The objective of this work is to establish an optical imaging technique that would enable monitoring of the integration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in arthritic joints. Our approach is based on first developing a labeling technique of MSC with the fluorescent dye DiD followed by tracking the cell migration kinetics from the spatial distribution of the DiD fluorescence in optical images (OI). The experimental approach involves first the in vitro OI of MSC labeled with DiD accompanied by fluorescence microscopy measurements to establish localization of the signal within the cells. Thereafter, DiD-labeled MSC were injected into polyarthritic, athymic rats and the signal localization within the experimental animals was monitored over several days. The experimental results indicate that DiD integrated into the cell membrane. DiD-labeled MSC localization in the arthritic ankle joints was observed with OI indicating that this method can be applied to monitor MSC in arthritic joints.

© 2009 OSA

1. C. Jorgensen, J. Gordeladze, and D. Noel, “Tissue engineering through autologous mesenchymal stem cells,” Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 15(5), 406–410 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2. J. J. Mao, “Stem-cell-driven regeneration of synovial joints,” Biol. Cell 97(5), 289–301 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3. A. Hansch, O. Frey, D. Sauner, I. Hilger, M. Haas, A. Malich, R. Bräuer, and W. A. Kaiser, “In vivo imaging of experimental arthritis with near-infrared fluorescence,” Arthritis Rheum. 50(3), 961–967 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4. D. Gazit, G. Turgeman, P. Kelley, E. Wang, M. Jalenak, Y. Zilberman, and I. Moutsatsos, “Engineered pluripotent mesenchymal cells integrate and differentiate in regenerating bone: a novel cell-mediated gene therapy,” J. Gene Med. 1(2), 121–133 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5. M. Hofmann, K. C. Wollert, G. P. Meyer, A. Menke, L. Arseniev, B. Hertenstein, A. Ganser, W. H. Knapp, and H. Drexler, “Monitoring of bone marrow cell homing into the infarcted human myocardium,” Circulation 111(17), 2198–2202 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
6. J. C. Wu, I. Y. Chen, G. Sundaresan, J. J. Min, A. De, J. H. Qiao, M. C. Fishbein, and S. S. Gambhir, “Molecular imaging of cardiac cell transplantation in living animals using optical bioluminescence and positron emission tomography,” Circulation 108(11), 1302–1305 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
7. J. W. Bulte, T. Douglas, B. Witwer, S. C. Zhang, E. Strable, B. K. Lewis, H. Zywicke, B. Miller, P. van Gelderen, B. M. Moskowitz, I. D. Duncan, and J. A. Frank, “Magnetodendrimers allow endosomal magnetic labeling and in vivo tracking of stem cells,” Nat. Biotechnol. 19(12), 1141–1147 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
8. J. V. Frangioni, “In vivo near-infrared fluorescence imaging,” Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 7(5), 626–634 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
9. R. Weissleder, “A clearer vision for in vivo imaging,” Nat. Biotechnol. 19(4), 316–317 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10. V. Ntziachristos, C. Bremer, and R. Weissleder, “Fluorescence imaging with near-infrared light: new technological advances that enable in vivo molecular imaging,” Eur. Radiol. 13(1), 195–208 (2003). [PubMed]
11. V. Kalchenko, S. Shivtiel, V. Malina, K. Lapid, S. Haramati, T. Lapidot, A. Brill, and A. Harmelin, “Use of lipophilic near-infrared dye in whole-body optical imaging of hematopoietic cell homing,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11(5), 050507 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12. B. N. Giepmans, S. R. Adams, M. H. Ellisman, and R. Y. Tsien, “The fluorescent toolbox for assessing protein location and function,” Science 312(5771), 217–224 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13. Y. Lin, R. Weissleder, and C. H. Tung, “Novel near-infrared cyanine fluorochromes: synthesis, properties, and bioconjugation,” Bioconjug. Chem. 13(3), 605–610 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. G. H. Simon, H. E. Daldrup-Link, J. Kau, S. Metz, J. Schlegel, G. Piontek, O. Saborowski, S. Demos, J. Duyster, and B. J. Pichler, “Optical imaging of experimental arthritis using allogeneic leukocytes labeled with a near-infrared fluorescent probe,” Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 33(9), 998–1006 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
15. E. J. Sutton, T. D. Henning, B. J. Pichler, C. Bremer, and H. E. Daldrup-Link, “Cell tracking with optical imaging,” Eur. Radiol. 18(10), 2021–2032 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
16. T. Troy, D. Jekic-McMullen, L. Sambucetti, and B. Rice, “Quantitative comparison of the sensitivity of detection of fluorescent and bioluminescent reporters in animal models,” Mol. Imaging 3(1), 9–23 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
17. J. B. Allen, D. G. Malone, S. M. Wahl, G. B. Calandra, and R. L. Wilder, “Role of the thymus in streptococcal cell wall-induced arthritis and hepatic granuloma formation. Comparative studies of pathology and cell wall distribution in athymic and euthymic rats,” J. Clin. Invest. 76(3), 1042–1056 (1985). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
18. M. M. Haglund, M. S. Berger, and D. W. Hochman, “Enhanced optical imaging of human gliomas and tumor margins,” Neurosurgery 38(2), 308–317 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
19. A. Ferrari, D. Hannouche, K. Oudina, M. Bourguignon, A. Meunier, L. Sedel, and H. Petite, “In vivo tracking of bone marrow fibroblasts with fluorescent carbocyanine dye,” J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 56(3), 361–367 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
20. S. Biswal, D. L. Resnick, J. M. Hoffman, and S. S. Gambhir, “Molecular imaging: integration of molecular imaging into the musculoskeletal imaging practice,” Radiology 244(3), 651–671 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
21. A. Nakajima, C. M. Seroogy, M. R. Sandora, I. H. Tarner, G. L. Costa, C. Taylor-Edwards, M. H. Bachmann, C. H. Contag, and C. G. Fathman, “Antigen-specific T cell-mediated gene therapy in collagen-induced arthritis,” J. Clin. Invest. 107(10), 1293–1301 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
22. C. R. Chu, F. R. Convery, W. H. Akeson, M. Meyers, and D. Amiel, “Articular cartilage transplantation. Clinical results in the knee,” Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 360, 159–168 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
23. I. M. de Kleer, D. M. Brinkman, A. Ferster, M. Abinun, P. Quartier, J. Van Der Net, R. Ten Cate, L. R. Wedderburn, G. Horneff, J. Oppermann, F. Zintl, H. E. Foster, A. M. Prieur, A. Fasth, M. A. Van Rossum, W. Kuis, and N. M. Wulffraat, “Autologous stem cell transplantation for refractory juvenile idiopathic arthritis: analysis of clinical effects, mortality, and transplant related morbidity,” Ann. Rheum. Dis. 63(10), 1318–1326 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
24. S. H. Kim, S. Kim, C. H. Evans, S. C. Ghivizzani, T. Oligino, and P. D. Robbins, “Effective treatment of established murine collagen-induced arthritis by systemic administration of dendritic cells genetically modified to express IL-4,” J. Immunol. 166(5), 3499–3505 (2001). [PubMed]
25. N. M. Wulffraat and W. Kuis, “Autologous stem cell transplantation: a possible treatment for refractory juvenile chronic arthritis?” Rheumatology (Oxford) 38(8), 764–766 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
26. M. Brittberg, A. Lindahl, A. Nilsson, C. Ohlsson, O. Isaksson, and L. Peterson, “Treatment of deep cartilage defects in the knee with autologous chondrocyte transplantation,” N. Engl. J. Med. 331(14), 889–895 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
27. V. Gangji, M. Toungouz, and J. P. Hauzeur, “Stem cell therapy for osteonecrosis of the femoral head,” Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 5(4), 437–442 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
28. K. Gelse, K. von der Mark, T. Aigner, J. Park, and H. Schneider, “Articular cartilage repair by gene therapy using growth factor-producing mesenchymal cells,” Arthritis Rheum. 48(2), 430–441 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
29. T. Freyman, G. Polin, H. Osman, J. Crary, M. Lu, L. Cheng, M. Palasis, and R. L. Wilensky, “A quantitative, randomized study evaluating three methods of mesenchymal stem cell delivery following myocardial infarction,” Eur. Heart J. 27(9), 1114–1122 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
30. Y. Tang, K. Shah, S. M. Messerli, E. Snyder, X. Breakefield, and R. Weissleder, “In vivo tracking of neural progenitor cell migration to glioblastomas,” Hum. Gene Ther. 14(13), 1247–1254 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
31. J. Leor and I. M. Barbash, “Cell transplantation and genetic engineering: new approaches to cardiac pathology,” Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 3(7), 1023–1039 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
32. R. K. Burt, Y. Loh, W. Pearce, N. Beohar, W. G. Barr, R. Craig, Y. Wen, J. A. Rapp, and J. Kessler, “Clinical applications of blood-derived and marrow-derived stem cells for nonmalignant diseases,” JAMA 299(8), 925–936 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
33. P. H. Wooley, “The usefulness and the limitations of animal models in identifying targets for therapy in arthritis,” Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol. 18(1), 47–58 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
34. J. Müller-Ehmsen, P. Whittaker, R. A. Kloner, J. S. Dow, T. Sakoda, T. I. Long, P. W. Laird, and L. Kedes, “Survival and development of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes transplanted into adult myocardium,” J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 34(2), 107–116 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
35. G. M. Smythe, S. I. Hodgetts, and M. D. Grounds, “Immunobiology and the future of myoblast transfer therapy,” Mol. Ther. 1(4), 304–313 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
36. O. Gheysens, S. Lin, F. Cao, D. Wang, I. Y. Chen, M. Rodriguez-Porcel, J. J. Min, S. S. Gambhir, and J. C. Wu, “Noninvasive evaluation of immunosuppressive drug efficacy on acute donor cell survival,” Mol. Imaging Biol. 8(3), 163–170 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
37. Y. A. Cao, M. H. Bachmann, A. Beilhack, Y. Yang, M. Tanaka, R. J. Swijnenburg, R. Reeves, C. Taylor-Edwards, S. Schulz, T. C. Doyle, C. G. Fathman, R. C. Robbins, L. A. Herzenberg, R. S. Negrin, and C. H. Contag, “Molecular imaging using labeled donor tissues reveals patterns of engraftment, rejection, and survival in transplantation,” Transplantation 80(1), 134–139 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
38. J. C. Wu, G. Sundaresan, M. Iyer, and S. S. Gambhir, “Noninvasive optical imaging of firefly luciferase reporter gene expression in skeletal muscles of living mice,” Mol. Ther. 4(4), 297–306 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
39. B. W. Rice, M. D. Cable, and M. B. Nelson, “In vivo imaging of light-emitting probes,” J. Biomed. Opt. 6(4), 432–440 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
40. R. Weissleder and V. Ntziachristos, “Shedding light onto live molecular targets,” Nat. Med. 9(1), 123–128 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Ann. Rheum. Dis.

• I. M. de Kleer, D. M. Brinkman, A. Ferster, M. Abinun, P. Quartier, J. Van Der Net, R. Ten Cate, L. R. Wedderburn, G. Horneff, J. Oppermann, F. Zintl, H. E. Foster, A. M. Prieur, A. Fasth, M. A. Van Rossum, W. Kuis, and N. M. Wulffraat, “Autologous stem cell transplantation for refractory juvenile idiopathic arthritis: analysis of clinical effects, mortality, and transplant related morbidity,” Ann. Rheum. Dis. 63(10), 1318–1326 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Arthritis Rheum.

• K. Gelse, K. von der Mark, T. Aigner, J. Park, and H. Schneider, “Articular cartilage repair by gene therapy using growth factor-producing mesenchymal cells,” Arthritis Rheum. 48(2), 430–441 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• A. Hansch, O. Frey, D. Sauner, I. Hilger, M. Haas, A. Malich, R. Bräuer, and W. A. Kaiser, “In vivo imaging of experimental arthritis with near-infrared fluorescence,” Arthritis Rheum. 50(3), 961–967 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol.

• P. H. Wooley, “The usefulness and the limitations of animal models in identifying targets for therapy in arthritis,” Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol. 18(1), 47–58 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Bioconjug. Chem.

• Y. Lin, R. Weissleder, and C. H. Tung, “Novel near-infrared cyanine fluorochromes: synthesis, properties, and bioconjugation,” Bioconjug. Chem. 13(3), 605–610 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Biol. Cell

• J. J. Mao, “Stem-cell-driven regeneration of synovial joints,” Biol. Cell 97(5), 289–301 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Circulation

• M. Hofmann, K. C. Wollert, G. P. Meyer, A. Menke, L. Arseniev, B. Hertenstein, A. Ganser, W. H. Knapp, and H. Drexler, “Monitoring of bone marrow cell homing into the infarcted human myocardium,” Circulation 111(17), 2198–2202 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• J. C. Wu, I. Y. Chen, G. Sundaresan, J. J. Min, A. De, J. H. Qiao, M. C. Fishbein, and S. S. Gambhir, “Molecular imaging of cardiac cell transplantation in living animals using optical bioluminescence and positron emission tomography,” Circulation 108(11), 1302–1305 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res.

• C. R. Chu, F. R. Convery, W. H. Akeson, M. Meyers, and D. Amiel, “Articular cartilage transplantation. Clinical results in the knee,” Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 360, 159–168 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Curr. Opin. Biotechnol.

• C. Jorgensen, J. Gordeladze, and D. Noel, “Tissue engineering through autologous mesenchymal stem cells,” Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 15(5), 406–410 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol.

• J. V. Frangioni, “In vivo near-infrared fluorescence imaging,” Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 7(5), 626–634 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Eur. Heart J.

• T. Freyman, G. Polin, H. Osman, J. Crary, M. Lu, L. Cheng, M. Palasis, and R. L. Wilensky, “A quantitative, randomized study evaluating three methods of mesenchymal stem cell delivery following myocardial infarction,” Eur. Heart J. 27(9), 1114–1122 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging

• G. H. Simon, H. E. Daldrup-Link, J. Kau, S. Metz, J. Schlegel, G. Piontek, O. Saborowski, S. Demos, J. Duyster, and B. J. Pichler, “Optical imaging of experimental arthritis using allogeneic leukocytes labeled with a near-infrared fluorescent probe,” Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 33(9), 998–1006 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Eur. Radiol.

• E. J. Sutton, T. D. Henning, B. J. Pichler, C. Bremer, and H. E. Daldrup-Link, “Cell tracking with optical imaging,” Eur. Radiol. 18(10), 2021–2032 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• V. Ntziachristos, C. Bremer, and R. Weissleder, “Fluorescence imaging with near-infrared light: new technological advances that enable in vivo molecular imaging,” Eur. Radiol. 13(1), 195–208 (2003). [PubMed]

Expert Opin. Biol. Ther.

• J. Leor and I. M. Barbash, “Cell transplantation and genetic engineering: new approaches to cardiac pathology,” Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 3(7), 1023–1039 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• V. Gangji, M. Toungouz, and J. P. Hauzeur, “Stem cell therapy for osteonecrosis of the femoral head,” Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 5(4), 437–442 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Hum. Gene Ther.

• Y. Tang, K. Shah, S. M. Messerli, E. Snyder, X. Breakefield, and R. Weissleder, “In vivo tracking of neural progenitor cell migration to glioblastomas,” Hum. Gene Ther. 14(13), 1247–1254 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

J. Biomed. Mater. Res.

• A. Ferrari, D. Hannouche, K. Oudina, M. Bourguignon, A. Meunier, L. Sedel, and H. Petite, “In vivo tracking of bone marrow fibroblasts with fluorescent carbocyanine dye,” J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 56(3), 361–367 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

J. Biomed. Opt.

• V. Kalchenko, S. Shivtiel, V. Malina, K. Lapid, S. Haramati, T. Lapidot, A. Brill, and A. Harmelin, “Use of lipophilic near-infrared dye in whole-body optical imaging of hematopoietic cell homing,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11(5), 050507 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• B. W. Rice, M. D. Cable, and M. B. Nelson, “In vivo imaging of light-emitting probes,” J. Biomed. Opt. 6(4), 432–440 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

J. Clin. Invest.

• J. B. Allen, D. G. Malone, S. M. Wahl, G. B. Calandra, and R. L. Wilder, “Role of the thymus in streptococcal cell wall-induced arthritis and hepatic granuloma formation. Comparative studies of pathology and cell wall distribution in athymic and euthymic rats,” J. Clin. Invest. 76(3), 1042–1056 (1985). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• A. Nakajima, C. M. Seroogy, M. R. Sandora, I. H. Tarner, G. L. Costa, C. Taylor-Edwards, M. H. Bachmann, C. H. Contag, and C. G. Fathman, “Antigen-specific T cell-mediated gene therapy in collagen-induced arthritis,” J. Clin. Invest. 107(10), 1293–1301 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

J. Gene Med.

• D. Gazit, G. Turgeman, P. Kelley, E. Wang, M. Jalenak, Y. Zilberman, and I. Moutsatsos, “Engineered pluripotent mesenchymal cells integrate and differentiate in regenerating bone: a novel cell-mediated gene therapy,” J. Gene Med. 1(2), 121–133 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

J. Immunol.

• S. H. Kim, S. Kim, C. H. Evans, S. C. Ghivizzani, T. Oligino, and P. D. Robbins, “Effective treatment of established murine collagen-induced arthritis by systemic administration of dendritic cells genetically modified to express IL-4,” J. Immunol. 166(5), 3499–3505 (2001). [PubMed]

J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol.

• J. Müller-Ehmsen, P. Whittaker, R. A. Kloner, J. S. Dow, T. Sakoda, T. I. Long, P. W. Laird, and L. Kedes, “Survival and development of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes transplanted into adult myocardium,” J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 34(2), 107–116 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

JAMA

• R. K. Burt, Y. Loh, W. Pearce, N. Beohar, W. G. Barr, R. Craig, Y. Wen, J. A. Rapp, and J. Kessler, “Clinical applications of blood-derived and marrow-derived stem cells for nonmalignant diseases,” JAMA 299(8), 925–936 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Mol. Imaging

• T. Troy, D. Jekic-McMullen, L. Sambucetti, and B. Rice, “Quantitative comparison of the sensitivity of detection of fluorescent and bioluminescent reporters in animal models,” Mol. Imaging 3(1), 9–23 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Mol. Imaging Biol.

• O. Gheysens, S. Lin, F. Cao, D. Wang, I. Y. Chen, M. Rodriguez-Porcel, J. J. Min, S. S. Gambhir, and J. C. Wu, “Noninvasive evaluation of immunosuppressive drug efficacy on acute donor cell survival,” Mol. Imaging Biol. 8(3), 163–170 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Mol. Ther.

• G. M. Smythe, S. I. Hodgetts, and M. D. Grounds, “Immunobiology and the future of myoblast transfer therapy,” Mol. Ther. 1(4), 304–313 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• J. C. Wu, G. Sundaresan, M. Iyer, and S. S. Gambhir, “Noninvasive optical imaging of firefly luciferase reporter gene expression in skeletal muscles of living mice,” Mol. Ther. 4(4), 297–306 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

N. Engl. J. Med.

• M. Brittberg, A. Lindahl, A. Nilsson, C. Ohlsson, O. Isaksson, and L. Peterson, “Treatment of deep cartilage defects in the knee with autologous chondrocyte transplantation,” N. Engl. J. Med. 331(14), 889–895 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Nat. Biotechnol.

• R. Weissleder, “A clearer vision for in vivo imaging,” Nat. Biotechnol. 19(4), 316–317 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• J. W. Bulte, T. Douglas, B. Witwer, S. C. Zhang, E. Strable, B. K. Lewis, H. Zywicke, B. Miller, P. van Gelderen, B. M. Moskowitz, I. D. Duncan, and J. A. Frank, “Magnetodendrimers allow endosomal magnetic labeling and in vivo tracking of stem cells,” Nat. Biotechnol. 19(12), 1141–1147 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Nat. Med.

• R. Weissleder and V. Ntziachristos, “Shedding light onto live molecular targets,” Nat. Med. 9(1), 123–128 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Neurosurgery

• M. M. Haglund, M. S. Berger, and D. W. Hochman, “Enhanced optical imaging of human gliomas and tumor margins,” Neurosurgery 38(2), 308–317 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Radiology

• S. Biswal, D. L. Resnick, J. M. Hoffman, and S. S. Gambhir, “Molecular imaging: integration of molecular imaging into the musculoskeletal imaging practice,” Radiology 244(3), 651–671 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Rheumatology (Oxford)

• N. M. Wulffraat and W. Kuis, “Autologous stem cell transplantation: a possible treatment for refractory juvenile chronic arthritis?” Rheumatology (Oxford) 38(8), 764–766 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Science

• B. N. Giepmans, S. R. Adams, M. H. Ellisman, and R. Y. Tsien, “The fluorescent toolbox for assessing protein location and function,” Science 312(5771), 217–224 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Transplantation

• Y. A. Cao, M. H. Bachmann, A. Beilhack, Y. Yang, M. Tanaka, R. J. Swijnenburg, R. Reeves, C. Taylor-Edwards, S. Schulz, T. C. Doyle, C. G. Fathman, R. C. Robbins, L. A. Herzenberg, R. S. Negrin, and C. H. Contag, “Molecular imaging using labeled donor tissues reveals patterns of engraftment, rejection, and survival in transplantation,” Transplantation 80(1), 134–139 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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