J. Hong, M. Yamanari, T. Yatagai, and Y. Yasuno, "Optical coherence angiography," Opt. Express 14, 7821-7840 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Hori, Y. Yasuno, S. Sakai, M. Matsumoto, T. Sugawara, V. D. Madjarova, M. Yamanari, S. Makita, T. Yasui, T. Araki, M. Itoh, and T. Yatagai, "Automatic characterization and segmentation of human skin using three-dimensional optical coherence tomography," Opt. Express 14, 1862-1877 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Hori, Y. Yasuno, S. Sakai, M. Matsumoto, T. Sugawara, V. D. Madjarova, M. Yamanari, S. Makita, T. Yasui, T. Araki, M. Itoh, and T. Yatagai, "Automatic characterization and segmentation of human skin using three-dimensional optical coherence tomography," Opt. Express 14, 1862-1877 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Povazay, K. Bizheva, B. Hermann, A. Unterhuber, H. Sattman, A. F. Fercher, W. Drexler, C. Schubert, P. K. Ahnelt, M. Mei, R. Holzwarth, W. J. Wadsworth, J. C. Knight, and P. S. Russel, "Enhanced visualization of choroidal vessels using ultrahigh resolution ophthalmic OCT at 1050 nm," Opt. Express 11, 1980-1986 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. C. W. Lee, J. F. de Boer, M. Mujat, H. Lim, S. H. Yun, "In vivo optical frequency domain imaging of human retina and choroid," Opt. Express 14, 4403-4411 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Mujat, R. C. Chan, B. Cense, B. H. Park, C. Joo, T. Akkin, T. C. Chen, and J. F. de Boer, "Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness map determined from optical coherence tomography images," Opt. Express 13, 9480-9491 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Roggan, M. Friebel, K. Dörschel, A. Hahn, and G. Müller, "Optical properties of circulating human blood in the wavelength range 400-2500 nm," J. Biomed. Opt. 4, 36-46 (1999). [CrossRef]
- M. Hammer, A. Roggan, D. Schweitzer and G. Müller, "Optical properties of ocular fundus tissues-an in vitro study using the double-integrating-sphere technique and inverse Monte Carlo simulation," Phys. Med. Biol. 40, 963-978 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. A. Kwiterovich, M. G. Maguire, R. P. Murphy, A. P. Schachat, N. M. Bressler, S. B. Bressler, and S. L. Fine, "Frequency of adverse systemic reactions after fluorescein angiography. Results of a prospective stud," Ophthalmology 98, 1139−1142 (1991). [PubMed]
- B. Cense, N. A. Nassif, T. C. Chen, M. C. Pierce, S. H. Yun, B. H. Park, B. E. Bouma, G. J. Tearney, and J. F. de Boer, "Ultrahigh-resolution high-speed retinal imaging using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography," Opt. Express 12, 2435-2447 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. R. White, M. C. Pierce, N. A. Nassif, B. Cense, B. H. Park, G. J. Tearney, B. E. Bouma, T. C. Chen, and J. F. de Boer, "In vivo dynamic human retinal blood flow imaging using ultra-high-speed spectral domain optical Doppler tomography," Opt. Express 11, 3490 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Patel, S. Rassam, R. Newsom, J. Wiek, and E. Kohner, "Retinal blood flow in diabetic retinopathy," BMJ 305, 678-683 (1992). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Flammer, S. Orgul, V. P. Costa, N. Orzalesi, G. K. Krieglstein, L. M. Serra, J.-P. Renard, and E. Stefansson,"The impact of ocular blood flow in glaucoma," Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 21, 359−393 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Hope-Ross, L. Yannuzzi, E. Gragoudas, D. Guyer, J. Slakter, J. Sorenson, S. Krupsky, D. Orlock, and C. Puliafito, "Adverse reactions due to indocyanine green," Ophthalmology 101, 529-533 (1994). [PubMed]
- J. Flammer, S. Orgul, V. P. Costa, N. Orzalesi, G. K. Krieglstein, L. M. Serra, J.-P. Renard, and E. Stefansson,"The impact of ocular blood flow in glaucoma," Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 21, 359−393 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Mujat, R. C. Chan, B. Cense, B. H. Park, C. Joo, T. Akkin, T. C. Chen, and J. F. de Boer, "Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness map determined from optical coherence tomography images," Opt. Express 13, 9480-9491 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Cense, N. A. Nassif, T. C. Chen, M. C. Pierce, S. H. Yun, B. H. Park, B. E. Bouma, G. J. Tearney, and J. F. de Boer, "Ultrahigh-resolution high-speed retinal imaging using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography," Opt. Express 12, 2435-2447 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. R. White, M. C. Pierce, N. A. Nassif, B. Cense, B. H. Park, G. J. Tearney, B. E. Bouma, T. C. Chen, and J. F. de Boer, "In vivo dynamic human retinal blood flow imaging using ultra-high-speed spectral domain optical Doppler tomography," Opt. Express 11, 3490 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Patel, S. Rassam, R. Newsom, J. Wiek, and E. Kohner, "Retinal blood flow in diabetic retinopathy," BMJ 305, 678-683 (1992). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Cense, N. A. Nassif, T. C. Chen, M. C. Pierce, S. H. Yun, B. H. Park, B. E. Bouma, G. J. Tearney, and J. F. de Boer, "Ultrahigh-resolution high-speed retinal imaging using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography," Opt. Express 12, 2435-2447 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. R. White, M. C. Pierce, N. A. Nassif, B. Cense, B. H. Park, G. J. Tearney, B. E. Bouma, T. C. Chen, and J. F. de Boer, "In vivo dynamic human retinal blood flow imaging using ultra-high-speed spectral domain optical Doppler tomography," Opt. Express 11, 3490 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Unterhuber, B. Povazay, B. Hermann, H. Sattmann, A. Chavez-Pirson, and W. Drexler, "In vivo retinal optical coherence tomography at 1040 nm - enhanced penetration into the choroids," Opt. Express 13, 3252-3258 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Povazay, K. Bizheva, B. Hermann, A. Unterhuber, H. Sattman, A. F. Fercher, W. Drexler, C. Schubert, P. K. Ahnelt, M. Mei, R. Holzwarth, W. J. Wadsworth, J. C. Knight, and P. S. Russel, "Enhanced visualization of choroidal vessels using ultrahigh resolution ophthalmic OCT at 1050 nm," Opt. Express 11, 1980-1986 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Hope-Ross, L. Yannuzzi, E. Gragoudas, D. Guyer, J. Slakter, J. Sorenson, S. Krupsky, D. Orlock, and C. Puliafito, "Adverse reactions due to indocyanine green," Ophthalmology 101, 529-533 (1994). [PubMed]
- S. Jiao, R. Knighton, X. Huang, G. Gregori, and C. A. Puliafito, "Simultaneous acquisition of sectional and fundus ophthalmic images with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography," Opt. Express 13, 444-452 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, W. G. S. C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. Chang, T. F. M. R. Hee, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, "Optical coherence tomography," Science 254, 1178-1181 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Patel, S. Rassam, R. Newsom, J. Wiek, and E. Kohner, "Retinal blood flow in diabetic retinopathy," BMJ 305, 678-683 (1992). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Flammer, S. Orgul, V. P. Costa, N. Orzalesi, G. K. Krieglstein, L. M. Serra, J.-P. Renard, and E. Stefansson,"The impact of ocular blood flow in glaucoma," Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 21, 359−393 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Roggan, M. Friebel, K. Dörschel, A. Hahn, and G. Müller, "Optical properties of circulating human blood in the wavelength range 400-2500 nm," J. Biomed. Opt. 4, 36-46 (1999). [CrossRef]
- M. Hammer, A. Roggan, D. Schweitzer and G. Müller, "Optical properties of ocular fundus tissues-an in vitro study using the double-integrating-sphere technique and inverse Monte Carlo simulation," Phys. Med. Biol. 40, 963-978 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Yazdanfar, A. M. Rollins, and J. A. Izatt, "In vivo imaging of human retinal flow dynamics by color Doppler optical coherence tomography," Arch. Ophthalmol. 121, 235-239 (2003). [PubMed]
- B. Povazay, K. Bizheva, B. Hermann, A. Unterhuber, H. Sattman, A. F. Fercher, W. Drexler, C. Schubert, P. K. Ahnelt, M. Mei, R. Holzwarth, W. J. Wadsworth, J. C. Knight, and P. S. Russel, "Enhanced visualization of choroidal vessels using ultrahigh resolution ophthalmic OCT at 1050 nm," Opt. Express 11, 1980-1986 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Hori, Y. Yasuno, S. Sakai, M. Matsumoto, T. Sugawara, V. D. Madjarova, M. Yamanari, S. Makita, T. Yasui, T. Araki, M. Itoh, and T. Yatagai, "Automatic characterization and segmentation of human skin using three-dimensional optical coherence tomography," Opt. Express 14, 1862-1877 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Povazay, K. Bizheva, B. Hermann, A. Unterhuber, H. Sattman, A. F. Fercher, W. Drexler, C. Schubert, P. K. Ahnelt, M. Mei, R. Holzwarth, W. J. Wadsworth, J. C. Knight, and P. S. Russel, "Enhanced visualization of choroidal vessels using ultrahigh resolution ophthalmic OCT at 1050 nm," Opt. Express 11, 1980-1986 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. A. Kwiterovich, M. G. Maguire, R. P. Murphy, A. P. Schachat, N. M. Bressler, S. B. Bressler, and S. L. Fine, "Frequency of adverse systemic reactions after fluorescein angiography. Results of a prospective stud," Ophthalmology 98, 1139−1142 (1991). [PubMed]
- R. Leitgeb, L. F. Schmetterer, M. Wojtkowski, C. K. Hitzenberger, M. Sticker, andd A. F. Fercher, "Flow velocity measurements by frequency domain short coherence interferometry," Proc. SPIE 4619,16-21 (2002). [CrossRef]
- B. Povazay, K. Bizheva, B. Hermann, A. Unterhuber, H. Sattman, A. F. Fercher, W. Drexler, C. Schubert, P. K. Ahnelt, M. Mei, R. Holzwarth, W. J. Wadsworth, J. C. Knight, and P. S. Russel, "Enhanced visualization of choroidal vessels using ultrahigh resolution ophthalmic OCT at 1050 nm," Opt. Express 11, 1980-1986 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, W. G. S. C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. Chang, T. F. M. R. Hee, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, "Optical coherence tomography," Science 254, 1178-1181 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Hammer, A. Roggan, D. Schweitzer and G. Müller, "Optical properties of ocular fundus tissues-an in vitro study using the double-integrating-sphere technique and inverse Monte Carlo simulation," Phys. Med. Biol. 40, 963-978 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Flammer, S. Orgul, V. P. Costa, N. Orzalesi, G. K. Krieglstein, L. M. Serra, J.-P. Renard, and E. Stefansson,"The impact of ocular blood flow in glaucoma," Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 21, 359−393 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Hope-Ross, L. Yannuzzi, E. Gragoudas, D. Guyer, J. Slakter, J. Sorenson, S. Krupsky, D. Orlock, and C. Puliafito, "Adverse reactions due to indocyanine green," Ophthalmology 101, 529-533 (1994). [PubMed]
- M. Hope-Ross, L. Yannuzzi, E. Gragoudas, D. Guyer, J. Slakter, J. Sorenson, S. Krupsky, D. Orlock, and C. Puliafito, "Adverse reactions due to indocyanine green," Ophthalmology 101, 529-533 (1994). [PubMed]
- J. Flammer, S. Orgul, V. P. Costa, N. Orzalesi, G. K. Krieglstein, L. M. Serra, J.-P. Renard, and E. Stefansson,"The impact of ocular blood flow in glaucoma," Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 21, 359−393 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Leitgeb, L. F. Schmetterer, M. Wojtkowski, C. K. Hitzenberger, M. Sticker, andd A. F. Fercher, "Flow velocity measurements by frequency domain short coherence interferometry," Proc. SPIE 4619,16-21 (2002). [CrossRef]
- Y. Hori, Y. Yasuno, S. Sakai, M. Matsumoto, T. Sugawara, V. D. Madjarova, M. Yamanari, S. Makita, T. Yasui, T. Araki, M. Itoh, and T. Yatagai, "Automatic characterization and segmentation of human skin using three-dimensional optical coherence tomography," Opt. Express 14, 1862-1877 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, W. G. S. C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. Chang, T. F. M. R. Hee, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, "Optical coherence tomography," Science 254, 1178-1181 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Cense, N. A. Nassif, T. C. Chen, M. C. Pierce, S. H. Yun, B. H. Park, B. E. Bouma, G. J. Tearney, and J. F. de Boer, "Ultrahigh-resolution high-speed retinal imaging using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography," Opt. Express 12, 2435-2447 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. R. White, M. C. Pierce, N. A. Nassif, B. Cense, B. H. Park, G. J. Tearney, B. E. Bouma, T. C. Chen, and J. F. de Boer, "In vivo dynamic human retinal blood flow imaging using ultra-high-speed spectral domain optical Doppler tomography," Opt. Express 11, 3490 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Unterhuber, B. Povazay, B. Hermann, H. Sattmann, A. Chavez-Pirson, and W. Drexler, "In vivo retinal optical coherence tomography at 1040 nm - enhanced penetration into the choroids," Opt. Express 13, 3252-3258 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Leitgeb, W. Drexler, A. Unterhuber, B. Hermann, T. Bajraszewski, T. Le, A. Stingl, and A. Fercher, "Ultrahigh resolution Fourier domain optical coherence tomography," Opt. Express 12, 2156-2165 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Povazay, K. Bizheva, B. Hermann, A. Unterhuber, H. Sattman, A. F. Fercher, W. Drexler, C. Schubert, P. K. Ahnelt, M. Mei, R. Holzwarth, W. J. Wadsworth, J. C. Knight, and P. S. Russel, "Enhanced visualization of choroidal vessels using ultrahigh resolution ophthalmic OCT at 1050 nm," Opt. Express 11, 1980-1986 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Povazay, K. Bizheva, B. Hermann, A. Unterhuber, H. Sattman, A. F. Fercher, W. Drexler, C. Schubert, P. K. Ahnelt, M. Mei, R. Holzwarth, W. J. Wadsworth, J. C. Knight, and P. S. Russel, "Enhanced visualization of choroidal vessels using ultrahigh resolution ophthalmic OCT at 1050 nm," Opt. Express 11, 1980-1986 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Patel, S. Rassam, R. Newsom, J. Wiek, and E. Kohner, "Retinal blood flow in diabetic retinopathy," BMJ 305, 678-683 (1992). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Wojtkowski, V. Srinivasan, T. Ko, J. Fujimoto, A. Kowalczyk, and J. Duker," Ultrahigh-resolution, high-speed, Fourier domain optical coherence tomography and methods for dispersion compensation," Opt. Express 12, 2404-2422 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Leitgeb, L. F. Schmetterer, M. Wojtkowski, C. K. Hitzenberger, M. Sticker, andd A. F. Fercher, "Flow velocity measurements by frequency domain short coherence interferometry," Proc. SPIE 4619,16-21 (2002). [CrossRef]
- Y. Yasuno, Y. J. Hong, S. Makita, M. Yamanari, M. Akiba, M. Miura, and T. Yatagai, "In vivo high-contrast imaging of deep posterior eye by 1-μm swept source optical coherence tomography and scattering optical coherence angiography," Opt. Express 15, 6121-6139 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Makita, Y. J. Hong, M. Yamanari, T. Yatagai, and Y. Yasuno, "Optical coherence angiography," Opt. Express 14, 7821-7840 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Hori, Y. Yasuno, S. Sakai, M. Matsumoto, T. Sugawara, V. D. Madjarova, M. Yamanari, S. Makita, T. Yasui, T. Araki, M. Itoh, and T. Yatagai, "Automatic characterization and segmentation of human skin using three-dimensional optical coherence tomography," Opt. Express 14, 1862-1877 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Hope-Ross, L. Yannuzzi, E. Gragoudas, D. Guyer, J. Slakter, J. Sorenson, S. Krupsky, D. Orlock, and C. Puliafito, "Adverse reactions due to indocyanine green," Ophthalmology 101, 529-533 (1994). [PubMed]
- Y. Hori, Y. Yasuno, S. Sakai, M. Matsumoto, T. Sugawara, V. D. Madjarova, M. Yamanari, S. Makita, T. Yasui, T. Araki, M. Itoh, and T. Yatagai, "Automatic characterization and segmentation of human skin using three-dimensional optical coherence tomography," Opt. Express 14, 1862-1877 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Yasuno, Y. J. Hong, S. Makita, M. Yamanari, M. Akiba, M. Miura, and T. Yatagai, "In vivo high-contrast imaging of deep posterior eye by 1-μm swept source optical coherence tomography and scattering optical coherence angiography," Opt. Express 15, 6121-6139 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Hori, Y. Yasuno, S. Sakai, M. Matsumoto, T. Sugawara, V. D. Madjarova, M. Yamanari, S. Makita, T. Yasui, T. Araki, M. Itoh, and T. Yatagai, "Automatic characterization and segmentation of human skin using three-dimensional optical coherence tomography," Opt. Express 14, 1862-1877 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Makita, Y. J. Hong, M. Yamanari, T. Yatagai, and Y. Yasuno, "Optical coherence angiography," Opt. Express 14, 7821-7840 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Yasuno, Y. J. Hong, S. Makita, M. Yamanari, M. Akiba, M. Miura, and T. Yatagai, "In vivo high-contrast imaging of deep posterior eye by 1-μm swept source optical coherence tomography and scattering optical coherence angiography," Opt. Express 15, 6121-6139 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Makita, Y. J. Hong, M. Yamanari, T. Yatagai, and Y. Yasuno, "Optical coherence angiography," Opt. Express 14, 7821-7840 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Hori, Y. Yasuno, S. Sakai, M. Matsumoto, T. Sugawara, V. D. Madjarova, M. Yamanari, S. Makita, T. Yasui, T. Araki, M. Itoh, and T. Yatagai, "Automatic characterization and segmentation of human skin using three-dimensional optical coherence tomography," Opt. Express 14, 1862-1877 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Yazdanfar, A. M. Rollins, and J. A. Izatt, "In vivo imaging of human retinal flow dynamics by color Doppler optical coherence tomography," Arch. Ophthalmol. 121, 235-239 (2003). [PubMed]
- E. C. W. Lee, J. F. de Boer, M. Mujat, H. Lim, S. H. Yun, "In vivo optical frequency domain imaging of human retina and choroid," Opt. Express 14, 4403-4411 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Cense, N. A. Nassif, T. C. Chen, M. C. Pierce, S. H. Yun, B. H. Park, B. E. Bouma, G. J. Tearney, and J. F. de Boer, "Ultrahigh-resolution high-speed retinal imaging using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography," Opt. Express 12, 2435-2447 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Am. J. Ophthalmol.
- E. Friedman, "A hemodynamic model of the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration," Am. J. Ophthalmol. 124, 677-682 (1997). [PubMed]
Arch. Ophthalmol.
- S. Yazdanfar, A. M. Rollins, and J. A. Izatt, "In vivo imaging of human retinal flow dynamics by color Doppler optical coherence tomography," Arch. Ophthalmol. 121, 235-239 (2003). [PubMed]
BMJ
- V. Patel, S. Rassam, R. Newsom, J. Wiek, and E. Kohner, "Retinal blood flow in diabetic retinopathy," BMJ 305, 678-683 (1992). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Biomed. Opt.
- G. Häusler and M. W. Lindner, "Coherence rader" and "spectral radar" —New tools for dermatological diagnosis," J. Biomed. Opt. 3, 21-31 (1998).
- A. Roggan, M. Friebel, K. Dörschel, A. Hahn, and G. Müller, "Optical properties of circulating human blood in the wavelength range 400-2500 nm," J. Biomed. Opt. 4, 36-46 (1999). [CrossRef]
Ophthalmology
- K. A. Kwiterovich, M. G. Maguire, R. P. Murphy, A. P. Schachat, N. M. Bressler, S. B. Bressler, and S. L. Fine, "Frequency of adverse systemic reactions after fluorescein angiography. Results of a prospective stud," Ophthalmology 98, 1139−1142 (1991). [PubMed]
- M. Hope-Ross, L. Yannuzzi, E. Gragoudas, D. Guyer, J. Slakter, J. Sorenson, S. Krupsky, D. Orlock, and C. Puliafito, "Adverse reactions due to indocyanine green," Ophthalmology 101, 529-533 (1994). [PubMed]
Opt. Commun.
- A. F. Fercher, C. K. Hitzenberger, G. Kamp, and S. Y. El-Zaiat, "Measurement of intraocular distances by backscattering spectral interferometry," Opt. Commun. 117, 43-48 (1995). [CrossRef]
Opt. Express
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