Enhancing upconverted white light in Tm3+/Yb3+/Ho3+-doped GdVO4 nanocrystals via incorporation of Li+ ions

doi:10.1364/OE.20.000111

Enhancing upconverted white light in Tm³⁺/Yb³⁺/Ho³⁺-doped GdVO₄ nanocrystals via incorporation of Li⁺ ions

Venkataramanan Mahalingam, Rafik Naccache, Fiorenzo Vetrone, and John A. Capobianco »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 1, pp. 111-119 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.000111

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Abstract

Abstract: The white light emission of Tm³⁺/Yb³⁺/Ho³⁺-doped GdVO₄ nanocrystals, following excitation with near-infrared light (λ_exc = 980 nm), via a multiphoton upconversion process is presented. Upconverted blue emission from the Tm³⁺ ions as well as green/red emissions from the Ho³⁺ ions contributes to the observed white light. The calculated Commission internationale de l'éclairage (CIE) color coordinates were calculated to be x = 0.34; y = 0.32 and lie at the center of the white region. Furthermore, the intensity of the upconverted white light was enhanced by the incorporation of monovalent Li⁺ ions into the GdVO₄ matrix. An explanation for this enhancement is proposed based on X-ray diffraction and fluorescence lifetime measurements.

OCIS Codes
(160.4760) Materials : Optical properties
(300.2140) Spectroscopy : Emission
(160.4236) Materials : Nanomaterials

ToC Category:
Nonlinear Optics

History
Original Manuscript: October 24, 2011
Revised Manuscript: December 5, 2011
Manuscript Accepted: December 6, 2011
Published: December 19, 2011

Virtual Issues
Vol. 7, Iss. 3 Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics

Citation
Venkataramanan Mahalingam, Rafik Naccache, Fiorenzo Vetrone, and John A. Capobianco, "Enhancing upconverted white light in Tm³⁺/Yb³⁺/Ho³⁺-doped GdVO₄ nanocrystals via incorporation of Li⁺ ions," Opt. Express 20, 111-119 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/vjbo/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-1-111

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References

G. Blasse and B. C. Grabmaier, Luminescent Materials (Springer, 1994).
F. Vetrone and J. A. Capobianco, “Lanthanide-doped fluoride nanoparticles: luminescence, upconversion, and biological applications,” Int. J. Nanotechnol.5(9/10/11/12), 1306–1339 (2008). [CrossRef]
G. Y. Chen, Y. Liu, Y. G. Zhang, G. Somesfalean, Z. G. Zhang, Q. Sun, and F. P. Wang, “Bright white upconversion luminescence in rare-earth-ion-doped Y2O3 nanocrystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett.91(13), 133103 (2007). [CrossRef]
B. Dong, H. Song, R. Qin, X. Bai, F. Wang, L. Fan, G. Pan, S. Lu, X. Ren, and H. Zhao, “White luminescence by up-conversion from thin film made with Ln(3+)-doped NaYF4 nanoparticles,” J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol.8(3), 1254–1257 (2008). [PubMed]
V. Mahalingam, F. Mangiarini, F. Vetrone, V. Venkatramu, M. Bettinelli, A. Speghini, and J. A. Capobianco, “Bright white upconversion emission from Tm3+/Yb3+/Er3+-doped Lu3Ga5O12 nanocrystals,” J. Phys. Chem. C112(46), 17745–17749 (2008). [CrossRef]
F. Wang and X. Liu, “Upconversion multicolor fine-tuning: visible to near-infrared emission from lanthanide-doped NaYF4 nanoparticles,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.130(17), 5642–5643 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
X. Yang, S. Xiao, J. W. Ding, and X. H. Yan, “Efficient up-converted white emission in Er3+, Tm3+ and Yb3+ tridoped NaYF4 powders,” J. Mater. Sci.42(16), 7042–7045 (2007). [CrossRef]
W. J. Kim, M. Nyk, and P. N. Prasad, “Color-coded multilayer photopatterned microstructures using lanthanide (III) ion co-doped NaYF4 nanoparticles with upconversion luminescence for possible applications in security,” Nanotechnology20(18), 185301 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
D. K. Chatterjee, A. J. Rufaihah, and Y. Zhang, “Upconversion fluorescence imaging of cells and small animals using lanthanide doped nanocrystals,” Biomaterials29(7), 937–943 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. F. Lim, R. Riehn, W. S. Ryu, N. Khanarian, C. K. Tung, D. Tank, and R. H. Austin, “In vivo and scanning electron microscopy imaging of up-converting nanophosphors in Caenorhabditis elegans,” Nano Lett.6(2), 169–174 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Nyk, R. Kumar, T. Y. Ohulchanskyy, E. J. Bergey, and P. N. Prasad, “High contrast in vitro and in vivo photoluminescence bioimaging using near infrared to near infrared up-conversion in Tm3+ and Yb3+ doped fluoride nanophosphors,” Nano Lett.8(11), 3834–3838 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
L. Wang, R. Yan, Z. Huo, L. Wang, J. Zeng, J. Bao, X. Wang, Q. Peng, and Y. Li, “Fluorescence resonant energy transfer biosensor based on upconversion-luminescent nanoparticles,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.44(37), 6054–6057 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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V. Bedekar, D. P. Dutta, M. Mohapatra, S. V. Godbole, R. Ghildiyal, and A. K. Tyagi, “Rare-earth doped gadolinia based phosphors for potential multicolor and white light emitting deep UV LEDs,” Nanotechnology20(12), 125707 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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F. Xiao, Y. N. Xue, and Q. Y. Zhang, “Warm white light from Y4MgSi3O13:Bi3+, Eu3+ nanophosphor for white light-emitting diodes,” Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc.74(2), 498–501 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
B. Moine and G. Bizarri, “Degradation mechanism of phosphors by vacuum ultraviolet excitation,” Opt. Mater.28(6-7), 587–591 (2006). [CrossRef]
Z. H. Zhang, Y. H. Wang, X. X. Li, Y. K. Du, and W. J. Liu, “Photoluminescence degradation and color shift studies of annealed BaMgAl10O17:Eu2+ phosphor,” J. Lumin.122–123, 1003–1005 (2007). [CrossRef]
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M. Haase and H. Schäfer, “Upconverting nanoparticles,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.50(26), 5808–5829 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
R. Lisiecki, P. Solarz, G. Dominiak-Dzik, W. Ryba-Romanowski, M. Sobczyk, P. Černý, J. Šulc, H. Jelínková, Y. Urata, and M. Higuchi, “Comparative optical study of thulium-doped YVO4, GdVO4, and LuVO4 single crystals,” Phys. Rev. B74(3), 035103 (2006). [CrossRef]
J. Yang, C. Zhang, C. Peng, C. Li, L. Wang, R. Chai, and J. Lin, “Controllable red, green, blue (RGB) and bright white upconversion luminescence of Lu2O3:Yb3+/Er3+/Tm3+ nanocrystals through single laser excitation at 980 nm,” Chemistry15(18), 4649–4655 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
F. Wang, R. Deng, J. Wang, Q. Wang, Y. Han, H. Zhu, X. Chen, and X. Liu, “Tuning upconversion through energy migration in core-shell nanoparticles,” Nat. Mater.10(12), 968–973 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Y. Bai, Y. Wang, K. Yang, X. Zhang, G. Peng, Y. Song, Z. Pan, and C. H. Wang, “The effect of Li on the spectrum of Er3+ in Li- and Er-codoped ZnO nanocrystals,” J. Phys. Chem. C112(32), 12259–12263 (2008). [CrossRef]
G. Chen, H. Liu, H. Liang, G. Somesfalean, and Z. Zhang, “Upconversion emission enhancement in Yb3+/Er3+-codoped Y2O3 nanocrystals by tridoping with Li+ ions,” J. Phys. Chem. C112(31), 12030–12036 (2008). [CrossRef]
H. H. Yang, H. Cheng, Y. G. Tang, and Z. G. Lu, “Photoluminescence enhancement of (La0.95Eu0.05)2Ti2O7 nanophosphors via Li+ doping,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc.92(4), 931–933 (2009). [CrossRef]
M. Pollnau, D. R. Gamelin, S. R. Lüthi, H. U. Güdel, and M. P. Hehlen, “Power dependence of upconversion luminescence in lanthanide and transition-metal-ion systems,” Phys. Rev. B61(5), 3337–3346 (2000). [CrossRef]
Y. Bai, K. Yang, Y. Wang, Z. Zhang, and Y. Song, “Enhancement of the upconversion photoluminescence intensity in Li+ and Er3+ codoped Y2O3 nanocrystals,” Opt. Commun.281(10), 2930–2932 (2008). [CrossRef]
G. Y. Chen, H. C. Liu, G. Somesfalean, Y. Q. Sheng, H. J. Liang, Z. G. Zhang, Q. Sun, and F. P. Wang, “Enhancement of the upconversion radiation in Y2O3:Er3+ nanocrystals by codoping with Li+ ions,” Appl. Phys. Lett.92(11), 113114 (2008). [CrossRef]

Aschehoug, P.
Austin, R. H.
Bai, X.
Bai, Y.
Bao, J.
Bedekar, V.
Bergey, E. J.
Bettinelli, M.
Bizarri, G.
Boilot, J.-P.
Buissette, V.
Capobianco, J. A.
Cerný, P.
Chai, R.
Chatterjee, D. K.
Chen, G.
Chen, G. Y.
Chen, X.
Cheng, H.
Datta, A.
Deng, R.
Ding, J. W.
Dominiak-Dzik, G.
Dong, B.
Du, Y. K.
Dutta, D. P.
Fan, L.
Gacoin, T.
Gamelin, D. R.
Ghildiyal, R.
Godbole, S. V.
Güdel, H. U.
Haase, M.
Han, Y.
Hehlen, M. P.
Higuchi, M.
Huignard, A.
Huo, Z.
Jelínková, H.
Khanarian, N.
Kim, W. J.
Kumar, R.
Li, C.
Li, G.
Li, L.
Li, X. X.
Li, Y.
Liang, H.
Liang, H. J.
Lim, S. F.
Lin, J.
Lisiecki, R.
Liu, H.
Liu, H. C.
Liu, J.
Liu, W. J.
Liu, X.
Liu, Y.
Lu, S.
Lu, Z. G.
Lüthi, S. R.
Mahalingam, V.
Mangiarini, F.
Mohapatra, M.
Moine, B.
Nyk, M.
Ohulchanskyy, T. Y.
Pan, G.
Pan, Z.
Patra, A.
Peng, C.
Peng, G.
Peng, Q.
Pollnau, M.
Prasad, P. N.
Qin, R.
Ren, X.
Riehn, R.
Rufaihah, A. J.
Ryba-Romanowski, W.
Ryu, W. S.
Schäfer, H.
Sheng, Y. Q.
Sinha, G.
Sobczyk, M.
Solarz, P.
Somesfalean, G.
Song, H.
Song, Y.
Speghini, A.
Su, Y.
Šulc, J.
Sun, Q.
Tang, Y. G.
Tank, D.
Tung, C. K.
Tyagi, A. K.
Urata, Y.
Venkatramu, V.
Vetrone, F.
Viana, B.
Wang, C. H.
Wang, F.
Wang, F. P.
Wang, J.
Wang, L.
Wang, Q.
Wang, X.
Wang, Y.
Wang, Y. H.
Xiao, F.
Xiao, S.
Xue, Y. N.
Yan, R.
Yan, X. H.
Yang, H. H.
Yang, J.
Yang, K.
Yang, X.
Zeng, J.
Zhang, C.
Zhang, Q. Y.
Zhang, X.
Zhang, Y.
Zhang, Y. G.
Zhang, Z.
Zhang, Z. G.
Zhang, Z. H.
Zhao, H.
Zhu, H.

Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.

L. Wang, R. Yan, Z. Huo, L. Wang, J. Zeng, J. Bao, X. Wang, Q. Peng, and Y. Li, “Fluorescence resonant energy transfer biosensor based on upconversion-luminescent nanoparticles,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.44(37), 6054–6057 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Haase and H. Schäfer, “Upconverting nanoparticles,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.50(26), 5808–5829 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Appl. Phys. Lett.

G. Y. Chen, H. C. Liu, G. Somesfalean, Y. Q. Sheng, H. J. Liang, Z. G. Zhang, Q. Sun, and F. P. Wang, “Enhancement of the upconversion radiation in Y2O3:Er3+ nanocrystals by codoping with Li+ ions,” Appl. Phys. Lett.92(11), 113114 (2008). [CrossRef]
G. Y. Chen, Y. Liu, Y. G. Zhang, G. Somesfalean, Z. G. Zhang, Q. Sun, and F. P. Wang, “Bright white upconversion luminescence in rare-earth-ion-doped Y2O3 nanocrystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett.91(13), 133103 (2007). [CrossRef]

Biomaterials

D. K. Chatterjee, A. J. Rufaihah, and Y. Zhang, “Upconversion fluorescence imaging of cells and small animals using lanthanide doped nanocrystals,” Biomaterials29(7), 937–943 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Chem. Lett.

Y. Su, G. Li, X. Chen, J. Liu, and L. Li, “Hydrothermal synthesis of GdVO4:Ho3+ nanorods with a novel white - light emission,” Chem. Lett.37(7), 762–763 (2008). [CrossRef]

Chem. Phys. Lett.

G. Sinha and A. Patra, “Generation of green, red and white light from rare-earth doped Ga2O3 nanoparticles,” Chem. Phys. Lett.473(1-3), 151–154 (2009). [CrossRef]

Chemistry

J. Yang, C. Zhang, C. Peng, C. Li, L. Wang, R. Chai, and J. Lin, “Controllable red, green, blue (RGB) and bright white upconversion luminescence of Lu2O3:Yb3+/Er3+/Tm3+ nanocrystals through single laser excitation at 980 nm,” Chemistry15(18), 4649–4655 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Int. J. Nanotechnol.

F. Vetrone and J. A. Capobianco, “Lanthanide-doped fluoride nanoparticles: luminescence, upconversion, and biological applications,” Int. J. Nanotechnol.5(9/10/11/12), 1306–1339 (2008). [CrossRef]

J. Am. Ceram. Soc.

H. H. Yang, H. Cheng, Y. G. Tang, and Z. G. Lu, “Photoluminescence enhancement of (La0.95Eu0.05)2Ti2O7 nanophosphors via Li+ doping,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc.92(4), 931–933 (2009). [CrossRef]

J. Am. Chem. Soc.

F. Wang and X. Liu, “Upconversion multicolor fine-tuning: visible to near-infrared emission from lanthanide-doped NaYF4 nanoparticles,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.130(17), 5642–5643 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

J. Lumin.

Z. H. Zhang, Y. H. Wang, X. X. Li, Y. K. Du, and W. J. Liu, “Photoluminescence degradation and color shift studies of annealed BaMgAl10O17:Eu2+ phosphor,” J. Lumin.122–123, 1003–1005 (2007). [CrossRef]

J. Mater. Sci.

X. Yang, S. Xiao, J. W. Ding, and X. H. Yan, “Efficient up-converted white emission in Er3+, Tm3+ and Yb3+ tridoped NaYF4 powders,” J. Mater. Sci.42(16), 7042–7045 (2007). [CrossRef]

J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol.

B. Dong, H. Song, R. Qin, X. Bai, F. Wang, L. Fan, G. Pan, S. Lu, X. Ren, and H. Zhao, “White luminescence by up-conversion from thin film made with Ln(3+)-doped NaYF4 nanoparticles,” J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol.8(3), 1254–1257 (2008). [PubMed]

J. Phys. Chem. C

V. Mahalingam, F. Mangiarini, F. Vetrone, V. Venkatramu, M. Bettinelli, A. Speghini, and J. A. Capobianco, “Bright white upconversion emission from Tm3+/Yb3+/Er3+-doped Lu3Ga5O12 nanocrystals,” J. Phys. Chem. C112(46), 17745–17749 (2008). [CrossRef]
Y. Bai, Y. Wang, K. Yang, X. Zhang, G. Peng, Y. Song, Z. Pan, and C. H. Wang, “The effect of Li on the spectrum of Er3+ in Li- and Er-codoped ZnO nanocrystals,” J. Phys. Chem. C112(32), 12259–12263 (2008). [CrossRef]
G. Chen, H. Liu, H. Liang, G. Somesfalean, and Z. Zhang, “Upconversion emission enhancement in Yb3+/Er3+-codoped Y2O3 nanocrystals by tridoping with Li+ ions,” J. Phys. Chem. C112(31), 12030–12036 (2008). [CrossRef]

J. Phys. D Appl. Phys.

A. Datta and A. Patra, “Bright white light emission from In2S3: Eu3+ nanoparticles,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys.42(14), 145116 (2009). [CrossRef]

Nano Lett.

S. F. Lim, R. Riehn, W. S. Ryu, N. Khanarian, C. K. Tung, D. Tank, and R. H. Austin, “In vivo and scanning electron microscopy imaging of up-converting nanophosphors in Caenorhabditis elegans,” Nano Lett.6(2), 169–174 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Nyk, R. Kumar, T. Y. Ohulchanskyy, E. J. Bergey, and P. N. Prasad, “High contrast in vitro and in vivo photoluminescence bioimaging using near infrared to near infrared up-conversion in Tm3+ and Yb3+ doped fluoride nanophosphors,” Nano Lett.8(11), 3834–3838 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Nanotechnology

W. J. Kim, M. Nyk, and P. N. Prasad, “Color-coded multilayer photopatterned microstructures using lanthanide (III) ion co-doped NaYF4 nanoparticles with upconversion luminescence for possible applications in security,” Nanotechnology20(18), 185301 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
V. Bedekar, D. P. Dutta, M. Mohapatra, S. V. Godbole, R. Ghildiyal, and A. K. Tyagi, “Rare-earth doped gadolinia based phosphors for potential multicolor and white light emitting deep UV LEDs,” Nanotechnology20(12), 125707 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Nat. Mater.

F. Wang, R. Deng, J. Wang, Q. Wang, Y. Han, H. Zhu, X. Chen, and X. Liu, “Tuning upconversion through energy migration in core-shell nanoparticles,” Nat. Mater.10(12), 968–973 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Commun.

Y. Bai, K. Yang, Y. Wang, Z. Zhang, and Y. Song, “Enhancement of the upconversion photoluminescence intensity in Li+ and Er3+ codoped Y2O3 nanocrystals,” Opt. Commun.281(10), 2930–2932 (2008). [CrossRef]

Opt. Mater.

B. Moine and G. Bizarri, “Degradation mechanism of phosphors by vacuum ultraviolet excitation,” Opt. Mater.28(6-7), 587–591 (2006). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev. B

M. Pollnau, D. R. Gamelin, S. R. Lüthi, H. U. Güdel, and M. P. Hehlen, “Power dependence of upconversion luminescence in lanthanide and transition-metal-ion systems,” Phys. Rev. B61(5), 3337–3346 (2000). [CrossRef]
R. Lisiecki, P. Solarz, G. Dominiak-Dzik, W. Ryba-Romanowski, M. Sobczyk, P. Černý, J. Šulc, H. Jelínková, Y. Urata, and M. Higuchi, “Comparative optical study of thulium-doped YVO4, GdVO4, and LuVO4 single crystals,” Phys. Rev. B74(3), 035103 (2006). [CrossRef]

Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc.

F. Xiao, Y. N. Xue, and Q. Y. Zhang, “Warm white light from Y4MgSi3O13:Bi3+, Eu3+ nanophosphor for white light-emitting diodes,” Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc.74(2), 498–501 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Surf. Sci.

V. Buissette, A. Huignard, T. Gacoin, J.-P. Boilot, P. Aschehoug, and B. Viana, “Luminescence properties of YVO4:Ln (Ln=Nd, Yb, and Yb–Er) nanoparticles,” Surf. Sci.532–535, 444–449 (2003). [CrossRef]

Other

S. Hüfner, Optical Spectra of Transparent Rare Earth Compounds (Academic Press, 1978).
G. Blasse and B. C. Grabmaier, Luminescent Materials (Springer, 1994).

2011, Haase, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.
2011, Wang, Nat. Mater.
2009, Yang, J. Am. Ceram. Soc.
2009, Yang, Chemistry
2009, Kim, Nanotechnology
2009, Bedekar, Nanotechnology
2009, Datta, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys.
2009, Sinha, Chem. Phys. Lett.
2009, Xiao, Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc.
2008, Nyk, Nano Lett.
2008, Su, Chem. Lett.
2008, Chatterjee, Biomaterials
2008, Vetrone, Int. J. Nanotechnol.
2008, Dong, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol.
2008, Mahalingam, J. Phys. Chem. C
2008, Wang, J. Am. Chem. Soc.
2008, Bai, Opt. Commun.
2008, Chen, Appl. Phys. Lett.
2008, Bai, J. Phys. Chem. C
2008, Chen, J. Phys. Chem. C
2007, Zhang, J. Lumin.
2007, Yang, J. Mater. Sci.
2007, Chen, Appl. Phys. Lett.
2006, Lim, Nano Lett.
2006, Moine, Opt. Mater.
2006, Lisiecki, Phys. Rev. B
2005, Wang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.
2003, Buissette, Surf. Sci.
2000, Pollnau, Phys. Rev. B

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[1] G. Blasse and B. C. Grabmaier, Luminescent Materials (Springer, 1994).

[2] F. Vetrone and J. A. Capobianco, “Lanthanide-doped fluoride nanoparticles: luminescence, upconversion, and biological applications,” Int. J. Nanotechnol.5(9/10/11/12), 1306–1339 (2008). [CrossRef]

[3] G. Y. Chen, Y. Liu, Y. G. Zhang, G. Somesfalean, Z. G. Zhang, Q. Sun, and F. P. Wang, “Bright white upconversion luminescence in rare-earth-ion-doped Y2O3 nanocrystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett.91(13), 133103 (2007). [CrossRef]

[4] B. Dong, H. Song, R. Qin, X. Bai, F. Wang, L. Fan, G. Pan, S. Lu, X. Ren, and H. Zhao, “White luminescence by up-conversion from thin film made with Ln(3+)-doped NaYF4 nanoparticles,” J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol.8(3), 1254–1257 (2008). [PubMed]

[5] V. Mahalingam, F. Mangiarini, F. Vetrone, V. Venkatramu, M. Bettinelli, A. Speghini, and J. A. Capobianco, “Bright white upconversion emission from Tm3+/Yb3+/Er3+-doped Lu3Ga5O12 nanocrystals,” J. Phys. Chem. C112(46), 17745–17749 (2008). [CrossRef]

[6] F. Wang and X. Liu, “Upconversion multicolor fine-tuning: visible to near-infrared emission from lanthanide-doped NaYF4 nanoparticles,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.130(17), 5642–5643 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[7] X. Yang, S. Xiao, J. W. Ding, and X. H. Yan, “Efficient up-converted white emission in Er3+, Tm3+ and Yb3+ tridoped NaYF4 powders,” J. Mater. Sci.42(16), 7042–7045 (2007). [CrossRef]

[8] W. J. Kim, M. Nyk, and P. N. Prasad, “Color-coded multilayer photopatterned microstructures using lanthanide (III) ion co-doped NaYF4 nanoparticles with upconversion luminescence for possible applications in security,” Nanotechnology20(18), 185301 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[9] D. K. Chatterjee, A. J. Rufaihah, and Y. Zhang, “Upconversion fluorescence imaging of cells and small animals using lanthanide doped nanocrystals,” Biomaterials29(7), 937–943 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[10] S. F. Lim, R. Riehn, W. S. Ryu, N. Khanarian, C. K. Tung, D. Tank, and R. H. Austin, “In vivo and scanning electron microscopy imaging of up-converting nanophosphors in Caenorhabditis elegans,” Nano Lett.6(2), 169–174 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[11] M. Nyk, R. Kumar, T. Y. Ohulchanskyy, E. J. Bergey, and P. N. Prasad, “High contrast in vitro and in vivo photoluminescence bioimaging using near infrared to near infrared up-conversion in Tm3+ and Yb3+ doped fluoride nanophosphors,” Nano Lett.8(11), 3834–3838 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[12] L. Wang, R. Yan, Z. Huo, L. Wang, J. Zeng, J. Bao, X. Wang, Q. Peng, and Y. Li, “Fluorescence resonant energy transfer biosensor based on upconversion-luminescent nanoparticles,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.44(37), 6054–6057 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics

| EXPLORING THE INTERFACE OF LIGHT AND BIOMEDICINE

Enhancing upconverted white light in Tm³⁺/Yb³⁺/Ho³⁺-doped GdVO₄ nanocrystals via incorporation of Li⁺ ions