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Real-time, subsecond, multicomponent breath analysis by Optical Parametric Oscillator based Off-Axis Integrated Cavity Output SpectroscopyDenis D. Arslanov, Koen Swinkels, Simona M. Cristescu, and Frans J. M. Harren »View Author Affiliations
Denis D. Arslanov,*
Koen Swinkels,
Simona M. Cristescu,
and Frans J. M. Harren
Life Science Trace Gas Research Group, Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands *Corresponding author: D.Arslanov@science.ru.nl |
Optics Express, Vol. 19, Issue 24, pp. 24078-24089 (2011)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.024078
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Abstract
Breath analysis is an attractive field of research, due to its high potential for non-invasive medical diagnostics. Among others, laser-based absorption spectroscopy is an excellent method for the detection of gases in exhaled breath, because it can combine a high sensitivity with a good selectivity, and a high temporal resolution. Here, we use a fast-scanning continuous wave, singly-resonant Optical Parametric Oscillator (wavelength range between 3 and 4 μm, linewidth 40 MHz, output power > 1 W, scanning speed 100 THz/s) with Off-Axis Integrated Cavity Output Spectroscopy for rapid and sensitive trace gas detection. Real-time, low- ppbv detection of ethane is demonstrated in exhaled human breath during free exhalations. Also, simultaneous, real-time multi-component gas detection of ethane, methane and water was performed in exhaled breath using a wide spectral coverage over 17 cm−1 in 1 second. Furthermore, real-time detection of acetone, a molecule with a wide absorption spectrum, was shown in exhaled breath, with a sub-second time resolution (0.4 s).
© 2011 OSA
OCIS Codes
(140.0140) Lasers and laser optics : Lasers and laser optics
(190.4410) Nonlinear optics : Nonlinear optics, parametric processes
(190.4970) Nonlinear optics : Parametric oscillators and amplifiers
(280.1415) Remote sensing and sensors : Biological sensing and sensors
(190.4975) Nonlinear optics : Parametric processes
ToC Category:
Sensors
History
Original Manuscript: September 8, 2011
Revised Manuscript: October 15, 2011
Manuscript Accepted: October 30, 2011
Published: November 10, 2011
Virtual Issues
Vol. 7, Iss. 1 Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics
Citation
Denis D. Arslanov, Koen Swinkels, Simona M. Cristescu, and Frans J. M. Harren, "Real-time, subsecond, multicomponent breath analysis by Optical Parametric Oscillator based Off-Axis Integrated Cavity Output Spectroscopy," Opt. Express 19, 24078-24089 (2011)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/vjbo/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-24-24078
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References
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- D. D. Arslanov, M. Spunei, A. K. Y. Ngai, S. M. Cristescu, I. D. Lindsay, S. T. Persijn, K. J. Boller, and F. J. M. Harren, “Rapid and sensitive trace gas detection with continuous wave optical parametric oscillator-based wavelength modulation spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. B103(1), 223–228 (2011). [CrossRef]
- A. K. Y. Ngai, S. T. Persijn, I. D. Lindsay, A. A. Kosterev, P. Groß, C. J. Lee, S. M. Cristescu, F. K. Tittel, K.-J. Boller, and F. J. M. Harren, “Continuous wave optical parametric oscillator for quartz-enhanced photoacoustic trace gas sensing,” Appl. Phys. B89(1), 123–128 (2007). [CrossRef]
- L. S. Rothman, I. E. Gordon, A. Barbe, D. Chris Benner, P. F. Bernath, M. Birk, V. Boudon, L. R. Brown, A. Campargue, J.-P. Champion, K. Chance, L. H. Coudert, V. Dana, V. M. Devi, S. Fally, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, A. Goldman, D. Jacquemart, I. Kleiner, N. Lacome, W. J. Lafferty, J.-Y. Mandin, S. T. Massie, S. N. Mikhailenko, C. E. Miller, N. Moazzen-Ahmadi, O. V. Naumenko, A. V. Nikitin, J. Orphal, V. I. Perevalov, A. Perrin, A. Predoi-Cross, C. P. Rinsland, M. Rotger, M. Šimečková, M. A. H. Smith, K. Sung, S. A. Tashkun, J. Tennyson, R. A. Toth, A. C. Vandaele, and J. Vander Auwera, “The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf.110(9-10), 533–572 (2009). [CrossRef]
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- E. R. Crosson, K. N. Ricci, B. A. Richman, F. C. Chilese, T. G. Owano, R. A. Provencal, M. W. Todd, J. Glasser, A. A. Kachanov, B. A. Paldus, T. G. Spence, and R. N. Zare, “Stable isotope ratios using cavity ring-down spectroscopy: determination of 13C/12C for carbon dioxide in human breath,” Anal. Chem.74(9), 2003–2007 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. S. Rothman, I. E. Gordon, A. Barbe, D. Chris Benner, P. F. Bernath, M. Birk, V. Boudon, L. R. Brown, A. Campargue, J.-P. Champion, K. Chance, L. H. Coudert, V. Dana, V. M. Devi, S. Fally, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, A. Goldman, D. Jacquemart, I. Kleiner, N. Lacome, W. J. Lafferty, J.-Y. Mandin, S. T. Massie, S. N. Mikhailenko, C. E. Miller, N. Moazzen-Ahmadi, O. V. Naumenko, A. V. Nikitin, J. Orphal, V. I. Perevalov, A. Perrin, A. Predoi-Cross, C. P. Rinsland, M. Rotger, M. Šimečková, M. A. H. Smith, K. Sung, S. A. Tashkun, J. Tennyson, R. A. Toth, A. C. Vandaele, and J. Vander Auwera, “The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf.110(9-10), 533–572 (2009). [CrossRef]
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- K. R. Parameswaran, D. I. Rosen, M. G. Allen, A. M. Ganz, and T. H. Risby, “Off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy with a mid-infrared interband cascade laser for real-time breath ethane measurements,” Appl. Opt.48(4), B73–B79 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. H. Risby and S. F. Solga, “Current status of clinical breath analysis,” Appl. Phys. B85(2-3), 421–426 (2006). [CrossRef]
- I. Ventrillard-Courtillot, T. Gonthiez, C. Clerici, and D. Romanini, “Multispecies breath analysis faster than a single respiratory cycle by optical-feedback cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt.14(6), 064026 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. R. Parameswaran, D. I. Rosen, M. G. Allen, A. M. Ganz, and T. H. Risby, “Off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy with a mid-infrared interband cascade laser for real-time breath ethane measurements,” Appl. Opt.48(4), B73–B79 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. L. Silva, D. M. Sonnenfroh, D. I. Rosen, M. G. Allen, and A. O'Keefe, “Integrated cavity output spectroscopy measurements of NO levels in breath with a pulsed room-temperature QCL,” Appl. Phys. B81(5), 705–710 (2005). [CrossRef]
- L. S. Rothman, I. E. Gordon, A. Barbe, D. Chris Benner, P. F. Bernath, M. Birk, V. Boudon, L. R. Brown, A. Campargue, J.-P. Champion, K. Chance, L. H. Coudert, V. Dana, V. M. Devi, S. Fally, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, A. Goldman, D. Jacquemart, I. Kleiner, N. Lacome, W. J. Lafferty, J.-Y. Mandin, S. T. Massie, S. N. Mikhailenko, C. E. Miller, N. Moazzen-Ahmadi, O. V. Naumenko, A. V. Nikitin, J. Orphal, V. I. Perevalov, A. Perrin, A. Predoi-Cross, C. P. Rinsland, M. Rotger, M. Šimečková, M. A. H. Smith, K. Sung, S. A. Tashkun, J. Tennyson, R. A. Toth, A. C. Vandaele, and J. Vander Auwera, “The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf.110(9-10), 533–572 (2009). [CrossRef]
- L. S. Rothman, I. E. Gordon, A. Barbe, D. Chris Benner, P. F. Bernath, M. Birk, V. Boudon, L. R. Brown, A. Campargue, J.-P. Champion, K. Chance, L. H. Coudert, V. Dana, V. M. Devi, S. Fally, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, A. Goldman, D. Jacquemart, I. Kleiner, N. Lacome, W. J. Lafferty, J.-Y. Mandin, S. T. Massie, S. N. Mikhailenko, C. E. Miller, N. Moazzen-Ahmadi, O. V. Naumenko, A. V. Nikitin, J. Orphal, V. I. Perevalov, A. Perrin, A. Predoi-Cross, C. P. Rinsland, M. Rotger, M. Šimečková, M. A. H. Smith, K. Sung, S. A. Tashkun, J. Tennyson, R. A. Toth, A. C. Vandaele, and J. Vander Auwera, “The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf.110(9-10), 533–572 (2009). [CrossRef]
- C. Wang and P. Sahay, “Breath Analysis Using Laser Spectroscopic Techniques Breath Biomarkers, Spectral Fingerprints, and Detection Limits,” Sensors (Basel Switzerland)9(10), 8230–8262 (2009). [CrossRef]
- J. H. Shorter, D. D. Nelson, J. B. McManus, M. S. Zahniser, S. R. Sama, and D. K. Milton, “Clinical study of multiple breath biomarkers of asthma and COPD (NO, CO2, CO and N2O) by infrared laser spectroscopy,” J. Breath Res.5(3), 037108 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- M. L. Silva, D. M. Sonnenfroh, D. I. Rosen, M. G. Allen, and A. O'Keefe, “Integrated cavity output spectroscopy measurements of NO levels in breath with a pulsed room-temperature QCL,” Appl. Phys. B81(5), 705–710 (2005). [CrossRef]
- L. S. Rothman, I. E. Gordon, A. Barbe, D. Chris Benner, P. F. Bernath, M. Birk, V. Boudon, L. R. Brown, A. Campargue, J.-P. Champion, K. Chance, L. H. Coudert, V. Dana, V. M. Devi, S. Fally, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, A. Goldman, D. Jacquemart, I. Kleiner, N. Lacome, W. J. Lafferty, J.-Y. Mandin, S. T. Massie, S. N. Mikhailenko, C. E. Miller, N. Moazzen-Ahmadi, O. V. Naumenko, A. V. Nikitin, J. Orphal, V. I. Perevalov, A. Perrin, A. Predoi-Cross, C. P. Rinsland, M. Rotger, M. Šimečková, M. A. H. Smith, K. Sung, S. A. Tashkun, J. Tennyson, R. A. Toth, A. C. Vandaele, and J. Vander Auwera, “The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf.110(9-10), 533–572 (2009). [CrossRef]
- L. S. Rothman, I. E. Gordon, A. Barbe, D. Chris Benner, P. F. Bernath, M. Birk, V. Boudon, L. R. Brown, A. Campargue, J.-P. Champion, K. Chance, L. H. Coudert, V. Dana, V. M. Devi, S. Fally, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, A. Goldman, D. Jacquemart, I. Kleiner, N. Lacome, W. J. Lafferty, J.-Y. Mandin, S. T. Massie, S. N. Mikhailenko, C. E. Miller, N. Moazzen-Ahmadi, O. V. Naumenko, A. V. Nikitin, J. Orphal, V. I. Perevalov, A. Perrin, A. Predoi-Cross, C. P. Rinsland, M. Rotger, M. Šimečková, M. A. H. Smith, K. Sung, S. A. Tashkun, J. Tennyson, R. A. Toth, A. C. Vandaele, and J. Vander Auwera, “The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf.110(9-10), 533–572 (2009). [CrossRef]
- T. H. Risby and S. F. Solga, “Current status of clinical breath analysis,” Appl. Phys. B85(2-3), 421–426 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. L. Silva, D. M. Sonnenfroh, D. I. Rosen, M. G. Allen, and A. O'Keefe, “Integrated cavity output spectroscopy measurements of NO levels in breath with a pulsed room-temperature QCL,” Appl. Phys. B81(5), 705–710 (2005). [CrossRef]
- V. Spagnolo, A. A. Kosterev, L. Dong, R. Lewicki, and F. K. Tittel, “NO trace gas sensor based on quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy and external cavity quantum cascade laser,” Appl. Phys. B100(1), 125–130 (2010). [CrossRef]
- E. R. Crosson, K. N. Ricci, B. A. Richman, F. C. Chilese, T. G. Owano, R. A. Provencal, M. W. Todd, J. Glasser, A. A. Kachanov, B. A. Paldus, T. G. Spence, and R. N. Zare, “Stable isotope ratios using cavity ring-down spectroscopy: determination of 13C/12C for carbon dioxide in human breath,” Anal. Chem.74(9), 2003–2007 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. D. Arslanov, M. Spunei, A. K. Y. Ngai, S. M. Cristescu, I. D. Lindsay, S. T. Persijn, K. J. Boller, and F. J. M. Harren, “Rapid and sensitive trace gas detection with continuous wave optical parametric oscillator-based wavelength modulation spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. B103(1), 223–228 (2011). [CrossRef]
- L. S. Rothman, I. E. Gordon, A. Barbe, D. Chris Benner, P. F. Bernath, M. Birk, V. Boudon, L. R. Brown, A. Campargue, J.-P. Champion, K. Chance, L. H. Coudert, V. Dana, V. M. Devi, S. Fally, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, A. Goldman, D. Jacquemart, I. Kleiner, N. Lacome, W. J. Lafferty, J.-Y. Mandin, S. T. Massie, S. N. Mikhailenko, C. E. Miller, N. Moazzen-Ahmadi, O. V. Naumenko, A. V. Nikitin, J. Orphal, V. I. Perevalov, A. Perrin, A. Predoi-Cross, C. P. Rinsland, M. Rotger, M. Šimečková, M. A. H. Smith, K. Sung, S. A. Tashkun, J. Tennyson, R. A. Toth, A. C. Vandaele, and J. Vander Auwera, “The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf.110(9-10), 533–572 (2009). [CrossRef]
- L. S. Rothman, I. E. Gordon, A. Barbe, D. Chris Benner, P. F. Bernath, M. Birk, V. Boudon, L. R. Brown, A. Campargue, J.-P. Champion, K. Chance, L. H. Coudert, V. Dana, V. M. Devi, S. Fally, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, A. Goldman, D. Jacquemart, I. Kleiner, N. Lacome, W. J. Lafferty, J.-Y. Mandin, S. T. Massie, S. N. Mikhailenko, C. E. Miller, N. Moazzen-Ahmadi, O. V. Naumenko, A. V. Nikitin, J. Orphal, V. I. Perevalov, A. Perrin, A. Predoi-Cross, C. P. Rinsland, M. Rotger, M. Šimečková, M. A. H. Smith, K. Sung, S. A. Tashkun, J. Tennyson, R. A. Toth, A. C. Vandaele, and J. Vander Auwera, “The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf.110(9-10), 533–572 (2009). [CrossRef]
- S. M. Cristescu, S. T. Persijn, S. te Lintel Hekkert, and F. J. M. Harren, “Laser-based systems for trace gas detection in life sciences,” Appl. Phys. B92(3), 343–349 (2008). [CrossRef]
- L. S. Rothman, I. E. Gordon, A. Barbe, D. Chris Benner, P. F. Bernath, M. Birk, V. Boudon, L. R. Brown, A. Campargue, J.-P. Champion, K. Chance, L. H. Coudert, V. Dana, V. M. Devi, S. Fally, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, A. Goldman, D. Jacquemart, I. Kleiner, N. Lacome, W. J. Lafferty, J.-Y. Mandin, S. T. Massie, S. N. Mikhailenko, C. E. Miller, N. Moazzen-Ahmadi, O. V. Naumenko, A. V. Nikitin, J. Orphal, V. I. Perevalov, A. Perrin, A. Predoi-Cross, C. P. Rinsland, M. Rotger, M. Šimečková, M. A. H. Smith, K. Sung, S. A. Tashkun, J. Tennyson, R. A. Toth, A. C. Vandaele, and J. Vander Auwera, “The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf.110(9-10), 533–572 (2009). [CrossRef]
- J. King, A. Kupferthaler, K. Unterkofler, H. Koc, S. Teschl, G. Teschl, W. Miekisch, J. Schubert, H. Hinterhuber, and A. Amann, “Isoprene and acetone concentration profiles during exercise on an ergometer,” J. Breath Res.3(2), 027006 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. King, A. Kupferthaler, K. Unterkofler, H. Koc, S. Teschl, G. Teschl, W. Miekisch, J. Schubert, H. Hinterhuber, and A. Amann, “Isoprene and acetone concentration profiles during exercise on an ergometer,” J. Breath Res.3(2), 027006 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Halmer, S. Thelen, P. Hering, and M. Mürtz, “Online monitoring of ethane traces in exhaled breath with a difference frequency generation spectrometer,” Appl. Phys. B85(2-3), 437–443 (2006). [CrossRef]
- V. H. Tran, P. C. Hiang, M. Thurston, P. Jackson, C. Lewis, D. Yates, G. Bell, and P. S. Thomas, “Breath analysis of lung cancer patients using an electronic nose detection system,” IEEE Sens. J.10(9), 1514–1518 (2010). [CrossRef]
- V. H. Tran, P. C. Hiang, M. Thurston, P. Jackson, C. Lewis, D. Yates, G. Bell, and P. S. Thomas, “Breath analysis of lung cancer patients using an electronic nose detection system,” IEEE Sens. J.10(9), 1514–1518 (2010). [CrossRef]
- T. H. Risby and F. K. Tittel, “Current status of midinfrared quantum and interband cascade lasers for clinical breath analysis,” Opt. Eng.49(11), 111123 (2010). [CrossRef]
- V. Spagnolo, A. A. Kosterev, L. Dong, R. Lewicki, and F. K. Tittel, “NO trace gas sensor based on quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy and external cavity quantum cascade laser,” Appl. Phys. B100(1), 125–130 (2010). [CrossRef]
- R. Lewicki, J. H. Doty, R. F. Curl, F. K. Tittel, and G. Wysocki, “Ultrasensitive detection of nitric oxide at 5.33 μm by using external cavity quantum cascade laser-based Faraday rotation spectroscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.106(31), 12587–12592 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. K. Y. Ngai, S. T. Persijn, I. D. Lindsay, A. A. Kosterev, P. Groß, C. J. Lee, S. M. Cristescu, F. K. Tittel, K.-J. Boller, and F. J. M. Harren, “Continuous wave optical parametric oscillator for quartz-enhanced photoacoustic trace gas sensing,” Appl. Phys. B89(1), 123–128 (2007). [CrossRef]
- E. R. Crosson, K. N. Ricci, B. A. Richman, F. C. Chilese, T. G. Owano, R. A. Provencal, M. W. Todd, J. Glasser, A. A. Kachanov, B. A. Paldus, T. G. Spence, and R. N. Zare, “Stable isotope ratios using cavity ring-down spectroscopy: determination of 13C/12C for carbon dioxide in human breath,” Anal. Chem.74(9), 2003–2007 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. S. Rothman, I. E. Gordon, A. Barbe, D. Chris Benner, P. F. Bernath, M. Birk, V. Boudon, L. R. Brown, A. Campargue, J.-P. Champion, K. Chance, L. H. Coudert, V. Dana, V. M. Devi, S. Fally, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, A. Goldman, D. Jacquemart, I. Kleiner, N. Lacome, W. J. Lafferty, J.-Y. Mandin, S. T. Massie, S. N. Mikhailenko, C. E. Miller, N. Moazzen-Ahmadi, O. V. Naumenko, A. V. Nikitin, J. Orphal, V. I. Perevalov, A. Perrin, A. Predoi-Cross, C. P. Rinsland, M. Rotger, M. Šimečková, M. A. H. Smith, K. Sung, S. A. Tashkun, J. Tennyson, R. A. Toth, A. C. Vandaele, and J. Vander Auwera, “The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf.110(9-10), 533–572 (2009). [CrossRef]
- V. H. Tran, P. C. Hiang, M. Thurston, P. Jackson, C. Lewis, D. Yates, G. Bell, and P. S. Thomas, “Breath analysis of lung cancer patients using an electronic nose detection system,” IEEE Sens. J.10(9), 1514–1518 (2010). [CrossRef]
- J. King, A. Kupferthaler, K. Unterkofler, H. Koc, S. Teschl, G. Teschl, W. Miekisch, J. Schubert, H. Hinterhuber, and A. Amann, “Isoprene and acetone concentration profiles during exercise on an ergometer,” J. Breath Res.3(2), 027006 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- S. Persijn, F. Harren, and A. van der Veen, “Quantitative gas measurements using a versatile OPO-based cavity ringdown spectrometer and the comparison with spectroscopic databases,” Appl. Phys. B100(2), 383–390 (2010). [CrossRef]
- L. S. Rothman, I. E. Gordon, A. Barbe, D. Chris Benner, P. F. Bernath, M. Birk, V. Boudon, L. R. Brown, A. Campargue, J.-P. Champion, K. Chance, L. H. Coudert, V. Dana, V. M. Devi, S. Fally, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, A. Goldman, D. Jacquemart, I. Kleiner, N. Lacome, W. J. Lafferty, J.-Y. Mandin, S. T. Massie, S. N. Mikhailenko, C. E. Miller, N. Moazzen-Ahmadi, O. V. Naumenko, A. V. Nikitin, J. Orphal, V. I. Perevalov, A. Perrin, A. Predoi-Cross, C. P. Rinsland, M. Rotger, M. Šimečková, M. A. H. Smith, K. Sung, S. A. Tashkun, J. Tennyson, R. A. Toth, A. C. Vandaele, and J. Vander Auwera, “The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf.110(9-10), 533–572 (2009). [CrossRef]
- L. S. Rothman, I. E. Gordon, A. Barbe, D. Chris Benner, P. F. Bernath, M. Birk, V. Boudon, L. R. Brown, A. Campargue, J.-P. Champion, K. Chance, L. H. Coudert, V. Dana, V. M. Devi, S. Fally, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, A. Goldman, D. Jacquemart, I. Kleiner, N. Lacome, W. J. Lafferty, J.-Y. Mandin, S. T. Massie, S. N. Mikhailenko, C. E. Miller, N. Moazzen-Ahmadi, O. V. Naumenko, A. V. Nikitin, J. Orphal, V. I. Perevalov, A. Perrin, A. Predoi-Cross, C. P. Rinsland, M. Rotger, M. Šimečková, M. A. H. Smith, K. Sung, S. A. Tashkun, J. Tennyson, R. A. Toth, A. C. Vandaele, and J. Vander Auwera, “The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf.110(9-10), 533–572 (2009). [CrossRef]
- I. Ventrillard-Courtillot, T. Gonthiez, C. Clerici, and D. Romanini, “Multispecies breath analysis faster than a single respiratory cycle by optical-feedback cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt.14(6), 064026 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- C. Wang and P. Sahay, “Breath Analysis Using Laser Spectroscopic Techniques Breath Biomarkers, Spectral Fingerprints, and Detection Limits,” Sensors (Basel Switzerland)9(10), 8230–8262 (2009). [CrossRef]
- R. Lewicki, J. H. Doty, R. F. Curl, F. K. Tittel, and G. Wysocki, “Ultrasensitive detection of nitric oxide at 5.33 μm by using external cavity quantum cascade laser-based Faraday rotation spectroscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.106(31), 12587–12592 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. H. Tran, P. C. Hiang, M. Thurston, P. Jackson, C. Lewis, D. Yates, G. Bell, and P. S. Thomas, “Breath analysis of lung cancer patients using an electronic nose detection system,” IEEE Sens. J.10(9), 1514–1518 (2010). [CrossRef]
- J. H. Shorter, D. D. Nelson, J. B. McManus, M. S. Zahniser, S. R. Sama, and D. K. Milton, “Clinical study of multiple breath biomarkers of asthma and COPD (NO, CO2, CO and N2O) by infrared laser spectroscopy,” J. Breath Res.5(3), 037108 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. R. Crosson, K. N. Ricci, B. A. Richman, F. C. Chilese, T. G. Owano, R. A. Provencal, M. W. Todd, J. Glasser, A. A. Kachanov, B. A. Paldus, T. G. Spence, and R. N. Zare, “Stable isotope ratios using cavity ring-down spectroscopy: determination of 13C/12C for carbon dioxide in human breath,” Anal. Chem.74(9), 2003–2007 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Anal. Chem.
- E. R. Crosson, K. N. Ricci, B. A. Richman, F. C. Chilese, T. G. Owano, R. A. Provencal, M. W. Todd, J. Glasser, A. A. Kachanov, B. A. Paldus, T. G. Spence, and R. N. Zare, “Stable isotope ratios using cavity ring-down spectroscopy: determination of 13C/12C for carbon dioxide in human breath,” Anal. Chem.74(9), 2003–2007 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Appl. Opt.
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Appl. Phys. B
- D. D. Arslanov, M. Spunei, A. K. Y. Ngai, S. M. Cristescu, I. D. Lindsay, S. T. Persijn, K. J. Boller, and F. J. M. Harren, “Rapid and sensitive trace gas detection with continuous wave optical parametric oscillator-based wavelength modulation spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. B103(1), 223–228 (2011). [CrossRef]
- A. K. Y. Ngai, S. T. Persijn, I. D. Lindsay, A. A. Kosterev, P. Groß, C. J. Lee, S. M. Cristescu, F. K. Tittel, K.-J. Boller, and F. J. M. Harren, “Continuous wave optical parametric oscillator for quartz-enhanced photoacoustic trace gas sensing,” Appl. Phys. B89(1), 123–128 (2007). [CrossRef]
- S. Persijn, F. Harren, and A. van der Veen, “Quantitative gas measurements using a versatile OPO-based cavity ringdown spectrometer and the comparison with spectroscopic databases,” Appl. Phys. B100(2), 383–390 (2010). [CrossRef]
- A. K. Y. Ngai, S. T. Persijn, G. von Basum, and F. J. M. Harren, “Automatically tunable continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator for high-resolution spectroscopy and sensitive trace-gas detection,” Appl. Phys. B85(2-3), 173–180 (2006). [CrossRef]
- H. Dahnke, D. Kleine, P. Hering, and M. Murtz, “Real-time monitoring of ethane in human breath using mid-infrared cavity leak-out spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. B72, 971–975 (2001).
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- M. L. Silva, D. M. Sonnenfroh, D. I. Rosen, M. G. Allen, and A. O'Keefe, “Integrated cavity output spectroscopy measurements of NO levels in breath with a pulsed room-temperature QCL,” Appl. Phys. B81(5), 705–710 (2005). [CrossRef]
- S. M. Cristescu, S. T. Persijn, S. te Lintel Hekkert, and F. J. M. Harren, “Laser-based systems for trace gas detection in life sciences,” Appl. Phys. B92(3), 343–349 (2008). [CrossRef]
- V. Spagnolo, A. A. Kosterev, L. Dong, R. Lewicki, and F. K. Tittel, “NO trace gas sensor based on quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy and external cavity quantum cascade laser,” Appl. Phys. B100(1), 125–130 (2010). [CrossRef]
- T. H. Risby and S. F. Solga, “Current status of clinical breath analysis,” Appl. Phys. B85(2-3), 421–426 (2006). [CrossRef]
Appl. Spectrosc.
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Biogeochemistry
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Biol. Neonate
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Biomed. Chromatogr.
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Chem. Phys. Lett.
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Clin. Chim. Acta
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IEEE Sens. J.
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J. Biomed. Opt.
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J. Breath Res.
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J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf.
- L. S. Rothman, I. E. Gordon, A. Barbe, D. Chris Benner, P. F. Bernath, M. Birk, V. Boudon, L. R. Brown, A. Campargue, J.-P. Champion, K. Chance, L. H. Coudert, V. Dana, V. M. Devi, S. Fally, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, A. Goldman, D. Jacquemart, I. Kleiner, N. Lacome, W. J. Lafferty, J.-Y. Mandin, S. T. Massie, S. N. Mikhailenko, C. E. Miller, N. Moazzen-Ahmadi, O. V. Naumenko, A. V. Nikitin, J. Orphal, V. I. Perevalov, A. Perrin, A. Predoi-Cross, C. P. Rinsland, M. Rotger, M. Šimečková, M. A. H. Smith, K. Sung, S. A. Tashkun, J. Tennyson, R. A. Toth, A. C. Vandaele, and J. Vander Auwera, “The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf.110(9-10), 533–572 (2009). [CrossRef]
Opt. Eng.
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Opt. Express
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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
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Sensors (Basel Switzerland)
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Other
- T. H. Risby, “Volatile organic compounds as markers in normal and diseased states,” in NATO ASI Series, Disease markers in exhaled breath: basic mechanisms and clinical applications, N. Marczin and M. H. Yacoub, eds. (IOS, 2002), pp.113–122.
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2011, Orr, Chem. Phys. Lett.
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- J. H. Shorter, D. D. Nelson, J. B. McManus, M. S. Zahniser, S. R. Sama, and D. K. Milton, “Clinical study of multiple breath biomarkers of asthma and COPD (NO, CO2, CO and N2O) by infrared laser spectroscopy,” J. Breath Res.5(3), 037108 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Spagnolo, A. A. Kosterev, L. Dong, R. Lewicki, and F. K. Tittel, “NO trace gas sensor based on quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy and external cavity quantum cascade laser,” Appl. Phys. B100(1), 125–130 (2010). [CrossRef]
- S. Persijn, F. Harren, and A. van der Veen, “Quantitative gas measurements using a versatile OPO-based cavity ringdown spectrometer and the comparison with spectroscopic databases,” Appl. Phys. B100(2), 383–390 (2010). [CrossRef]
- T. H. Risby and F. K. Tittel, “Current status of midinfrared quantum and interband cascade lasers for clinical breath analysis,” Opt. Eng.49(11), 111123 (2010). [CrossRef]
- V. H. Tran, P. C. Hiang, M. Thurston, P. Jackson, C. Lewis, D. Yates, G. Bell, and P. S. Thomas, “Breath analysis of lung cancer patients using an electronic nose detection system,” IEEE Sens. J.10(9), 1514–1518 (2010). [CrossRef]
- R. Lewicki, J. H. Doty, R. F. Curl, F. K. Tittel, and G. Wysocki, “Ultrasensitive detection of nitric oxide at 5.33 μm by using external cavity quantum cascade laser-based Faraday rotation spectroscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.106(31), 12587–12592 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Wang and P. Sahay, “Breath Analysis Using Laser Spectroscopic Techniques Breath Biomarkers, Spectral Fingerprints, and Detection Limits,” Sensors (Basel Switzerland)9(10), 8230–8262 (2009). [CrossRef]
- I. Ventrillard-Courtillot, T. Gonthiez, C. Clerici, and D. Romanini, “Multispecies breath analysis faster than a single respiratory cycle by optical-feedback cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt.14(6), 064026 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. King, A. Kupferthaler, K. Unterkofler, H. Koc, S. Teschl, G. Teschl, W. Miekisch, J. Schubert, H. Hinterhuber, and A. Amann, “Isoprene and acetone concentration profiles during exercise on an ergometer,” J. Breath Res.3(2), 027006 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. S. Rothman, I. E. Gordon, A. Barbe, D. Chris Benner, P. F. Bernath, M. Birk, V. Boudon, L. R. Brown, A. Campargue, J.-P. Champion, K. Chance, L. H. Coudert, V. Dana, V. M. Devi, S. Fally, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, A. Goldman, D. Jacquemart, I. Kleiner, N. Lacome, W. J. Lafferty, J.-Y. Mandin, S. T. Massie, S. N. Mikhailenko, C. E. Miller, N. Moazzen-Ahmadi, O. V. Naumenko, A. V. Nikitin, J. Orphal, V. I. Perevalov, A. Perrin, A. Predoi-Cross, C. P. Rinsland, M. Rotger, M. Šimečková, M. A. H. Smith, K. Sung, S. A. Tashkun, J. Tennyson, R. A. Toth, A. C. Vandaele, and J. Vander Auwera, “The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf.110(9-10), 533–572 (2009). [CrossRef]
- S. M. Cristescu, S. T. Persijn, S. te Lintel Hekkert, and F. J. M. Harren, “Laser-based systems for trace gas detection in life sciences,” Appl. Phys. B92(3), 343–349 (2008). [CrossRef]
- B. Buszewski, M. Kesy, T. Ligor, and A. Amann, “Human exhaled air analytics: biomarkers of diseases,” Biomed. Chromatogr.21(6), 553–566 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. K. Y. Ngai, S. T. Persijn, I. D. Lindsay, A. A. Kosterev, P. Groß, C. J. Lee, S. M. Cristescu, F. K. Tittel, K.-J. Boller, and F. J. M. Harren, “Continuous wave optical parametric oscillator for quartz-enhanced photoacoustic trace gas sensing,” Appl. Phys. B89(1), 123–128 (2007). [CrossRef]
- D. Halmer, S. Thelen, P. Hering, and M. Mürtz, “Online monitoring of ethane traces in exhaled breath with a difference frequency generation spectrometer,” Appl. Phys. B85(2-3), 437–443 (2006). [CrossRef]
- G. S. Engel, W. S. Drisdell, F. N. Keutsch, E. J. Moyer, and J. G. Anderson, “Ultrasensitive near-infrared integrated cavity output spectroscopy technique for detection of CO at 1.57 μm: new sensitivity limits for absorption measurements in passive optical cavities,” Appl. Opt.45(36), 9221–9229 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. H. Risby and S. F. Solga, “Current status of clinical breath analysis,” Appl. Phys. B85(2-3), 421–426 (2006). [CrossRef]
- A. K. Y. Ngai, S. T. Persijn, G. von Basum, and F. J. M. Harren, “Automatically tunable continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator for high-resolution spectroscopy and sensitive trace-gas detection,” Appl. Phys. B85(2-3), 173–180 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. L. Silva, D. M. Sonnenfroh, D. I. Rosen, M. G. Allen, and A. O'Keefe, “Integrated cavity output spectroscopy measurements of NO levels in breath with a pulsed room-temperature QCL,” Appl. Phys. B81(5), 705–710 (2005). [CrossRef]
- W. Miekisch, J. K. Schubert, and G. F. E. Noeldge-Schomburg, “Diagnostic potential of breath analysis--focus on volatile organic compounds,” Clin. Chim. Acta347(1-2), 25–39 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. T. Groot, P. M. van Bodegom, F. J. M. Harren, and H. A. J. Meijer, “Quantification of methane oxidation in the rice rhizosphere 13C-labelled methane,” Biogeochemistry64(3), 355–372 (2003). [CrossRef]
- E. R. Crosson, K. N. Ricci, B. A. Richman, F. C. Chilese, T. G. Owano, R. A. Provencal, M. W. Todd, J. Glasser, A. A. Kachanov, B. A. Paldus, T. G. Spence, and R. N. Zare, “Stable isotope ratios using cavity ring-down spectroscopy: determination of 13C/12C for carbon dioxide in human breath,” Anal. Chem.74(9), 2003–2007 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Dahnke, D. Kleine, P. Hering, and M. Murtz, “Real-time monitoring of ethane in human breath using mid-infrared cavity leak-out spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. B72, 971–975 (2001).
- A. Artlich, B. Jónsson, M. Bhiladvala, P. A. Lönnqvist, and L. E. Gustafsson, “Single breath analysis of endogenous nitric oxide in the newborn,” Biol. Neonate79(1), 21–26 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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