Optics InfoBase > Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics > Volume 5 > Issue 11 > Page 13708
Stimulated Raman scattering microscope with shot noise limited sensitivity using subharmonically synchronized laser pulses
Yasuyuki Ozeki, Yuma Kitagawa, Kazuhiko Sumimura, Norihiko Nishizawa, Wataru Umemura, Shin’ichiro Kajiyama, Kiichi Fukui, and Kazuyoshi Itoh »View Author Affiliations
1Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
2PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
3Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
4School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
*Corresponding author: ozeki@mls.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp
Optics Express, Vol. 18, Issue 13, pp. 13708-13719 (2010)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.013708
View Full Text Article
Enhanced HTML
Acrobat PDF (2901 KB)
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate the use of subharmonically synchronized laser pulses for low-noise lock-in detection in stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy. In the experiment, Yb-fiber laser pulses at a repetition rate of 38 MHz are successfully synchronized to Ti:sapphire laser pulses at a repetition rate of 76 MHz with a jitter of <8 fs by a two-photon detector and an intra-cavity electro-optic modulator. By using these pulses, high-frequency lock-in detection of SRS signal is accomplished without high-speed optical modulation. The noise level of the lock-in signal is found to be higher than the shot noise limit only by 1.6 dB. We also demonstrate high-contrast, 3D imaging of unlabeled living cells.
© 2010 OSA
OCIS Codes
(320.7090) Ultrafast optics : Ultrafast lasers
(180.5655) Microscopy : Raman microscopy
ToC Category:
Microscopy
History
Original Manuscript: May 10, 2010
Revised Manuscript: June 3, 2010
Manuscript Accepted: June 6, 2010
Published: June 10, 2010
Virtual Issues
Vol. 5, Iss. 11 Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics
Citation
Yasuyuki Ozeki, Yuma Kitagawa, Kazuhiko Sumimura, Norihiko Nishizawa, Wataru Umemura, Shin’ichiro Kajiyama, Kiichi Fukui, and Kazuyoshi Itoh, "Stimulated Raman scattering microscope with shot noise limited sensitivity using subharmonically synchronized laser pulses," Opt. Express 18, 13708-13719 (2010)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/vjbo/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-13-13708
Sort: Author | Year | Journal | Reset
References
- Y. Barad, H. Eisenberg, M. Horowitz, and Y. Silberberg, “Nonlinear scanning laser microscopy by third harmonic generation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 70(8), 922–924 (1997). [CrossRef]
- P. J. Campagnola, M.-D. Wei, A. Lewis, and L. M. Loew, “High-resolution nonlinear optical imaging of live cells by second harmonic generation,” Biophys. J. 77(6), 3341–3349 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Zumbusch, G. R. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Three-dimensional vibrational imaging by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 82(20), 4142–4145 (1999). [CrossRef]
- M. Hashimoto, T. Araki, and S. Kawata, “Molecular vibration imaging in the fingerprint region by use of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy with a collinear configuration,” Opt. Lett. 25(24), 1768–1770 (2000), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-25-24-1768 . [CrossRef]
- K. Isobe, S. Kataoka, R. Murase, W. Watanabe, T. Higashi, S. Kawakami, S. Matsunaga, K. Fukui, and K. Itoh, “Stimulated parametric emission microscopy,” Opt. Express 14(2), 786–793 (2006), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-2-786 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Fu, T. Ye, T. E. Matthews, G. Yurtsever, and W. S. Warren, “Two-color, two-photon, and excited-state absorption microscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12(5), 054004 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. W. Freudiger, W. Min, B. G. Saar, S. Lu, G. R. Holtom, C. He, J. C. Tsai, J. X. Kang, and X. S. Xie, “Label-free biomedical imaging with high sensitivity by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Science 322(5909), 1857–1861 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Ozeki, F. Dake, S. Kajiyama, K. Fukui, and K. Itoh, “Analysis and experimental assessment of the sensitivity of stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Opt. Express 17(5), 3651–3658 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-5-3651 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Nandakumar, A. Kovalev, and A. Volkmer, “Vibrational imaging based on stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” N. J. Phys. 11(3), 033026 (2009). [CrossRef]
- W. Min, S. Lu, S. Chong, R. Roy, G. R. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Imaging chromophores with undetectable fluorescence by stimulated emission microscopy,” Nature 461(7267), 1105–1109 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Volkmer, J.-X. Cheng, and X. S. Xie, “Vibrational imaging with high sensitivity via epidetected coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87(2), 023901 (2001). [CrossRef]
- J.-X. Cheng, L. D. Book, and X Sunney Xie, “Polarization coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 26(17), 1341–1343 (2001), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-26-17-1341 . [CrossRef]
- C. L. Evans, E. O. Potma, and X. S. Xie, “Coherent anti-stokes raman scattering spectral interferometry: determination of the real and imaginary components of nonlinear susceptibility χ(3) for vibrational microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 29(24), 2923–2925 (2004), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-29-24-2923 . [CrossRef]
- F. Ganikhanov, C. L. Evans, B. G. Saar, and X. S. Xie, “High-sensitivity vibrational imaging with frequency modulation coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (FM CARS) microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 31(12), 1872–1874 (2006), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-31-12-1872 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Kano and H. O. Hamaguchi, “Vibrationally resonant imaging of a single living cell by supercontinuum-based multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microspectroscopy,” Opt. Express 13(4), 1322–1327 (2005), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-13-4-1322 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Ozeki and K. Itoh, “Stimulated Raman scattering microscopy for live-cell imaging with high contrast and high sensitivity,” Laser Phys. 20(5), 1114–1118 (2010). [CrossRef]
- C. L. Evans, E. O. Potma, M. Puoris’haag, D. Côté, C. P. Lin, and X. S. Xie, “Chemical imaging of tissue in vivo with video-rate coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102(46), 16807–16812 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Heinrich, A. Hofer, A. Ritsch, C. Ciardi, S. Bernet, and M. Ritsch-Marte, “Selective imaging of saturated and unsaturated lipids by wide-field CARS-microscopy,” Opt. Express 16(4), 2699–2708 (2008), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-16-4-2699 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Minamikawa, M. Hashimoto, K. Fujita, S. Kawata, and T. Araki, “Multi-focus excitation coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy and its applications for real-time imaging,” Opt. Express 17(12), 9526–9536 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-12-9526 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. F. Levine, C. V. Shank, and J. P. Heritage, “Surface vibrational spectroscopy using stimulated Raman scattering,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 15(12), 1418–1432 (1979). [CrossRef]
- B. G. Saar, G. R. Holtom, C. W. Freudiger, C. Ackermann, W. Hill, and X. S. Xie, “Intracavity wavelength modulation of an optical parametric oscillator for coherent Raman microscopy,” Opt. Express 17(15), 12532–12539 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-15-12532 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. D. Hudson, K. W. Holman, R. J. Jones, S. T. Cundiff, J. Ye, and D. J. Jones, “Mode-locked fiber laser frequency-controlled with an intracavity electro-optic modulator,” Opt. Lett. 30(21), 2948–2950 (2005), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-30-21-2948 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Salem and T. E. Murphy, “Broad-band optical clock recovery system using two-photon absorption,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 16(9), 2141–2143 (2004). [CrossRef]
- T. Minamikawa, N. Tanimito, M. Hashimoto, T. Araki, M. Kobayashi, K. Fujita, and S. Kawata, “Jitter reduction of two synchronized picosecond mode-locked lasers using balanced cross-correlator with two-photon detectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(19), 191101 (2006). [CrossRef]
- S. Takasaka, Y. Ozeki, S. Namiki, and M. Sakano, “External synchronization of 160-GHz optical beat signal by optical phase-locked loop technique,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18(23), 2457–2459 (2006). [CrossRef]
- Y. Kobayashi, X. Zhou, D. Yoshitomi, and K. Torizuka, “Passive timing synchronization between Ti:sapphire laser and Yb-doped fiber laser,” in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference and Photonic Applications Systems Technologies, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2008), paper CML6. http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=CLEO-2008-CML6 .
- R. K. Shelton, S. M. Foreman, L.-S. Ma, J. L. Hall, H. C. Kapteyn, M. M. Murnane, M. Notcutt, and J. Ye, “Subfemtosecond timing jitter between two independent, actively synchronized, mode-locked lasers,” Opt. Lett. 27(5), 312–314 (2002), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-27-5-312 . [CrossRef]
- T. R. Schibli, J. Kim, O. Kuzucu, J. T. Gopinath, S. N. Tandon, G. S. Petrich, L. A. Kolodziejski, J. G. Fujimoto, E. P. Ippen, and F. X. Kaertner, “Attosecond active synchronization of passively mode-locked lasers by balanced cross correlation,” Opt. Lett. 28(11), 947–949 (2003), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-28-11-947 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. J. Jones, E. O. Potma, J.-X. Cheng, B. Burfeindt, Y. Pang, J. Ye, and X. S. Xie, “Synchronization of two passively mode-locked, picosecond lasers within 20 fs for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 73(8), 2843–2848 (2002). [CrossRef]
- F. Ganikhanov, S. Carrasco, X. Sunney Xie, M. Katz, W. Seitz, and D. Kopf, “Broadly tunable dual-wavelength light source for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 31(9), 1292–1294 (2006), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-31-9-1292 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Kieu, B. G. Saar, G. R. Holtom, X. S. Xie, and F. W. Wise, “High-power picosecond fiber source for coherent Raman microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 34(13), 2051–2053 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-34-13-2051 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. G. Saar, G. R. Holtom, C. W. Freudiger, C. Ackermann, W. Hill, and X. S. Xie, “Intracavity wavelength modulation of an optical parametric oscillator for coherent Raman microscopy,” Opt. Express 17(15), 12532–12539 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-15-12532 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Minamikawa, M. Hashimoto, K. Fujita, S. Kawata, and T. Araki, “Multi-focus excitation coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy and its applications for real-time imaging,” Opt. Express 17(12), 9526–9536 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-12-9526 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Minamikawa, N. Tanimito, M. Hashimoto, T. Araki, M. Kobayashi, K. Fujita, and S. Kawata, “Jitter reduction of two synchronized picosecond mode-locked lasers using balanced cross-correlator with two-photon detectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(19), 191101 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. Hashimoto, T. Araki, and S. Kawata, “Molecular vibration imaging in the fingerprint region by use of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy with a collinear configuration,” Opt. Lett. 25(24), 1768–1770 (2000), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-25-24-1768 . [CrossRef]
- Y. Barad, H. Eisenberg, M. Horowitz, and Y. Silberberg, “Nonlinear scanning laser microscopy by third harmonic generation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 70(8), 922–924 (1997). [CrossRef]
- D. J. Jones, E. O. Potma, J.-X. Cheng, B. Burfeindt, Y. Pang, J. Ye, and X. S. Xie, “Synchronization of two passively mode-locked, picosecond lasers within 20 fs for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 73(8), 2843–2848 (2002). [CrossRef]
- P. J. Campagnola, M.-D. Wei, A. Lewis, and L. M. Loew, “High-resolution nonlinear optical imaging of live cells by second harmonic generation,” Biophys. J. 77(6), 3341–3349 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. J. Jones, E. O. Potma, J.-X. Cheng, B. Burfeindt, Y. Pang, J. Ye, and X. S. Xie, “Synchronization of two passively mode-locked, picosecond lasers within 20 fs for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 73(8), 2843–2848 (2002). [CrossRef]
- A. Volkmer, J.-X. Cheng, and X. S. Xie, “Vibrational imaging with high sensitivity via epidetected coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87(2), 023901 (2001). [CrossRef]
- J.-X. Cheng, L. D. Book, and X Sunney Xie, “Polarization coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 26(17), 1341–1343 (2001), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-26-17-1341 . [CrossRef]
- W. Min, S. Lu, S. Chong, R. Roy, G. R. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Imaging chromophores with undetectable fluorescence by stimulated emission microscopy,” Nature 461(7267), 1105–1109 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. L. Evans, E. O. Potma, M. Puoris’haag, D. Côté, C. P. Lin, and X. S. Xie, “Chemical imaging of tissue in vivo with video-rate coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102(46), 16807–16812 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Barad, H. Eisenberg, M. Horowitz, and Y. Silberberg, “Nonlinear scanning laser microscopy by third harmonic generation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 70(8), 922–924 (1997). [CrossRef]
- F. Ganikhanov, C. L. Evans, B. G. Saar, and X. S. Xie, “High-sensitivity vibrational imaging with frequency modulation coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (FM CARS) microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 31(12), 1872–1874 (2006), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-31-12-1872 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. L. Evans, E. O. Potma, M. Puoris’haag, D. Côté, C. P. Lin, and X. S. Xie, “Chemical imaging of tissue in vivo with video-rate coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102(46), 16807–16812 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. L. Evans, E. O. Potma, and X. S. Xie, “Coherent anti-stokes raman scattering spectral interferometry: determination of the real and imaginary components of nonlinear susceptibility χ(3) for vibrational microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 29(24), 2923–2925 (2004), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-29-24-2923 . [CrossRef]
- R. K. Shelton, S. M. Foreman, L.-S. Ma, J. L. Hall, H. C. Kapteyn, M. M. Murnane, M. Notcutt, and J. Ye, “Subfemtosecond timing jitter between two independent, actively synchronized, mode-locked lasers,” Opt. Lett. 27(5), 312–314 (2002), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-27-5-312 . [CrossRef]
- B. G. Saar, G. R. Holtom, C. W. Freudiger, C. Ackermann, W. Hill, and X. S. Xie, “Intracavity wavelength modulation of an optical parametric oscillator for coherent Raman microscopy,” Opt. Express 17(15), 12532–12539 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-15-12532 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. W. Freudiger, W. Min, B. G. Saar, S. Lu, G. R. Holtom, C. He, J. C. Tsai, J. X. Kang, and X. S. Xie, “Label-free biomedical imaging with high sensitivity by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Science 322(5909), 1857–1861 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Fu, T. Ye, T. E. Matthews, G. Yurtsever, and W. S. Warren, “Two-color, two-photon, and excited-state absorption microscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12(5), 054004 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. R. Schibli, J. Kim, O. Kuzucu, J. T. Gopinath, S. N. Tandon, G. S. Petrich, L. A. Kolodziejski, J. G. Fujimoto, E. P. Ippen, and F. X. Kaertner, “Attosecond active synchronization of passively mode-locked lasers by balanced cross correlation,” Opt. Lett. 28(11), 947–949 (2003), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-28-11-947 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Minamikawa, M. Hashimoto, K. Fujita, S. Kawata, and T. Araki, “Multi-focus excitation coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy and its applications for real-time imaging,” Opt. Express 17(12), 9526–9536 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-12-9526 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Minamikawa, N. Tanimito, M. Hashimoto, T. Araki, M. Kobayashi, K. Fujita, and S. Kawata, “Jitter reduction of two synchronized picosecond mode-locked lasers using balanced cross-correlator with two-photon detectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(19), 191101 (2006). [CrossRef]
- Y. Ozeki, F. Dake, S. Kajiyama, K. Fukui, and K. Itoh, “Analysis and experimental assessment of the sensitivity of stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Opt. Express 17(5), 3651–3658 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-5-3651 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Isobe, S. Kataoka, R. Murase, W. Watanabe, T. Higashi, S. Kawakami, S. Matsunaga, K. Fukui, and K. Itoh, “Stimulated parametric emission microscopy,” Opt. Express 14(2), 786–793 (2006), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-2-786 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Ganikhanov, C. L. Evans, B. G. Saar, and X. S. Xie, “High-sensitivity vibrational imaging with frequency modulation coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (FM CARS) microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 31(12), 1872–1874 (2006), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-31-12-1872 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Ganikhanov, S. Carrasco, X. Sunney Xie, M. Katz, W. Seitz, and D. Kopf, “Broadly tunable dual-wavelength light source for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 31(9), 1292–1294 (2006), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-31-9-1292 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. R. Schibli, J. Kim, O. Kuzucu, J. T. Gopinath, S. N. Tandon, G. S. Petrich, L. A. Kolodziejski, J. G. Fujimoto, E. P. Ippen, and F. X. Kaertner, “Attosecond active synchronization of passively mode-locked lasers by balanced cross correlation,” Opt. Lett. 28(11), 947–949 (2003), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-28-11-947 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. K. Shelton, S. M. Foreman, L.-S. Ma, J. L. Hall, H. C. Kapteyn, M. M. Murnane, M. Notcutt, and J. Ye, “Subfemtosecond timing jitter between two independent, actively synchronized, mode-locked lasers,” Opt. Lett. 27(5), 312–314 (2002), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-27-5-312 . [CrossRef]
- T. Minamikawa, M. Hashimoto, K. Fujita, S. Kawata, and T. Araki, “Multi-focus excitation coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy and its applications for real-time imaging,” Opt. Express 17(12), 9526–9536 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-12-9526 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Minamikawa, N. Tanimito, M. Hashimoto, T. Araki, M. Kobayashi, K. Fujita, and S. Kawata, “Jitter reduction of two synchronized picosecond mode-locked lasers using balanced cross-correlator with two-photon detectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(19), 191101 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. Hashimoto, T. Araki, and S. Kawata, “Molecular vibration imaging in the fingerprint region by use of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy with a collinear configuration,” Opt. Lett. 25(24), 1768–1770 (2000), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-25-24-1768 . [CrossRef]
- C. W. Freudiger, W. Min, B. G. Saar, S. Lu, G. R. Holtom, C. He, J. C. Tsai, J. X. Kang, and X. S. Xie, “Label-free biomedical imaging with high sensitivity by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Science 322(5909), 1857–1861 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. F. Levine, C. V. Shank, and J. P. Heritage, “Surface vibrational spectroscopy using stimulated Raman scattering,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 15(12), 1418–1432 (1979). [CrossRef]
- B. G. Saar, G. R. Holtom, C. W. Freudiger, C. Ackermann, W. Hill, and X. S. Xie, “Intracavity wavelength modulation of an optical parametric oscillator for coherent Raman microscopy,” Opt. Express 17(15), 12532–12539 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-15-12532 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. G. Saar, G. R. Holtom, C. W. Freudiger, C. Ackermann, W. Hill, and X. S. Xie, “Intracavity wavelength modulation of an optical parametric oscillator for coherent Raman microscopy,” Opt. Express 17(15), 12532–12539 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-15-12532 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Min, S. Lu, S. Chong, R. Roy, G. R. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Imaging chromophores with undetectable fluorescence by stimulated emission microscopy,” Nature 461(7267), 1105–1109 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Kieu, B. G. Saar, G. R. Holtom, X. S. Xie, and F. W. Wise, “High-power picosecond fiber source for coherent Raman microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 34(13), 2051–2053 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-34-13-2051 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. W. Freudiger, W. Min, B. G. Saar, S. Lu, G. R. Holtom, C. He, J. C. Tsai, J. X. Kang, and X. S. Xie, “Label-free biomedical imaging with high sensitivity by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Science 322(5909), 1857–1861 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Zumbusch, G. R. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Three-dimensional vibrational imaging by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 82(20), 4142–4145 (1999). [CrossRef]
- Y. Barad, H. Eisenberg, M. Horowitz, and Y. Silberberg, “Nonlinear scanning laser microscopy by third harmonic generation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 70(8), 922–924 (1997). [CrossRef]
- T. R. Schibli, J. Kim, O. Kuzucu, J. T. Gopinath, S. N. Tandon, G. S. Petrich, L. A. Kolodziejski, J. G. Fujimoto, E. P. Ippen, and F. X. Kaertner, “Attosecond active synchronization of passively mode-locked lasers by balanced cross correlation,” Opt. Lett. 28(11), 947–949 (2003), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-28-11-947 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Ozeki and K. Itoh, “Stimulated Raman scattering microscopy for live-cell imaging with high contrast and high sensitivity,” Laser Phys. 20(5), 1114–1118 (2010). [CrossRef]
- Y. Ozeki, F. Dake, S. Kajiyama, K. Fukui, and K. Itoh, “Analysis and experimental assessment of the sensitivity of stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Opt. Express 17(5), 3651–3658 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-5-3651 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Isobe, S. Kataoka, R. Murase, W. Watanabe, T. Higashi, S. Kawakami, S. Matsunaga, K. Fukui, and K. Itoh, “Stimulated parametric emission microscopy,” Opt. Express 14(2), 786–793 (2006), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-2-786 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. D. Hudson, K. W. Holman, R. J. Jones, S. T. Cundiff, J. Ye, and D. J. Jones, “Mode-locked fiber laser frequency-controlled with an intracavity electro-optic modulator,” Opt. Lett. 30(21), 2948–2950 (2005), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-30-21-2948 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. J. Jones, E. O. Potma, J.-X. Cheng, B. Burfeindt, Y. Pang, J. Ye, and X. S. Xie, “Synchronization of two passively mode-locked, picosecond lasers within 20 fs for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 73(8), 2843–2848 (2002). [CrossRef]
- T. R. Schibli, J. Kim, O. Kuzucu, J. T. Gopinath, S. N. Tandon, G. S. Petrich, L. A. Kolodziejski, J. G. Fujimoto, E. P. Ippen, and F. X. Kaertner, “Attosecond active synchronization of passively mode-locked lasers by balanced cross correlation,” Opt. Lett. 28(11), 947–949 (2003), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-28-11-947 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. W. Freudiger, W. Min, B. G. Saar, S. Lu, G. R. Holtom, C. He, J. C. Tsai, J. X. Kang, and X. S. Xie, “Label-free biomedical imaging with high sensitivity by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Science 322(5909), 1857–1861 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. K. Shelton, S. M. Foreman, L.-S. Ma, J. L. Hall, H. C. Kapteyn, M. M. Murnane, M. Notcutt, and J. Ye, “Subfemtosecond timing jitter between two independent, actively synchronized, mode-locked lasers,” Opt. Lett. 27(5), 312–314 (2002), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-27-5-312 . [CrossRef]
- T. Minamikawa, M. Hashimoto, K. Fujita, S. Kawata, and T. Araki, “Multi-focus excitation coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy and its applications for real-time imaging,” Opt. Express 17(12), 9526–9536 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-12-9526 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Minamikawa, N. Tanimito, M. Hashimoto, T. Araki, M. Kobayashi, K. Fujita, and S. Kawata, “Jitter reduction of two synchronized picosecond mode-locked lasers using balanced cross-correlator with two-photon detectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(19), 191101 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. Hashimoto, T. Araki, and S. Kawata, “Molecular vibration imaging in the fingerprint region by use of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy with a collinear configuration,” Opt. Lett. 25(24), 1768–1770 (2000), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-25-24-1768 . [CrossRef]
- T. R. Schibli, J. Kim, O. Kuzucu, J. T. Gopinath, S. N. Tandon, G. S. Petrich, L. A. Kolodziejski, J. G. Fujimoto, E. P. Ippen, and F. X. Kaertner, “Attosecond active synchronization of passively mode-locked lasers by balanced cross correlation,” Opt. Lett. 28(11), 947–949 (2003), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-28-11-947 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Minamikawa, N. Tanimito, M. Hashimoto, T. Araki, M. Kobayashi, K. Fujita, and S. Kawata, “Jitter reduction of two synchronized picosecond mode-locked lasers using balanced cross-correlator with two-photon detectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(19), 191101 (2006). [CrossRef]
- T. R. Schibli, J. Kim, O. Kuzucu, J. T. Gopinath, S. N. Tandon, G. S. Petrich, L. A. Kolodziejski, J. G. Fujimoto, E. P. Ippen, and F. X. Kaertner, “Attosecond active synchronization of passively mode-locked lasers by balanced cross correlation,” Opt. Lett. 28(11), 947–949 (2003), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-28-11-947 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Nandakumar, A. Kovalev, and A. Volkmer, “Vibrational imaging based on stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” N. J. Phys. 11(3), 033026 (2009). [CrossRef]
- T. R. Schibli, J. Kim, O. Kuzucu, J. T. Gopinath, S. N. Tandon, G. S. Petrich, L. A. Kolodziejski, J. G. Fujimoto, E. P. Ippen, and F. X. Kaertner, “Attosecond active synchronization of passively mode-locked lasers by balanced cross correlation,” Opt. Lett. 28(11), 947–949 (2003), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-28-11-947 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. F. Levine, C. V. Shank, and J. P. Heritage, “Surface vibrational spectroscopy using stimulated Raman scattering,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 15(12), 1418–1432 (1979). [CrossRef]
- P. J. Campagnola, M.-D. Wei, A. Lewis, and L. M. Loew, “High-resolution nonlinear optical imaging of live cells by second harmonic generation,” Biophys. J. 77(6), 3341–3349 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. L. Evans, E. O. Potma, M. Puoris’haag, D. Côté, C. P. Lin, and X. S. Xie, “Chemical imaging of tissue in vivo with video-rate coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102(46), 16807–16812 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. J. Campagnola, M.-D. Wei, A. Lewis, and L. M. Loew, “High-resolution nonlinear optical imaging of live cells by second harmonic generation,” Biophys. J. 77(6), 3341–3349 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Min, S. Lu, S. Chong, R. Roy, G. R. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Imaging chromophores with undetectable fluorescence by stimulated emission microscopy,” Nature 461(7267), 1105–1109 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. W. Freudiger, W. Min, B. G. Saar, S. Lu, G. R. Holtom, C. He, J. C. Tsai, J. X. Kang, and X. S. Xie, “Label-free biomedical imaging with high sensitivity by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Science 322(5909), 1857–1861 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. K. Shelton, S. M. Foreman, L.-S. Ma, J. L. Hall, H. C. Kapteyn, M. M. Murnane, M. Notcutt, and J. Ye, “Subfemtosecond timing jitter between two independent, actively synchronized, mode-locked lasers,” Opt. Lett. 27(5), 312–314 (2002), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-27-5-312 . [CrossRef]
- D. Fu, T. Ye, T. E. Matthews, G. Yurtsever, and W. S. Warren, “Two-color, two-photon, and excited-state absorption microscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12(5), 054004 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Min, S. Lu, S. Chong, R. Roy, G. R. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Imaging chromophores with undetectable fluorescence by stimulated emission microscopy,” Nature 461(7267), 1105–1109 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. W. Freudiger, W. Min, B. G. Saar, S. Lu, G. R. Holtom, C. He, J. C. Tsai, J. X. Kang, and X. S. Xie, “Label-free biomedical imaging with high sensitivity by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Science 322(5909), 1857–1861 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Minamikawa, M. Hashimoto, K. Fujita, S. Kawata, and T. Araki, “Multi-focus excitation coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy and its applications for real-time imaging,” Opt. Express 17(12), 9526–9536 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-12-9526 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Minamikawa, N. Tanimito, M. Hashimoto, T. Araki, M. Kobayashi, K. Fujita, and S. Kawata, “Jitter reduction of two synchronized picosecond mode-locked lasers using balanced cross-correlator with two-photon detectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(19), 191101 (2006). [CrossRef]
- R. K. Shelton, S. M. Foreman, L.-S. Ma, J. L. Hall, H. C. Kapteyn, M. M. Murnane, M. Notcutt, and J. Ye, “Subfemtosecond timing jitter between two independent, actively synchronized, mode-locked lasers,” Opt. Lett. 27(5), 312–314 (2002), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-27-5-312 . [CrossRef]
- R. Salem and T. E. Murphy, “Broad-band optical clock recovery system using two-photon absorption,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 16(9), 2141–2143 (2004). [CrossRef]
- S. Takasaka, Y. Ozeki, S. Namiki, and M. Sakano, “External synchronization of 160-GHz optical beat signal by optical phase-locked loop technique,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18(23), 2457–2459 (2006). [CrossRef]
- P. Nandakumar, A. Kovalev, and A. Volkmer, “Vibrational imaging based on stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” N. J. Phys. 11(3), 033026 (2009). [CrossRef]
- R. K. Shelton, S. M. Foreman, L.-S. Ma, J. L. Hall, H. C. Kapteyn, M. M. Murnane, M. Notcutt, and J. Ye, “Subfemtosecond timing jitter between two independent, actively synchronized, mode-locked lasers,” Opt. Lett. 27(5), 312–314 (2002), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-27-5-312 . [CrossRef]
- Y. Ozeki and K. Itoh, “Stimulated Raman scattering microscopy for live-cell imaging with high contrast and high sensitivity,” Laser Phys. 20(5), 1114–1118 (2010). [CrossRef]
- Y. Ozeki, F. Dake, S. Kajiyama, K. Fukui, and K. Itoh, “Analysis and experimental assessment of the sensitivity of stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Opt. Express 17(5), 3651–3658 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-5-3651 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Takasaka, Y. Ozeki, S. Namiki, and M. Sakano, “External synchronization of 160-GHz optical beat signal by optical phase-locked loop technique,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18(23), 2457–2459 (2006). [CrossRef]
- D. J. Jones, E. O. Potma, J.-X. Cheng, B. Burfeindt, Y. Pang, J. Ye, and X. S. Xie, “Synchronization of two passively mode-locked, picosecond lasers within 20 fs for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 73(8), 2843–2848 (2002). [CrossRef]
- T. R. Schibli, J. Kim, O. Kuzucu, J. T. Gopinath, S. N. Tandon, G. S. Petrich, L. A. Kolodziejski, J. G. Fujimoto, E. P. Ippen, and F. X. Kaertner, “Attosecond active synchronization of passively mode-locked lasers by balanced cross correlation,” Opt. Lett. 28(11), 947–949 (2003), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-28-11-947 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. L. Evans, E. O. Potma, M. Puoris’haag, D. Côté, C. P. Lin, and X. S. Xie, “Chemical imaging of tissue in vivo with video-rate coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102(46), 16807–16812 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. L. Evans, E. O. Potma, and X. S. Xie, “Coherent anti-stokes raman scattering spectral interferometry: determination of the real and imaginary components of nonlinear susceptibility χ(3) for vibrational microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 29(24), 2923–2925 (2004), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-29-24-2923 . [CrossRef]
- D. J. Jones, E. O. Potma, J.-X. Cheng, B. Burfeindt, Y. Pang, J. Ye, and X. S. Xie, “Synchronization of two passively mode-locked, picosecond lasers within 20 fs for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 73(8), 2843–2848 (2002). [CrossRef]
- C. L. Evans, E. O. Potma, M. Puoris’haag, D. Côté, C. P. Lin, and X. S. Xie, “Chemical imaging of tissue in vivo with video-rate coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102(46), 16807–16812 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Min, S. Lu, S. Chong, R. Roy, G. R. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Imaging chromophores with undetectable fluorescence by stimulated emission microscopy,” Nature 461(7267), 1105–1109 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. G. Saar, G. R. Holtom, C. W. Freudiger, C. Ackermann, W. Hill, and X. S. Xie, “Intracavity wavelength modulation of an optical parametric oscillator for coherent Raman microscopy,” Opt. Express 17(15), 12532–12539 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-15-12532 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Kieu, B. G. Saar, G. R. Holtom, X. S. Xie, and F. W. Wise, “High-power picosecond fiber source for coherent Raman microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 34(13), 2051–2053 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-34-13-2051 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. W. Freudiger, W. Min, B. G. Saar, S. Lu, G. R. Holtom, C. He, J. C. Tsai, J. X. Kang, and X. S. Xie, “Label-free biomedical imaging with high sensitivity by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Science 322(5909), 1857–1861 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Ganikhanov, C. L. Evans, B. G. Saar, and X. S. Xie, “High-sensitivity vibrational imaging with frequency modulation coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (FM CARS) microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 31(12), 1872–1874 (2006), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-31-12-1872 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Takasaka, Y. Ozeki, S. Namiki, and M. Sakano, “External synchronization of 160-GHz optical beat signal by optical phase-locked loop technique,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18(23), 2457–2459 (2006). [CrossRef]
- R. Salem and T. E. Murphy, “Broad-band optical clock recovery system using two-photon absorption,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 16(9), 2141–2143 (2004). [CrossRef]
- T. R. Schibli, J. Kim, O. Kuzucu, J. T. Gopinath, S. N. Tandon, G. S. Petrich, L. A. Kolodziejski, J. G. Fujimoto, E. P. Ippen, and F. X. Kaertner, “Attosecond active synchronization of passively mode-locked lasers by balanced cross correlation,” Opt. Lett. 28(11), 947–949 (2003), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-28-11-947 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. F. Levine, C. V. Shank, and J. P. Heritage, “Surface vibrational spectroscopy using stimulated Raman scattering,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 15(12), 1418–1432 (1979). [CrossRef]
- R. K. Shelton, S. M. Foreman, L.-S. Ma, J. L. Hall, H. C. Kapteyn, M. M. Murnane, M. Notcutt, and J. Ye, “Subfemtosecond timing jitter between two independent, actively synchronized, mode-locked lasers,” Opt. Lett. 27(5), 312–314 (2002), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-27-5-312 . [CrossRef]
- Y. Barad, H. Eisenberg, M. Horowitz, and Y. Silberberg, “Nonlinear scanning laser microscopy by third harmonic generation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 70(8), 922–924 (1997). [CrossRef]
- S. Takasaka, Y. Ozeki, S. Namiki, and M. Sakano, “External synchronization of 160-GHz optical beat signal by optical phase-locked loop technique,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18(23), 2457–2459 (2006). [CrossRef]
- T. R. Schibli, J. Kim, O. Kuzucu, J. T. Gopinath, S. N. Tandon, G. S. Petrich, L. A. Kolodziejski, J. G. Fujimoto, E. P. Ippen, and F. X. Kaertner, “Attosecond active synchronization of passively mode-locked lasers by balanced cross correlation,” Opt. Lett. 28(11), 947–949 (2003), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-28-11-947 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Minamikawa, N. Tanimito, M. Hashimoto, T. Araki, M. Kobayashi, K. Fujita, and S. Kawata, “Jitter reduction of two synchronized picosecond mode-locked lasers using balanced cross-correlator with two-photon detectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(19), 191101 (2006). [CrossRef]
- C. W. Freudiger, W. Min, B. G. Saar, S. Lu, G. R. Holtom, C. He, J. C. Tsai, J. X. Kang, and X. S. Xie, “Label-free biomedical imaging with high sensitivity by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Science 322(5909), 1857–1861 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Nandakumar, A. Kovalev, and A. Volkmer, “Vibrational imaging based on stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” N. J. Phys. 11(3), 033026 (2009). [CrossRef]
- A. Volkmer, J.-X. Cheng, and X. S. Xie, “Vibrational imaging with high sensitivity via epidetected coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87(2), 023901 (2001). [CrossRef]
- D. Fu, T. Ye, T. E. Matthews, G. Yurtsever, and W. S. Warren, “Two-color, two-photon, and excited-state absorption microscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12(5), 054004 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. J. Campagnola, M.-D. Wei, A. Lewis, and L. M. Loew, “High-resolution nonlinear optical imaging of live cells by second harmonic generation,” Biophys. J. 77(6), 3341–3349 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Kieu, B. G. Saar, G. R. Holtom, X. S. Xie, and F. W. Wise, “High-power picosecond fiber source for coherent Raman microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 34(13), 2051–2053 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-34-13-2051 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Min, S. Lu, S. Chong, R. Roy, G. R. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Imaging chromophores with undetectable fluorescence by stimulated emission microscopy,” Nature 461(7267), 1105–1109 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. G. Saar, G. R. Holtom, C. W. Freudiger, C. Ackermann, W. Hill, and X. S. Xie, “Intracavity wavelength modulation of an optical parametric oscillator for coherent Raman microscopy,” Opt. Express 17(15), 12532–12539 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-15-12532 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. W. Freudiger, W. Min, B. G. Saar, S. Lu, G. R. Holtom, C. He, J. C. Tsai, J. X. Kang, and X. S. Xie, “Label-free biomedical imaging with high sensitivity by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Science 322(5909), 1857–1861 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Ganikhanov, C. L. Evans, B. G. Saar, and X. S. Xie, “High-sensitivity vibrational imaging with frequency modulation coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (FM CARS) microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 31(12), 1872–1874 (2006), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-31-12-1872 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. L. Evans, E. O. Potma, M. Puoris’haag, D. Côté, C. P. Lin, and X. S. Xie, “Chemical imaging of tissue in vivo with video-rate coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102(46), 16807–16812 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. L. Evans, E. O. Potma, and X. S. Xie, “Coherent anti-stokes raman scattering spectral interferometry: determination of the real and imaginary components of nonlinear susceptibility χ(3) for vibrational microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 29(24), 2923–2925 (2004), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-29-24-2923 . [CrossRef]
- D. J. Jones, E. O. Potma, J.-X. Cheng, B. Burfeindt, Y. Pang, J. Ye, and X. S. Xie, “Synchronization of two passively mode-locked, picosecond lasers within 20 fs for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 73(8), 2843–2848 (2002). [CrossRef]
- A. Volkmer, J.-X. Cheng, and X. S. Xie, “Vibrational imaging with high sensitivity via epidetected coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87(2), 023901 (2001). [CrossRef]
- A. Zumbusch, G. R. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Three-dimensional vibrational imaging by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 82(20), 4142–4145 (1999). [CrossRef]
- D. D. Hudson, K. W. Holman, R. J. Jones, S. T. Cundiff, J. Ye, and D. J. Jones, “Mode-locked fiber laser frequency-controlled with an intracavity electro-optic modulator,” Opt. Lett. 30(21), 2948–2950 (2005), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-30-21-2948 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. J. Jones, E. O. Potma, J.-X. Cheng, B. Burfeindt, Y. Pang, J. Ye, and X. S. Xie, “Synchronization of two passively mode-locked, picosecond lasers within 20 fs for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 73(8), 2843–2848 (2002). [CrossRef]
- R. K. Shelton, S. M. Foreman, L.-S. Ma, J. L. Hall, H. C. Kapteyn, M. M. Murnane, M. Notcutt, and J. Ye, “Subfemtosecond timing jitter between two independent, actively synchronized, mode-locked lasers,” Opt. Lett. 27(5), 312–314 (2002), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-27-5-312 . [CrossRef]
- D. Fu, T. Ye, T. E. Matthews, G. Yurtsever, and W. S. Warren, “Two-color, two-photon, and excited-state absorption microscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12(5), 054004 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Fu, T. Ye, T. E. Matthews, G. Yurtsever, and W. S. Warren, “Two-color, two-photon, and excited-state absorption microscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12(5), 054004 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Zumbusch, G. R. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Three-dimensional vibrational imaging by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 82(20), 4142–4145 (1999). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys. Lett.
- Y. Barad, H. Eisenberg, M. Horowitz, and Y. Silberberg, “Nonlinear scanning laser microscopy by third harmonic generation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 70(8), 922–924 (1997). [CrossRef]
- T. Minamikawa, N. Tanimito, M. Hashimoto, T. Araki, M. Kobayashi, K. Fujita, and S. Kawata, “Jitter reduction of two synchronized picosecond mode-locked lasers using balanced cross-correlator with two-photon detectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(19), 191101 (2006). [CrossRef]
Biophys. J.
- P. J. Campagnola, M.-D. Wei, A. Lewis, and L. M. Loew, “High-resolution nonlinear optical imaging of live cells by second harmonic generation,” Biophys. J. 77(6), 3341–3349 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
IEEE J. Quantum Electron.
- B. F. Levine, C. V. Shank, and J. P. Heritage, “Surface vibrational spectroscopy using stimulated Raman scattering,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 15(12), 1418–1432 (1979). [CrossRef]
IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.
- S. Takasaka, Y. Ozeki, S. Namiki, and M. Sakano, “External synchronization of 160-GHz optical beat signal by optical phase-locked loop technique,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18(23), 2457–2459 (2006). [CrossRef]
- R. Salem and T. E. Murphy, “Broad-band optical clock recovery system using two-photon absorption,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 16(9), 2141–2143 (2004). [CrossRef]
J. Biomed. Opt.
- D. Fu, T. Ye, T. E. Matthews, G. Yurtsever, and W. S. Warren, “Two-color, two-photon, and excited-state absorption microscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12(5), 054004 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Laser Phys.
- Y. Ozeki and K. Itoh, “Stimulated Raman scattering microscopy for live-cell imaging with high contrast and high sensitivity,” Laser Phys. 20(5), 1114–1118 (2010). [CrossRef]
N. J. Phys.
- P. Nandakumar, A. Kovalev, and A. Volkmer, “Vibrational imaging based on stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” N. J. Phys. 11(3), 033026 (2009). [CrossRef]
Nature
- W. Min, S. Lu, S. Chong, R. Roy, G. R. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Imaging chromophores with undetectable fluorescence by stimulated emission microscopy,” Nature 461(7267), 1105–1109 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Express
- K. Isobe, S. Kataoka, R. Murase, W. Watanabe, T. Higashi, S. Kawakami, S. Matsunaga, K. Fukui, and K. Itoh, “Stimulated parametric emission microscopy,” Opt. Express 14(2), 786–793 (2006), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-2-786 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Heinrich, A. Hofer, A. Ritsch, C. Ciardi, S. Bernet, and M. Ritsch-Marte, “Selective imaging of saturated and unsaturated lipids by wide-field CARS-microscopy,” Opt. Express 16(4), 2699–2708 (2008), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-16-4-2699 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Minamikawa, M. Hashimoto, K. Fujita, S. Kawata, and T. Araki, “Multi-focus excitation coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy and its applications for real-time imaging,” Opt. Express 17(12), 9526–9536 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-12-9526 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Ozeki, F. Dake, S. Kajiyama, K. Fukui, and K. Itoh, “Analysis and experimental assessment of the sensitivity of stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Opt. Express 17(5), 3651–3658 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-5-3651 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Kano and H. O. Hamaguchi, “Vibrationally resonant imaging of a single living cell by supercontinuum-based multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microspectroscopy,” Opt. Express 13(4), 1322–1327 (2005), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-13-4-1322 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. G. Saar, G. R. Holtom, C. W. Freudiger, C. Ackermann, W. Hill, and X. S. Xie, “Intracavity wavelength modulation of an optical parametric oscillator for coherent Raman microscopy,” Opt. Express 17(15), 12532–12539 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-15-12532 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Lett.
- D. D. Hudson, K. W. Holman, R. J. Jones, S. T. Cundiff, J. Ye, and D. J. Jones, “Mode-locked fiber laser frequency-controlled with an intracavity electro-optic modulator,” Opt. Lett. 30(21), 2948–2950 (2005), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-30-21-2948 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. K. Shelton, S. M. Foreman, L.-S. Ma, J. L. Hall, H. C. Kapteyn, M. M. Murnane, M. Notcutt, and J. Ye, “Subfemtosecond timing jitter between two independent, actively synchronized, mode-locked lasers,” Opt. Lett. 27(5), 312–314 (2002), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-27-5-312 . [CrossRef]
- T. R. Schibli, J. Kim, O. Kuzucu, J. T. Gopinath, S. N. Tandon, G. S. Petrich, L. A. Kolodziejski, J. G. Fujimoto, E. P. Ippen, and F. X. Kaertner, “Attosecond active synchronization of passively mode-locked lasers by balanced cross correlation,” Opt. Lett. 28(11), 947–949 (2003), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-28-11-947 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Ganikhanov, S. Carrasco, X. Sunney Xie, M. Katz, W. Seitz, and D. Kopf, “Broadly tunable dual-wavelength light source for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 31(9), 1292–1294 (2006), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-31-9-1292 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Kieu, B. G. Saar, G. R. Holtom, X. S. Xie, and F. W. Wise, “High-power picosecond fiber source for coherent Raman microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 34(13), 2051–2053 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-34-13-2051 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J.-X. Cheng, L. D. Book, and X Sunney Xie, “Polarization coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 26(17), 1341–1343 (2001), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-26-17-1341 . [CrossRef]
- C. L. Evans, E. O. Potma, and X. S. Xie, “Coherent anti-stokes raman scattering spectral interferometry: determination of the real and imaginary components of nonlinear susceptibility χ(3) for vibrational microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 29(24), 2923–2925 (2004), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-29-24-2923 . [CrossRef]
- F. Ganikhanov, C. L. Evans, B. G. Saar, and X. S. Xie, “High-sensitivity vibrational imaging with frequency modulation coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (FM CARS) microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 31(12), 1872–1874 (2006), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-31-12-1872 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Hashimoto, T. Araki, and S. Kawata, “Molecular vibration imaging in the fingerprint region by use of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy with a collinear configuration,” Opt. Lett. 25(24), 1768–1770 (2000), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-25-24-1768 . [CrossRef]
Phys. Rev. Lett.
- A. Zumbusch, G. R. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Three-dimensional vibrational imaging by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 82(20), 4142–4145 (1999). [CrossRef]
- A. Volkmer, J.-X. Cheng, and X. S. Xie, “Vibrational imaging with high sensitivity via epidetected coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87(2), 023901 (2001). [CrossRef]
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
- C. L. Evans, E. O. Potma, M. Puoris’haag, D. Côté, C. P. Lin, and X. S. Xie, “Chemical imaging of tissue in vivo with video-rate coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102(46), 16807–16812 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Rev. Sci. Instrum.
- D. J. Jones, E. O. Potma, J.-X. Cheng, B. Burfeindt, Y. Pang, J. Ye, and X. S. Xie, “Synchronization of two passively mode-locked, picosecond lasers within 20 fs for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 73(8), 2843–2848 (2002). [CrossRef]
Science
- C. W. Freudiger, W. Min, B. G. Saar, S. Lu, G. R. Holtom, C. He, J. C. Tsai, J. X. Kang, and X. S. Xie, “Label-free biomedical imaging with high sensitivity by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Science 322(5909), 1857–1861 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Other
- Y. Kobayashi, X. Zhou, D. Yoshitomi, and K. Torizuka, “Passive timing synchronization between Ti:sapphire laser and Yb-doped fiber laser,” in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference and Photonic Applications Systems Technologies, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2008), paper CML6. http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=CLEO-2008-CML6 .
2010, Ozeki, Laser Phys.
- Y. Ozeki and K. Itoh, “Stimulated Raman scattering microscopy for live-cell imaging with high contrast and high sensitivity,” Laser Phys. 20(5), 1114–1118 (2010). [CrossRef]
- P. Nandakumar, A. Kovalev, and A. Volkmer, “Vibrational imaging based on stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” N. J. Phys. 11(3), 033026 (2009). [CrossRef]
- W. Min, S. Lu, S. Chong, R. Roy, G. R. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Imaging chromophores with undetectable fluorescence by stimulated emission microscopy,” Nature 461(7267), 1105–1109 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Minamikawa, M. Hashimoto, K. Fujita, S. Kawata, and T. Araki, “Multi-focus excitation coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy and its applications for real-time imaging,” Opt. Express 17(12), 9526–9536 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-12-9526 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. G. Saar, G. R. Holtom, C. W. Freudiger, C. Ackermann, W. Hill, and X. S. Xie, “Intracavity wavelength modulation of an optical parametric oscillator for coherent Raman microscopy,” Opt. Express 17(15), 12532–12539 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-15-12532 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. W. Freudiger, W. Min, B. G. Saar, S. Lu, G. R. Holtom, C. He, J. C. Tsai, J. X. Kang, and X. S. Xie, “Label-free biomedical imaging with high sensitivity by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Science 322(5909), 1857–1861 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Fu, T. Ye, T. E. Matthews, G. Yurtsever, and W. S. Warren, “Two-color, two-photon, and excited-state absorption microscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12(5), 054004 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Ganikhanov, C. L. Evans, B. G. Saar, and X. S. Xie, “High-sensitivity vibrational imaging with frequency modulation coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (FM CARS) microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 31(12), 1872–1874 (2006), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-31-12-1872 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Minamikawa, N. Tanimito, M. Hashimoto, T. Araki, M. Kobayashi, K. Fujita, and S. Kawata, “Jitter reduction of two synchronized picosecond mode-locked lasers using balanced cross-correlator with two-photon detectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(19), 191101 (2006). [CrossRef]
- S. Takasaka, Y. Ozeki, S. Namiki, and M. Sakano, “External synchronization of 160-GHz optical beat signal by optical phase-locked loop technique,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18(23), 2457–2459 (2006). [CrossRef]
- C. L. Evans, E. O. Potma, M. Puoris’haag, D. Côté, C. P. Lin, and X. S. Xie, “Chemical imaging of tissue in vivo with video-rate coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102(46), 16807–16812 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. L. Evans, E. O. Potma, and X. S. Xie, “Coherent anti-stokes raman scattering spectral interferometry: determination of the real and imaginary components of nonlinear susceptibility χ(3) for vibrational microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 29(24), 2923–2925 (2004), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-29-24-2923 . [CrossRef]
- R. Salem and T. E. Murphy, “Broad-band optical clock recovery system using two-photon absorption,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 16(9), 2141–2143 (2004). [CrossRef]
- T. R. Schibli, J. Kim, O. Kuzucu, J. T. Gopinath, S. N. Tandon, G. S. Petrich, L. A. Kolodziejski, J. G. Fujimoto, E. P. Ippen, and F. X. Kaertner, “Attosecond active synchronization of passively mode-locked lasers by balanced cross correlation,” Opt. Lett. 28(11), 947–949 (2003), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-28-11-947 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. J. Jones, E. O. Potma, J.-X. Cheng, B. Burfeindt, Y. Pang, J. Ye, and X. S. Xie, “Synchronization of two passively mode-locked, picosecond lasers within 20 fs for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 73(8), 2843–2848 (2002). [CrossRef]
- R. K. Shelton, S. M. Foreman, L.-S. Ma, J. L. Hall, H. C. Kapteyn, M. M. Murnane, M. Notcutt, and J. Ye, “Subfemtosecond timing jitter between two independent, actively synchronized, mode-locked lasers,” Opt. Lett. 27(5), 312–314 (2002), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-27-5-312 . [CrossRef]
- A. Volkmer, J.-X. Cheng, and X. S. Xie, “Vibrational imaging with high sensitivity via epidetected coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87(2), 023901 (2001). [CrossRef]
- P. J. Campagnola, M.-D. Wei, A. Lewis, and L. M. Loew, “High-resolution nonlinear optical imaging of live cells by second harmonic generation,” Biophys. J. 77(6), 3341–3349 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Zumbusch, G. R. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Three-dimensional vibrational imaging by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 82(20), 4142–4145 (1999). [CrossRef]
- Y. Barad, H. Eisenberg, M. Horowitz, and Y. Silberberg, “Nonlinear scanning laser microscopy by third harmonic generation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 70(8), 922–924 (1997). [CrossRef]
- B. F. Levine, C. V. Shank, and J. P. Heritage, “Surface vibrational spectroscopy using stimulated Raman scattering,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 15(12), 1418–1432 (1979). [CrossRef]
Cited By |
OSA is able to provide readers links to articles that cite this paper by participating in CrossRef's Cited-By Linking service. CrossRef includes content from more than 3000 publishers and societies. In addition to listing OSA journal articles that cite this paper, citing articles from other participating publishers will also be listed.
Multimedia
| Multimedia Files | Recommended Software |
| » Media 1: MPG (11850 KB) | QuickTime |
| » Media 2: MPG (11329 KB) | QuickTime |
Related Journal Articles 
- Double Gires—Tournois interferometer negative-dispersion mirrors for use in tunable mode-locked lasers (OL)
- Dual-wavelength chirped-pulse amplification system (OL)
- A 75 MHz Light Source for Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Microscopy (OE)
- Synchronized time-lens source for coherent Raman scattering microscopy (OE)
- Fiber-delivered picosecond source for coherent Raman scattering imaging (OL)
Related Conference Papers 
- Toward Petawatt Laser Based on Optical Parametrical Amplification: Status Quo and Perspectives
- Generation of 10-Cycle Pulses from a Yb Fiber Laser Using Cubic Phase Compensation
- A Novel Chirped Pulse Amplification System Based on a Monolithic Large Aperture Bulk-Bragg-Grating Stretcher/Compressor
- Environmentally-Stable Femtosecond Ytterbium Fiber Laser with Hollow-Core Photonic Bandgap Fiber
- Subharmonic Synchronization of Two-Color Laser Pulses for Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy
- Firefox 11+
- Google Chrome 17+
- Internet Explorer 9+
- Safari 5+




OSA is a member of 