Comparison of reflectivity maps and outer retinal topography in retinal disease by 3-D Fourier domain optical coherence tomography

doi:10.1364/OE.17.004189

Comparison of reflectivity maps and outer retinal topography in retinal disease by 3-D Fourier domain optical coherence tomography

Maciej Wojtkowski, Bartosz L. Sikorski, Iwona Gorczynska, Michalina Gora, Maciej Szkulmowski, Danuta Bukowska, Jakub Kaluzny, James G. Fujimoto, and Andrzej Kowalczyk »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 17, Issue 5, pp. 4189-4207 (2009)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.17.004189

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Abstract

We demonstrate and compare two image processing methods for visualization and analysis of three-dimensional optical coherence tomography (OCT) data acquired in eyes with different retinal pathologies. A method of retinal layer segmentation based on a multiple intensity thresholding algorithm was implemented in order to generate simultaneously outer retinal topography maps and reflectivity maps. We compare the applicability of the two methods to the diagnosis of retinal diseases and their progression. The data presented in this contribution were acquired with a high speed (25,000 A-scans/s), high resolution (4.5 µm) spectral OCT prototype instrument operating in the ophthalmology clinic.

OCIS Codes
(100.2000) Image processing : Digital image processing
(170.1610) Medical optics and biotechnology : Clinical applications
(170.1650) Medical optics and biotechnology : Coherence imaging
(170.4470) Medical optics and biotechnology : Ophthalmology
(170.4500) Medical optics and biotechnology : Optical coherence tomography

ToC Category:
Visualization and Image Processing in OCT

History
Original Manuscript: July 28, 2008
Revised Manuscript: January 21, 2009
Manuscript Accepted: January 23, 2009
Published: March 2, 2009

Virtual Issues
Vol. 4, Iss. 5 Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics
Interactive Science Publishing Focus Issue: Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) (2009) Optics Express

Citation
Maciej Wojtkowski, Bartosz L. Sikorski, Iwona Gorczynska, Michalina Gora, Maciej Szkulmowski, Danuta Bukowska, Jakub Kaluzny, James G. Fujimoto, and Andrzej Kowalczyk, "Comparison of reflectivity maps and outer retinal topography in retinal disease by 3-D Fourier domain optical coherence tomography," Opt. Express 17, 4189-4207 (2009)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/vjbo/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-5-4189

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References

D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, "Optical coherence tomography," Science 254, 1178-1181 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Wojtkowski, R. Leitgeb, A. Kowalczyk, T. Bajraszewski, and A. F. Fercher, "In vivo human retinal imaging by Fourier domain optical coherence tomography," J. Biomed. Opt. 7, 457-463 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Wojtkowski, V. J. Srinivasan, T. H. Ko, J. G. Fujimoto, A. Kowalczyk, and J. S. Duker, "Ultrahigh-resolution high-speed Fourier domain optical coherence tomography and methods for dispersion compensation," Opt. Express 12, 2404-2422 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
V. J. Srinivasan, M. Wojtkowski, A. J. Witkin, J. S. Duker, T. H. Ko, M. Carvalho, J. S. Schuman, A. Kowalczyk, and J. G. Fujimoto, "High-definition and 3-dimensional imaging of macular pathologies with high-speed ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography," Ophthalmology 113, 2054-2065 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Wojtkowski, V. Srinivasan, J. G. Fujimoto, T. Ko, J. S. Schuman, A. Kowalczyk, and J. S. Duker, "Three-dimensional retinal imaging with high-speed ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography," Ophthalmology 112, 1734-1746 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. L. Jiao, R. Knighton, X. R. Huang, G. Gregori, and C. A. Puliafito, "Simultaneous acquisition of sectional and fundus ophthalmic images with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography," Opt. Express 13, 444-452 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
R. A. Leitgeb, W. Drexler, A. Unterhuber, B. Hermann, T. Bajraszewski, T. Le, A. Stingl, and A. F. Fercher, "Ultrahigh resolution Fourier domain optical coherence tomography," Opt. Express 12, 2156-2165 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
B. Cense, N. A. Nassif, T. C. Chen, M. C. Pierce, S.-H. Yun, B. H. Park, B. E. Bouma, G. J. Tearney, and J. F. de Boer, "Ultrahigh-resolution high-speed retinal imaging using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography," Opt. Express 12, 2435-2447 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
T. H. Ko, J. G. Fujimoto, J. S. Schuman, L. A. Paunescu, A. M. Kowalevicz, I. Hartl, W. Drexler, G. Wollstein, H. Ishikawa, and J. S. Duker, "Comparison of ultrahigh- and standard-resolution optical coherence tomography for imaging macular pathology," Ophthalmology 112, 1922 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. Chan, J. S. Duker, J. S. Schuman, and J. G. Fujimoto, "Stage 0 macular holes—Observations by optical coherence tomography," Ophthalmology 111, 2027-2032 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
T. H. Ko, J. G. Fujimoto, J. S. Duker, L. A. Paunescu, W. Drexler, C. R. Baumal, C. A. Puliafito, E. Reichel, A. H. Rogers, and J. S. Schuman, "Comparison of ultrahigh- and standard-resolution optical coherence tomography for imaging macular hole pathology and repair," Ophthalmology 111, 2033-2043 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. G. Wirtitsch, E. Ergun, B. Hermann, A. Unterhuber, M. Stur, C. Scholda, H. Sattmann, T. H. Ko, J. G. Fujimoto, and W. Drexler, "Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography in macular dystrophy," Am. J. Ophthalmol. 140, 976-983 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
U. M. Schmidt-Erfurth and C. Pruente, "Management of neovascular age-related macular degeneration," Prog. Retin Eye Res. 26, 437-451 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
C. Ahlers, W. Geitzenauer, C. Simader, G. Stock, I. Golbaz, K. Polak, M. Georgopoulo, and U. Schmidt-Erfurth, "New perspectives in diagnostics. High-resolution optical coherence tomography for age-related macular degeneration," Ophthalmologe 105, 248-254 (2008). [CrossRef]
C. Scholda, M. Wirtitsch, B. Hermann, A. Unterhuber, E. Ergun, H. Sattmann, T. H. Ko, J. G. Fujimoto, A. F. Fercher, M. Stur, U. Schmidt-Erfurth, and W. Drexler, "Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography of macular holes," Retina 26, 1034-1041 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
E. M. Anger, A. Unterhuber, B. Hermann, H. Sattmann, C. Schubert, J. E. Morgan, A. Cowey, P. K. Ahnelt, and W. Drexler, "Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography of the monkey fovea. Identification of retinal sublayers by correlation with semithin histology sections," Exp. Eye Res. 78, 1117-1125 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
W. Drexler, H. Sattmann, B. Hermann, T. H. Ko, M. Stur, A. Unterhuber, C. Scholda, O. Findl, M. Wirtitsch, J. G. Fujimoto, and A. F. Fercher, "Enhanced visualization of macular pathology with the use of ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography," Arch. Ophthalmol. 121, 695-706 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
V. J. Srinivasan, B. K. Monson, M. Wojtkowski, R. A. Bilonick, I. Gorczynska, R. Chen, J. S. Duker, J. S. Schuman, and J. G. Fujimoto, "Characterization of outer retinal morphology with high-speed, ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography," Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49, 1571-1579 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Szkulmowski, M. Wojtkowski, B. Sikorski, T. Bajraszewski, V. J. Srinivasan, A. Szkulmowska, J. J. Kaluzny, J. G. Fujimoto, and A. Kowalczyk, "Analysis of posterior retinal layers in spectral optical coherence tomography images of the normal retina and retinal pathologies," J. Biomed. Opt. 12, 041207 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. G. Podoleanu, M. Seeger, G. M. Dobre, D. J. Webb, D. A. Jackson, and F. W. Fitzke, "Transversal and longitudinal images from the retina of the living eye using low coherence reflectometry," J. Biomed. Opt. 3, 12-20 (1998). [CrossRef]
A. G. Podoleanu, J. A. Rogers, D. A. Jackson, and S. Dunne, "Three dimensional OCT images from retina and skin," Opt. Express 7, 292-298 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
C. K. Hitzenberger, P. Trost, P. W. Lo, and Q. Y. Zhou, "Three-dimensional imaging of the human retina by high-speed optical coherence tomography," Opt. Express 11, 2753-2761 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. G. Podoleanu, and D. A. Jackson, "Combined optical coherence tomograph and scanning laser ophthalmoscope," Electron. Lett. 34, 1088-1090 (1998). [CrossRef]
M. Pircher, E. Gotzinger, and C. K. Hitzenberger, "Dynamic focus in optical coherence tomography for retinal imaging," J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 054013 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. G. Podoleanu, G. M. Dobre, R. G. Cucu, R. Rosen, P. Garcia, J. Nieto, D. Will, R. Gentile, T. Muldoon, J. Walsh, L. A. Yannuzzi, Y. Fisher, D. Orlock, R. Weitz, J. A. Rogers, S. Dunne, and A. Boxer, "Combined multiplanar optical coherence tomography and confocal scanning ophthalmoscopy," J. Biomed. Opt. 9, 86-93 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
I. Gorczynska, V. J. Srinivasan, L. N. Vuong, R. W. Chen, J. J. Liu, E. Reichel, M. Wojtkowski, J. S. Schuman, J. S. Duker, and J. G. Fujimoto, "Projection OCT fundus imaging for visualizing outer retinal pathology in non-exudative age related macular degeneration," Br. J. Ophthalmol.(accepted2008, electronic version available). [PubMed]
B. L. Sikorski, M. Wojtkowski, J. J. Kaluzny, M. Szkulmowski, and A. Kowalczyk, "Correlation of spectral optical coherence tomography with fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography in multiple evanescent white dot syndrome," Br. J. Ophthalmol. 92, 1552-1557 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. J. Kaluzny, M. Wojtkowski, B. L. Sikorski, M. Szkulmowski, A. Szkulmowska, T. Bajraszewski, J. G. Fujimoto, J. S. Duker, J. S. Schuman, and A. Kowalczyk, "Analysis of the outer retina reconstructed by high-resolution, three-dimensional spectral domain optical coherence tomography," Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers Imaging 39, S30-S36 (2008).
J. C. Russ, The Image Processing Handbook (CRC Press, 2002).
A. R. Weeks, The Fundamentals of Electronic Image Processing, (SPIE Press and IEEE Press, 1996).
M. Pircher, R. J. Zawadzki, J. W. Evans, J. S. Werner, and C. K. Hitzenberger, "Simultaneous imaging of human cone mosaic with adaptive optics enhanced scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and high-speed transversal scanning optical coherence tomography," Opt. Lett. 33, 22-24 (2008). [CrossRef]
S. Michels, M. Pircher, W. Geitzenauer, C. Simader, E. Gotzinger, O. Findl, U. Schmidt-Erfurth, and C. K. Hitzenberger, "Value of polarisation-sensitive optical coherence tomography in diseases affecting the retinal pigment epithelium," Br. J. Ophthalmol. 92, 204-209 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Y. Yasuno, S. Makita, Y. Sutoh, M. Itoh, and T. Yatagai, "Birefringence imaging of human skin by polarization-sensitive spectral interferometric optical coherence tomography," Opt. Lett. 27, 1803-1805 (2002). [CrossRef]
Y. Yasuno, S. Makita, T. Endo, M. Itoh, T. Yatagai, M. Takahashi, C. Katada, and M. Mutoh, "Polarization-sensitive complex Fourier domain optical coherence tomography for Jones matrix imaging of biological samples," Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 3023-3025 (2004). [CrossRef]
M. C. Pierce, J. Strasswimmer, B. H. Park, B. Cense, and J. F. de Boer, "Birefringence measurements in human skin using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography," J. Biomed. Opt. 9, 287-291 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
R. A. Leitgeb, L. Schmetterer, W. Drexler, A. F. Fercher, R. J. Zawadzki, and T. Bajraszewski, "Real-time assessment of retinal blood flow with ultrafast acquisition by color Doppler Fourier domain optical coherence tomography," Opt. Express 11, 3116-3121 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Ahlers, C.
Ahnelt, P. K.
Anger, E. M.
Bajraszewski, T.
Baumal, C. R.
Bilonick, R. A.
Bouma, B. E.
Boxer, A.
Carvalho, M.
Cense, B.
Chan, A.
Chang, W.
Chen, R.
Chen, R. W.
Chen, T. C.
Cowey, A.
Cucu, R. G.
de Boer, J. F.
Dobre, G. M.
Drexler, W.
Duker, J. S.
Dunne, S.
Endo, T.
Ergun, E.
Evans, J. W.
Fercher, A. F.
Findl, O.
Fisher, Y.
Fitzke, F. W.
Flotte, T.
Fujimoto, J. G.
Garcia, P.
Geitzenauer, W.
Gentile, R.
Georgopoulo, M.
Golbaz, I.
Gorczynska, I.
Gotzinger, E.
Gregori, G.
Gregory, K.
Hartl, I.
Hee, M. R.
Hermann, B.
Hitzenberger, C. K.
Huang, D.
Huang, X. R.
Ishikawa, H.
Itoh, M.
Jackson, D. A.
Jiao, S. L.
Kaluzny, J. J.
Katada, C.
Knighton, R.
Ko, T.
Ko, T. H.
Kowalczyk, A.
Kowalevicz, A. M.
Le, T.
Leitgeb, R.
Leitgeb, R. A.
Lin, C. P.
Liu, J. J.
Lo, P. W.
Makita, S.
Michels, S.
Monson, B. K.
Morgan, J. E.
Muldoon, T.
Mutoh, M.
Nassif, N. A.
Nieto, J.
Orlock, D.
Park, B. H.
Paunescu, L. A.
Pierce, M. C.
Pircher, M.
Podoleanu, A. G.
Polak, K.
Pruente, C.
Puliafito, C. A.
Reichel, E.
Rogers, A. H.
Rogers, J. A.
Rosen, R.
Sattmann, H.
Schmetterer, L.
Schmidt-Erfurth, U.
Schmidt-Erfurth, U. M.
Scholda, C.
Schubert, C.
Schuman, J. S.
Seeger, M.
Sikorski, B.
Sikorski, B. L.
Simader, C.
Srinivasan, V.
Srinivasan, V. J.
Stingl, A.
Stinson, W. G.
Stock, G.
Strasswimmer, J.
Stur, M.
Sutoh, Y.
Swanson, E. A.
Szkulmowska, A.
Szkulmowski, M.
Takahashi, M.
Tearney, G. J.
Trost, P.
Unterhuber, A.
Vuong, L. N.
Walsh, J.
Webb, D. J.
Weitz, R.
Werner, J. S.
Will, D.
Wirtitsch, M.
Wirtitsch, M. G.
Witkin, A. J.
Wojtkowski, M.
Wollstein, G.
Yannuzzi, L. A.
Yasuno, Y.
Yatagai, T.
Yun, S.-H.
Zawadzki, R. J.
Zhou, Q. Y.

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[1] D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, "Optical coherence tomography," Science 254, 1178-1181 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[2] M. Wojtkowski, R. Leitgeb, A. Kowalczyk, T. Bajraszewski, and A. F. Fercher, "In vivo human retinal imaging by Fourier domain optical coherence tomography," J. Biomed. Opt. 7, 457-463 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[3] M. Wojtkowski, V. J. Srinivasan, T. H. Ko, J. G. Fujimoto, A. Kowalczyk, and J. S. Duker, "Ultrahigh-resolution high-speed Fourier domain optical coherence tomography and methods for dispersion compensation," Opt. Express 12, 2404-2422 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[4] V. J. Srinivasan, M. Wojtkowski, A. J. Witkin, J. S. Duker, T. H. Ko, M. Carvalho, J. S. Schuman, A. Kowalczyk, and J. G. Fujimoto, "High-definition and 3-dimensional imaging of macular pathologies with high-speed ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography," Ophthalmology 113, 2054-2065 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[5] M. Wojtkowski, V. Srinivasan, J. G. Fujimoto, T. Ko, J. S. Schuman, A. Kowalczyk, and J. S. Duker, "Three-dimensional retinal imaging with high-speed ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography," Ophthalmology 112, 1734-1746 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[6] S. L. Jiao, R. Knighton, X. R. Huang, G. Gregori, and C. A. Puliafito, "Simultaneous acquisition of sectional and fundus ophthalmic images with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography," Opt. Express 13, 444-452 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[7] R. A. Leitgeb, W. Drexler, A. Unterhuber, B. Hermann, T. Bajraszewski, T. Le, A. Stingl, and A. F. Fercher, "Ultrahigh resolution Fourier domain optical coherence tomography," Opt. Express 12, 2156-2165 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[8] B. Cense, N. A. Nassif, T. C. Chen, M. C. Pierce, S.-H. Yun, B. H. Park, B. E. Bouma, G. J. Tearney, and J. F. de Boer, "Ultrahigh-resolution high-speed retinal imaging using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography," Opt. Express 12, 2435-2447 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[9] T. H. Ko, J. G. Fujimoto, J. S. Schuman, L. A. Paunescu, A. M. Kowalevicz, I. Hartl, W. Drexler, G. Wollstein, H. Ishikawa, and J. S. Duker, "Comparison of ultrahigh- and standard-resolution optical coherence tomography for imaging macular pathology," Ophthalmology 112, 1922 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[10] A. Chan, J. S. Duker, J. S. Schuman, and J. G. Fujimoto, "Stage 0 macular holes—Observations by optical coherence tomography," Ophthalmology 111, 2027-2032 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[11] T. H. Ko, J. G. Fujimoto, J. S. Duker, L. A. Paunescu, W. Drexler, C. R. Baumal, C. A. Puliafito, E. Reichel, A. H. Rogers, and J. S. Schuman, "Comparison of ultrahigh- and standard-resolution optical coherence tomography for imaging macular hole pathology and repair," Ophthalmology 111, 2033-2043 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[12] M. G. Wirtitsch, E. Ergun, B. Hermann, A. Unterhuber, M. Stur, C. Scholda, H. Sattmann, T. H. Ko, J. G. Fujimoto, and W. Drexler, "Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography in macular dystrophy," Am. J. Ophthalmol. 140, 976-983 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[13] U. M. Schmidt-Erfurth and C. Pruente, "Management of neovascular age-related macular degeneration," Prog. Retin Eye Res. 26, 437-451 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[14] C. Ahlers, W. Geitzenauer, C. Simader, G. Stock, I. Golbaz, K. Polak, M. Georgopoulo, and U. Schmidt-Erfurth, "New perspectives in diagnostics. High-resolution optical coherence tomography for age-related macular degeneration," Ophthalmologe 105, 248-254 (2008). [CrossRef]

[15] C. Scholda, M. Wirtitsch, B. Hermann, A. Unterhuber, E. Ergun, H. Sattmann, T. H. Ko, J. G. Fujimoto, A. F. Fercher, M. Stur, U. Schmidt-Erfurth, and W. Drexler, "Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography of macular holes," Retina 26, 1034-1041 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[16] E. M. Anger, A. Unterhuber, B. Hermann, H. Sattmann, C. Schubert, J. E. Morgan, A. Cowey, P. K. Ahnelt, and W. Drexler, "Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography of the monkey fovea. Identification of retinal sublayers by correlation with semithin histology sections," Exp. Eye Res. 78, 1117-1125 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[17] W. Drexler, H. Sattmann, B. Hermann, T. H. Ko, M. Stur, A. Unterhuber, C. Scholda, O. Findl, M. Wirtitsch, J. G. Fujimoto, and A. F. Fercher, "Enhanced visualization of macular pathology with the use of ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography," Arch. Ophthalmol. 121, 695-706 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[18] V. J. Srinivasan, B. K. Monson, M. Wojtkowski, R. A. Bilonick, I. Gorczynska, R. Chen, J. S. Duker, J. S. Schuman, and J. G. Fujimoto, "Characterization of outer retinal morphology with high-speed, ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography," Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49, 1571-1579 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[19] M. Szkulmowski, M. Wojtkowski, B. Sikorski, T. Bajraszewski, V. J. Srinivasan, A. Szkulmowska, J. J. Kaluzny, J. G. Fujimoto, and A. Kowalczyk, "Analysis of posterior retinal layers in spectral optical coherence tomography images of the normal retina and retinal pathologies," J. Biomed. Opt. 12, 041207 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[20] A. G. Podoleanu, M. Seeger, G. M. Dobre, D. J. Webb, D. A. Jackson, and F. W. Fitzke, "Transversal and longitudinal images from the retina of the living eye using low coherence reflectometry," J. Biomed. Opt. 3, 12-20 (1998). [CrossRef]

[21] A. G. Podoleanu, J. A. Rogers, D. A. Jackson, and S. Dunne, "Three dimensional OCT images from retina and skin," Opt. Express 7, 292-298 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[22] C. K. Hitzenberger, P. Trost, P. W. Lo, and Q. Y. Zhou, "Three-dimensional imaging of the human retina by high-speed optical coherence tomography," Opt. Express 11, 2753-2761 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[23] A. G. Podoleanu, and D. A. Jackson, "Combined optical coherence tomograph and scanning laser ophthalmoscope," Electron. Lett. 34, 1088-1090 (1998). [CrossRef]

[24] M. Pircher, E. Gotzinger, and C. K. Hitzenberger, "Dynamic focus in optical coherence tomography for retinal imaging," J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 054013 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[25] A. G. Podoleanu, G. M. Dobre, R. G. Cucu, R. Rosen, P. Garcia, J. Nieto, D. Will, R. Gentile, T. Muldoon, J. Walsh, L. A. Yannuzzi, Y. Fisher, D. Orlock, R. Weitz, J. A. Rogers, S. Dunne, and A. Boxer, "Combined multiplanar optical coherence tomography and confocal scanning ophthalmoscopy," J. Biomed. Opt. 9, 86-93 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[26] I. Gorczynska, V. J. Srinivasan, L. N. Vuong, R. W. Chen, J. J. Liu, E. Reichel, M. Wojtkowski, J. S. Schuman, J. S. Duker, and J. G. Fujimoto, "Projection OCT fundus imaging for visualizing outer retinal pathology in non-exudative age related macular degeneration," Br. J. Ophthalmol.(accepted2008, electronic version available). [PubMed]

[27] B. L. Sikorski, M. Wojtkowski, J. J. Kaluzny, M. Szkulmowski, and A. Kowalczyk, "Correlation of spectral optical coherence tomography with fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography in multiple evanescent white dot syndrome," Br. J. Ophthalmol. 92, 1552-1557 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[28] J. J. Kaluzny, M. Wojtkowski, B. L. Sikorski, M. Szkulmowski, A. Szkulmowska, T. Bajraszewski, J. G. Fujimoto, J. S. Duker, J. S. Schuman, and A. Kowalczyk, "Analysis of the outer retina reconstructed by high-resolution, three-dimensional spectral domain optical coherence tomography," Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers Imaging 39, S30-S36 (2008).

[29] J. C. Russ, The Image Processing Handbook (CRC Press, 2002).

[30] A. R. Weeks, The Fundamentals of Electronic Image Processing, (SPIE Press and IEEE Press, 1996).

[31] M. Pircher, R. J. Zawadzki, J. W. Evans, J. S. Werner, and C. K. Hitzenberger, "Simultaneous imaging of human cone mosaic with adaptive optics enhanced scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and high-speed transversal scanning optical coherence tomography," Opt. Lett. 33, 22-24 (2008). [CrossRef]

[32] S. Michels, M. Pircher, W. Geitzenauer, C. Simader, E. Gotzinger, O. Findl, U. Schmidt-Erfurth, and C. K. Hitzenberger, "Value of polarisation-sensitive optical coherence tomography in diseases affecting the retinal pigment epithelium," Br. J. Ophthalmol. 92, 204-209 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[33] Y. Yasuno, S. Makita, Y. Sutoh, M. Itoh, and T. Yatagai, "Birefringence imaging of human skin by polarization-sensitive spectral interferometric optical coherence tomography," Opt. Lett. 27, 1803-1805 (2002). [CrossRef]

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Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics

| EXPLORING THE INTERFACE OF LIGHT AND BIOMEDICINE

Comparison of reflectivity maps and outer retinal topography in retinal disease by 3-D Fourier domain optical coherence tomography