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Sensitivity enhancement of fiber-laser-based stimulated Raman scattering microscopy by collinear balanced detection techniqueKeisuke Nose, Yasuyuki Ozeki, Tatsuya Kishi, Kazuhiko Sumimura, Norihiko Nishizawa, Kiichi Fukui, Yasuo Kanematsu, and Kazuyoshi Itoh »View Author Affiliations
Keisuke Nose,1
Yasuyuki Ozeki,1,2
Tatsuya Kishi,1
Kazuhiko Sumimura,1
Norihiko Nishizawa,3
Kiichi Fukui,1
Yasuo Kanematsu,1
and Kazuyoshi Itoh1
1Division of Advanced Science and Biotechnology, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan 2PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan 3Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan *Corresponding author: nose@photonics.mls.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp |
Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 13, pp. 13958-13965 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.013958
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Abstract
We propose the collinear balanced detection (CBD) technique for noise suppression in fiber laser (FL)-based stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy. This technique reduces the effect of laser intensity noise at a specific frequency by means of pulse splitting and recombination with a time delay difference. We experimentally confirm that CBD can suppress the intensity noise of second harmonic (SH) of Er-FL pulses by 13dB.The measured noise level including the thermal noise is higher by only ~1.4 dB than the shot noise limit. To demonstrate SRS imaging, we use 4-ps SH pulses and 3-ps Yb-FL pulses, which are synchronized subharmonically with a jitter of 227 fs. The effectiveness of the CBD technique is confirmed through SRS imaging of a cultured HeLa cell.
© 2012 OSA
OCIS Codes
(110.4280) Imaging systems : Noise in imaging systems
(140.3510) Lasers and laser optics : Lasers, fiber
(290.5910) Scattering : Scattering, stimulated Raman
(180.4315) Microscopy : Nonlinear microscopy
ToC Category:
Microscopy
History
Original Manuscript: April 11, 2012
Revised Manuscript: May 25, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: May 26, 2012
Published: June 8, 2012
Virtual Issues
Vol. 7, Iss. 8 Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics
Citation
Keisuke Nose, Yasuyuki Ozeki, Tatsuya Kishi, Kazuhiko Sumimura, Norihiko Nishizawa, Kiichi Fukui, Yasuo Kanematsu, and Kazuyoshi Itoh, "Sensitivity enhancement of fiber-laser-based stimulated Raman scattering microscopy by collinear balanced detection technique," Opt. Express 20, 13958-13965 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/vjbo/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-13-13958
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References
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- T. Minamikawa, M. Hashimoto, K. Fujita, S. Kawata, and T. Araki, “Multi-focus excitation coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy and its applications for real-time imaging,” Opt. Express17(12), 9526–9536 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- C. W. Freudiger, W. Min, B. G. Saar, S. Lu, G. R. Holtom, C. He, J. C. Tsai, J. X. Kang, and X. S. Xie, “Label-free biomedical imaging with high sensitivity by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Science322(5909), 1857–1861 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- D. Fu, F.-K. Lu, X. Zhang, C. Freudiger, D. R. Pernik, G. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Quantitative chemical imaging with multiplex stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.134(8), 3623–3626 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Lefrancois, D. Fu, G. R. Holtom, L. Kong, W. J. Wadsworth, P. Schneider, R. Herda, A. Zach, X. Sunney Xie, and F. W. Wise, “Fiber four-wave mixing source for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Opt. Lett.37(10), 1652–1654 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. G. Saar, C. W. Freudiger, J. Reichman, C. M. Stanley, G. R. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Video-rate molecular imaging in vivo with stimulated Raman scattering,” Science330(6009), 1368–1370 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- C. W. Freudiger, W. Min, B. G. Saar, S. Lu, G. R. Holtom, C. He, J. C. Tsai, J. X. Kang, and X. S. Xie, “Label-free biomedical imaging with high sensitivity by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Science322(5909), 1857–1861 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Zumbusch, G. R. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Three-dimensional vibrational imaging by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering,” Phys. Rev. Lett.82(20), 4142–4145 (1999). [CrossRef]
- W. Umemura, K. Fujita, Y. Ozeki, K. Goto, K. Sumimura, N. Nishizawa, K. Fukui, and K. Itoh, “Subharmonic synchronization of picosecond Yb fiber laser to picosecond Ti:sapphirelaser for stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.51, 022702 (2012). [CrossRef]
- Y. Ozeki, W. Umemura, K. Sumimura, N. Nishizawa, K. Fukui, and K. Itoh, “Stimulated Raman hyperspectral imaging based on spectral filtering of broadband fiber laser pulses,” Opt. Lett.37(3), 431–433 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Ozeki, Y. Kitagawa, K. Sumimura, N. Nishizawa, W. Umemura, S. Kajiyama, K. Fukui, and K. Itoh, “Stimulated Raman scattering microscope with shot noise limited sensitivity using subharmonically synchronized laser pulses,” Opt. Express18(13), 13708–13719 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Ozeki, F. Dake, S. Kajiyama, K. Fukui, and K. Itoh, “Analysis and experimental assessment of the sensitivity of stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Opt. Express17(5), 3651–3658 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Ozeki, Y. Kitagawa, K. Sumimura, N. Nishizawa, W. Umemura, S. Kajiyama, K. Fukui, and K. Itoh, “Stimulated Raman scattering microscope with shot noise limited sensitivity using subharmonically synchronized laser pulses,” Opt. Express18(13), 13708–13719 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Ozeki, F. Dake, S. Kajiyama, K. Fukui, and K. Itoh, “Analysis and experimental assessment of the sensitivity of stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Opt. Express17(5), 3651–3658 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. W. Freudiger, W. Min, B. G. Saar, S. Lu, G. R. Holtom, C. He, J. C. Tsai, J. X. Kang, and X. S. Xie, “Label-free biomedical imaging with high sensitivity by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Science322(5909), 1857–1861 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Minamikawa, M. Hashimoto, K. Fujita, S. Kawata, and T. Araki, “Multi-focus excitation coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy and its applications for real-time imaging,” Opt. Express17(12), 9526–9536 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Minamikawa, N. Tanimoto, M. Hashimoto, T. Araki, M. Kobayashi, K. Fujita, and S. Kawata, “Jitter reduction of two synchronized picosecond mode-locked lasers using balanced cross-correlator with two-photon detectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89(19), 191101 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. Hashimoto, T. Araki, and S. Kawata, “Molecular vibration imaging in the fingerprint region by use of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy with a collinear configuration,” Opt. Lett.25(24), 1768–1770 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Minamikawa, N. Tanimoto, M. Hashimoto, T. Araki, M. Kobayashi, K. Fujita, and S. Kawata, “Jitter reduction of two synchronized picosecond mode-locked lasers using balanced cross-correlator with two-photon detectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89(19), 191101 (2006). [CrossRef]
- P. Nandakumar, A. Kovalev, and A. Volkmer, “Vibrational imaging based on stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” New J. Phys.11(3), 033026 (2009). [CrossRef]
- P. Kukura, D. W. McCamant, and R. A. Mathies, “Femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy,” Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem.58(1), 461–488 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. F. Levine, C. V. Shank, and J. P. Heritage, “Surface vibrational spectroscopy using stimulated Raman scattering,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.15(12), 1418–1432 (1979). [CrossRef]
- C. L. Evans, E. O. Potma, M. Puoris’haag, D. Côté, C. P. Lin, and X. S. Xie, “Chemical imaging of tissue in vivo with video-rate coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.102(46), 16807–16812 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Fu, F.-K. Lu, X. Zhang, C. Freudiger, D. R. Pernik, G. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Quantitative chemical imaging with multiplex stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.134(8), 3623–3626 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Min, C. W. Freudiger, S. Lu, and X. S. Xie, “Coherent nonlinear optical imaging: beyond fluorescence microscopy,” Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem.62(1), 507–530 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. W. Freudiger, W. Min, B. G. Saar, S. Lu, G. R. Holtom, C. He, J. C. Tsai, J. X. Kang, and X. S. Xie, “Label-free biomedical imaging with high sensitivity by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Science322(5909), 1857–1861 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Kukura, D. W. McCamant, and R. A. Mathies, “Femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy,” Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem.58(1), 461–488 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Kukura, D. W. McCamant, and R. A. Mathies, “Femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy,” Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem.58(1), 461–488 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Min, C. W. Freudiger, S. Lu, and X. S. Xie, “Coherent nonlinear optical imaging: beyond fluorescence microscopy,” Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem.62(1), 507–530 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. W. Freudiger, W. Min, B. G. Saar, S. Lu, G. R. Holtom, C. He, J. C. Tsai, J. X. Kang, and X. S. Xie, “Label-free biomedical imaging with high sensitivity by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Science322(5909), 1857–1861 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Minamikawa, M. Hashimoto, K. Fujita, S. Kawata, and T. Araki, “Multi-focus excitation coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy and its applications for real-time imaging,” Opt. Express17(12), 9526–9536 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Minamikawa, N. Tanimoto, M. Hashimoto, T. Araki, M. Kobayashi, K. Fujita, and S. Kawata, “Jitter reduction of two synchronized picosecond mode-locked lasers using balanced cross-correlator with two-photon detectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89(19), 191101 (2006). [CrossRef]
- P. Nandakumar, A. Kovalev, and A. Volkmer, “Vibrational imaging based on stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” New J. Phys.11(3), 033026 (2009). [CrossRef]
- E. Baumann, F. R. Giorgetta, J. W. Nicholson, W. C. Swann, I. Coddington, and N. R. Newbury, “High-performance, vibration-immune, fiber-laser frequency comb,” Opt. Lett.34(5), 638–640 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. W. Nicholson and M. Andrejco, “A polarization maintaining, dispersion managed, femtosecond figure-eight fiber laser,” Opt. Express14(18), 8160–8167 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Umemura, K. Fujita, Y. Ozeki, K. Goto, K. Sumimura, N. Nishizawa, K. Fukui, and K. Itoh, “Subharmonic synchronization of picosecond Yb fiber laser to picosecond Ti:sapphirelaser for stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.51, 022702 (2012). [CrossRef]
- Y. Ozeki, W. Umemura, K. Sumimura, N. Nishizawa, K. Fukui, and K. Itoh, “Stimulated Raman hyperspectral imaging based on spectral filtering of broadband fiber laser pulses,” Opt. Lett.37(3), 431–433 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Ozeki, Y. Kitagawa, K. Sumimura, N. Nishizawa, W. Umemura, S. Kajiyama, K. Fukui, and K. Itoh, “Stimulated Raman scattering microscope with shot noise limited sensitivity using subharmonically synchronized laser pulses,” Opt. Express18(13), 13708–13719 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Owyoung, “Sensitivity limitations for CW stimulated Raman spectroscopy,” Opt. Commun.22(3), 323–328 (1977). [CrossRef]
- Y. Ozeki, W. Umemura, K. Sumimura, N. Nishizawa, K. Fukui, and K. Itoh, “Stimulated Raman hyperspectral imaging based on spectral filtering of broadband fiber laser pulses,” Opt. Lett.37(3), 431–433 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Umemura, K. Fujita, Y. Ozeki, K. Goto, K. Sumimura, N. Nishizawa, K. Fukui, and K. Itoh, “Subharmonic synchronization of picosecond Yb fiber laser to picosecond Ti:sapphirelaser for stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.51, 022702 (2012). [CrossRef]
- Y. Ozeki, Y. Kitagawa, K. Sumimura, N. Nishizawa, W. Umemura, S. Kajiyama, K. Fukui, and K. Itoh, “Stimulated Raman scattering microscope with shot noise limited sensitivity using subharmonically synchronized laser pulses,” Opt. Express18(13), 13708–13719 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Ozeki, F. Dake, S. Kajiyama, K. Fukui, and K. Itoh, “Analysis and experimental assessment of the sensitivity of stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Opt. Express17(5), 3651–3658 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Fu, F.-K. Lu, X. Zhang, C. Freudiger, D. R. Pernik, G. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Quantitative chemical imaging with multiplex stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.134(8), 3623–3626 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. L. Evans, E. O. Potma, M. Puoris’haag, D. Côté, C. P. Lin, and X. S. Xie, “Chemical imaging of tissue in vivo with video-rate coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.102(46), 16807–16812 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. L. Evans, E. O. Potma, and X. S. Xie, “Coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering spectral interferometry: determination of the real and imaginary components of nonlinear susceptibility χ(3) for vibrational microscopy,” Opt. Lett.29(24), 2923–2925 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. L. Evans, E. O. Potma, M. Puoris’haag, D. Côté, C. P. Lin, and X. S. Xie, “Chemical imaging of tissue in vivo with video-rate coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.102(46), 16807–16812 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. G. Saar, C. W. Freudiger, J. Reichman, C. M. Stanley, G. R. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Video-rate molecular imaging in vivo with stimulated Raman scattering,” Science330(6009), 1368–1370 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. G. Saar, C. W. Freudiger, J. Reichman, C. M. Stanley, G. R. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Video-rate molecular imaging in vivo with stimulated Raman scattering,” Science330(6009), 1368–1370 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Kieu, B. G. Saar, G. R. Holtom, X. S. Xie, and F. W. Wise, “High-power picosecond fiber source for coherent Raman microscopy,” Opt. Lett.34(13), 2051–2053 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. W. Freudiger, W. Min, B. G. Saar, S. Lu, G. R. Holtom, C. He, J. C. Tsai, J. X. Kang, and X. S. Xie, “Label-free biomedical imaging with high sensitivity by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Science322(5909), 1857–1861 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Ganikhanov, C. L. Evans, B. G. Saar, and X. S. Xie, “High-sensitivity vibrational imaging with frequency modulation coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (FM CARS) microscopy,” Opt. Lett.31(12), 1872–1874 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. F. Levine, C. V. Shank, and J. P. Heritage, “Surface vibrational spectroscopy using stimulated Raman scattering,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.15(12), 1418–1432 (1979). [CrossRef]
- B. G. Saar, C. W. Freudiger, J. Reichman, C. M. Stanley, G. R. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Video-rate molecular imaging in vivo with stimulated Raman scattering,” Science330(6009), 1368–1370 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Umemura, K. Fujita, Y. Ozeki, K. Goto, K. Sumimura, N. Nishizawa, K. Fukui, and K. Itoh, “Subharmonic synchronization of picosecond Yb fiber laser to picosecond Ti:sapphirelaser for stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.51, 022702 (2012). [CrossRef]
- Y. Ozeki, W. Umemura, K. Sumimura, N. Nishizawa, K. Fukui, and K. Itoh, “Stimulated Raman hyperspectral imaging based on spectral filtering of broadband fiber laser pulses,” Opt. Lett.37(3), 431–433 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Ozeki, Y. Kitagawa, K. Sumimura, N. Nishizawa, W. Umemura, S. Kajiyama, K. Fukui, and K. Itoh, “Stimulated Raman scattering microscope with shot noise limited sensitivity using subharmonically synchronized laser pulses,” Opt. Express18(13), 13708–13719 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Lefrancois, D. Fu, G. R. Holtom, L. Kong, W. J. Wadsworth, P. Schneider, R. Herda, A. Zach, X. Sunney Xie, and F. W. Wise, “Fiber four-wave mixing source for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Opt. Lett.37(10), 1652–1654 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J.-X. Cheng, L. D. Book, and X. Sunney Xie, “Polarization coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Opt. Lett.26(17), 1341–1343 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Minamikawa, N. Tanimoto, M. Hashimoto, T. Araki, M. Kobayashi, K. Fujita, and S. Kawata, “Jitter reduction of two synchronized picosecond mode-locked lasers using balanced cross-correlator with two-photon detectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89(19), 191101 (2006). [CrossRef]
- C. W. Freudiger, W. Min, B. G. Saar, S. Lu, G. R. Holtom, C. He, J. C. Tsai, J. X. Kang, and X. S. Xie, “Label-free biomedical imaging with high sensitivity by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Science322(5909), 1857–1861 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Ozeki, W. Umemura, K. Sumimura, N. Nishizawa, K. Fukui, and K. Itoh, “Stimulated Raman hyperspectral imaging based on spectral filtering of broadband fiber laser pulses,” Opt. Lett.37(3), 431–433 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Umemura, K. Fujita, Y. Ozeki, K. Goto, K. Sumimura, N. Nishizawa, K. Fukui, and K. Itoh, “Subharmonic synchronization of picosecond Yb fiber laser to picosecond Ti:sapphirelaser for stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.51, 022702 (2012). [CrossRef]
- Y. Ozeki, Y. Kitagawa, K. Sumimura, N. Nishizawa, W. Umemura, S. Kajiyama, K. Fukui, and K. Itoh, “Stimulated Raman scattering microscope with shot noise limited sensitivity using subharmonically synchronized laser pulses,” Opt. Express18(13), 13708–13719 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Nandakumar, A. Kovalev, and A. Volkmer, “Vibrational imaging based on stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” New J. Phys.11(3), 033026 (2009). [CrossRef]
- A. Volkmer, J.-X. Cheng, and X. S. Xie, “Vibrational imaging with high sensitivity via epidetected coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett.87(2), 023901 (2001). [CrossRef]
- S. Lefrancois, D. Fu, G. R. Holtom, L. Kong, W. J. Wadsworth, P. Schneider, R. Herda, A. Zach, X. Sunney Xie, and F. W. Wise, “Fiber four-wave mixing source for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Opt. Lett.37(10), 1652–1654 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Kieu, B. G. Saar, G. R. Holtom, X. S. Xie, and F. W. Wise, “High-power picosecond fiber source for coherent Raman microscopy,” Opt. Lett.34(13), 2051–2053 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Fu, F.-K. Lu, X. Zhang, C. Freudiger, D. R. Pernik, G. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Quantitative chemical imaging with multiplex stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.134(8), 3623–3626 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Min, C. W. Freudiger, S. Lu, and X. S. Xie, “Coherent nonlinear optical imaging: beyond fluorescence microscopy,” Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem.62(1), 507–530 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. G. Saar, C. W. Freudiger, J. Reichman, C. M. Stanley, G. R. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Video-rate molecular imaging in vivo with stimulated Raman scattering,” Science330(6009), 1368–1370 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Kieu, B. G. Saar, G. R. Holtom, X. S. Xie, and F. W. Wise, “High-power picosecond fiber source for coherent Raman microscopy,” Opt. Lett.34(13), 2051–2053 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. W. Freudiger, W. Min, B. G. Saar, S. Lu, G. R. Holtom, C. He, J. C. Tsai, J. X. Kang, and X. S. Xie, “Label-free biomedical imaging with high sensitivity by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Science322(5909), 1857–1861 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Ganikhanov, C. L. Evans, B. G. Saar, and X. S. Xie, “High-sensitivity vibrational imaging with frequency modulation coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (FM CARS) microscopy,” Opt. Lett.31(12), 1872–1874 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. L. Evans, E. O. Potma, M. Puoris’haag, D. Côté, C. P. Lin, and X. S. Xie, “Chemical imaging of tissue in vivo with video-rate coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.102(46), 16807–16812 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. L. Evans, E. O. Potma, and X. S. Xie, “Coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering spectral interferometry: determination of the real and imaginary components of nonlinear susceptibility χ(3) for vibrational microscopy,” Opt. Lett.29(24), 2923–2925 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Volkmer, J.-X. Cheng, and X. S. Xie, “Vibrational imaging with high sensitivity via epidetected coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett.87(2), 023901 (2001). [CrossRef]
- A. Zumbusch, G. R. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Three-dimensional vibrational imaging by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering,” Phys. Rev. Lett.82(20), 4142–4145 (1999). [CrossRef]
- D. Fu, F.-K. Lu, X. Zhang, C. Freudiger, D. R. Pernik, G. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Quantitative chemical imaging with multiplex stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.134(8), 3623–3626 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Krauss, T. Hanke, A. Sell, D. Träutlein, A. Leitenstorfer, R. Selm, M. Winterhalder, and A. Zumbusch, “Compact coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscope based on a picosecond two-color Er:fiber laser system,” Opt. Lett.34(18), 2847–2849 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Zumbusch, G. R. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Three-dimensional vibrational imaging by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering,” Phys. Rev. Lett.82(20), 4142–4145 (1999). [CrossRef]
Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem.
- W. Min, C. W. Freudiger, S. Lu, and X. S. Xie, “Coherent nonlinear optical imaging: beyond fluorescence microscopy,” Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem.62(1), 507–530 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Kukura, D. W. McCamant, and R. A. Mathies, “Femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy,” Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem.58(1), 461–488 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Appl. Phys. Lett.
- T. Minamikawa, N. Tanimoto, M. Hashimoto, T. Araki, M. Kobayashi, K. Fujita, and S. Kawata, “Jitter reduction of two synchronized picosecond mode-locked lasers using balanced cross-correlator with two-photon detectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89(19), 191101 (2006). [CrossRef]
IEEE J. Quantum Electron.
- B. F. Levine, C. V. Shank, and J. P. Heritage, “Surface vibrational spectroscopy using stimulated Raman scattering,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.15(12), 1418–1432 (1979). [CrossRef]
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
- D. Fu, F.-K. Lu, X. Zhang, C. Freudiger, D. R. Pernik, G. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Quantitative chemical imaging with multiplex stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.134(8), 3623–3626 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.
- W. Umemura, K. Fujita, Y. Ozeki, K. Goto, K. Sumimura, N. Nishizawa, K. Fukui, and K. Itoh, “Subharmonic synchronization of picosecond Yb fiber laser to picosecond Ti:sapphirelaser for stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.51, 022702 (2012). [CrossRef]
New J. Phys.
- P. Nandakumar, A. Kovalev, and A. Volkmer, “Vibrational imaging based on stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” New J. Phys.11(3), 033026 (2009). [CrossRef]
Opt. Commun.
- A. Owyoung, “Sensitivity limitations for CW stimulated Raman spectroscopy,” Opt. Commun.22(3), 323–328 (1977). [CrossRef]
Opt. Express
- H. Kano and H. O. Hamaguchi, “Vibrationally resonant imaging of a single living cell by supercontinuum-based multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microspectroscopy,” Opt. Express13(4), 1322–1327 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Heinrich, A. Hofer, A. Ritsch, C. Ciardi, S. Bernet, and M. Ritsch-Marte, “Selective imaging of saturated and unsaturated lipids by wide-field CARS-microscopy,” Opt. Express16(4), 2699–2708 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Minamikawa, M. Hashimoto, K. Fujita, S. Kawata, and T. Araki, “Multi-focus excitation coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy and its applications for real-time imaging,” Opt. Express17(12), 9526–9536 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Ozeki, F. Dake, S. Kajiyama, K. Fukui, and K. Itoh, “Analysis and experimental assessment of the sensitivity of stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Opt. Express17(5), 3651–3658 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. R. Andresen, C. K. Nielsen, J. Thøgersen, and S. R. Keiding, “Fiber laser-based light source for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microspectroscopy,” Opt. Express15(8), 4848–4856 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Ozeki, Y. Kitagawa, K. Sumimura, N. Nishizawa, W. Umemura, S. Kajiyama, K. Fukui, and K. Itoh, “Stimulated Raman scattering microscope with shot noise limited sensitivity using subharmonically synchronized laser pulses,” Opt. Express18(13), 13708–13719 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. W. Nicholson and M. Andrejco, “A polarization maintaining, dispersion managed, femtosecond figure-eight fiber laser,” Opt. Express14(18), 8160–8167 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Lett.
- D. D. Hudson, K. W. Holman, R. J. Jones, S. T. Cundiff, J. Ye, and D. J. Jones, “Mode-locked fiber laser frequency-controlled with an intracavity electro-optic modulator,” Opt. Lett.30(21), 2948–2950 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Baumann, F. R. Giorgetta, J. W. Nicholson, W. C. Swann, I. Coddington, and N. R. Newbury, “High-performance, vibration-immune, fiber-laser frequency comb,” Opt. Lett.34(5), 638–640 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Ozeki, W. Umemura, K. Sumimura, N. Nishizawa, K. Fukui, and K. Itoh, “Stimulated Raman hyperspectral imaging based on spectral filtering of broadband fiber laser pulses,” Opt. Lett.37(3), 431–433 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Kieu, B. G. Saar, G. R. Holtom, X. S. Xie, and F. W. Wise, “High-power picosecond fiber source for coherent Raman microscopy,” Opt. Lett.34(13), 2051–2053 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Krauss, T. Hanke, A. Sell, D. Träutlein, A. Leitenstorfer, R. Selm, M. Winterhalder, and A. Zumbusch, “Compact coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscope based on a picosecond two-color Er:fiber laser system,” Opt. Lett.34(18), 2847–2849 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Gambetta, V. Kumar, G. Grancini, D. Polli, R. Ramponi, G. Cerullo, and M. Marangoni, “Fiber-format stimulated-Raman-scattering microscopy from a single laser oscillator,” Opt. Lett.35(2), 226–228 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. R. Andresen, P. Berto, and H. Rigneault, “Stimulated Raman scattering microscopy by spectral focusing and fiber-generated soliton as Stokes pulse,” Opt. Lett.36(13), 2387–2389 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Lefrancois, D. Fu, G. R. Holtom, L. Kong, W. J. Wadsworth, P. Schneider, R. Herda, A. Zach, X. Sunney Xie, and F. W. Wise, “Fiber four-wave mixing source for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Opt. Lett.37(10), 1652–1654 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Hashimoto, T. Araki, and S. Kawata, “Molecular vibration imaging in the fingerprint region by use of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy with a collinear configuration,” Opt. Lett.25(24), 1768–1770 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Ganikhanov, C. L. Evans, B. G. Saar, and X. S. Xie, “High-sensitivity vibrational imaging with frequency modulation coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (FM CARS) microscopy,” Opt. Lett.31(12), 1872–1874 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J.-X. Cheng, L. D. Book, and X. Sunney Xie, “Polarization coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Opt. Lett.26(17), 1341–1343 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. L. Evans, E. O. Potma, and X. S. Xie, “Coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering spectral interferometry: determination of the real and imaginary components of nonlinear susceptibility χ(3) for vibrational microscopy,” Opt. Lett.29(24), 2923–2925 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Phys. Rev. Lett.
- A. Zumbusch, G. R. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Three-dimensional vibrational imaging by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering,” Phys. Rev. Lett.82(20), 4142–4145 (1999). [CrossRef]
- A. Volkmer, J.-X. Cheng, and X. S. Xie, “Vibrational imaging with high sensitivity via epidetected coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett.87(2), 023901 (2001). [CrossRef]
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
- C. L. Evans, E. O. Potma, M. Puoris’haag, D. Côté, C. P. Lin, and X. S. Xie, “Chemical imaging of tissue in vivo with video-rate coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.102(46), 16807–16812 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Science
- C. W. Freudiger, W. Min, B. G. Saar, S. Lu, G. R. Holtom, C. He, J. C. Tsai, J. X. Kang, and X. S. Xie, “Label-free biomedical imaging with high sensitivity by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Science322(5909), 1857–1861 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. G. Saar, C. W. Freudiger, J. Reichman, C. M. Stanley, G. R. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Video-rate molecular imaging in vivo with stimulated Raman scattering,” Science330(6009), 1368–1370 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Other
- M. D. Levenson and S. S. Kano, Introduction to Nonlinear Laser Spectroscopy (Academic Press, 1988).
2012, Ozeki, Opt. Lett.
- D. Fu, F.-K. Lu, X. Zhang, C. Freudiger, D. R. Pernik, G. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Quantitative chemical imaging with multiplex stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.134(8), 3623–3626 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Umemura, K. Fujita, Y. Ozeki, K. Goto, K. Sumimura, N. Nishizawa, K. Fukui, and K. Itoh, “Subharmonic synchronization of picosecond Yb fiber laser to picosecond Ti:sapphirelaser for stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.51, 022702 (2012). [CrossRef]
- W. Min, C. W. Freudiger, S. Lu, and X. S. Xie, “Coherent nonlinear optical imaging: beyond fluorescence microscopy,” Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem.62(1), 507–530 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. G. Saar, C. W. Freudiger, J. Reichman, C. M. Stanley, G. R. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Video-rate molecular imaging in vivo with stimulated Raman scattering,” Science330(6009), 1368–1370 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Nandakumar, A. Kovalev, and A. Volkmer, “Vibrational imaging based on stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” New J. Phys.11(3), 033026 (2009). [CrossRef]
- C. W. Freudiger, W. Min, B. G. Saar, S. Lu, G. R. Holtom, C. He, J. C. Tsai, J. X. Kang, and X. S. Xie, “Label-free biomedical imaging with high sensitivity by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Science322(5909), 1857–1861 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Kukura, D. W. McCamant, and R. A. Mathies, “Femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy,” Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem.58(1), 461–488 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Minamikawa, N. Tanimoto, M. Hashimoto, T. Araki, M. Kobayashi, K. Fujita, and S. Kawata, “Jitter reduction of two synchronized picosecond mode-locked lasers using balanced cross-correlator with two-photon detectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89(19), 191101 (2006). [CrossRef]
- C. L. Evans, E. O. Potma, M. Puoris’haag, D. Côté, C. P. Lin, and X. S. Xie, “Chemical imaging of tissue in vivo with video-rate coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.102(46), 16807–16812 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Volkmer, J.-X. Cheng, and X. S. Xie, “Vibrational imaging with high sensitivity via epidetected coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett.87(2), 023901 (2001). [CrossRef]
- A. Zumbusch, G. R. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Three-dimensional vibrational imaging by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering,” Phys. Rev. Lett.82(20), 4142–4145 (1999). [CrossRef]
- B. F. Levine, C. V. Shank, and J. P. Heritage, “Surface vibrational spectroscopy using stimulated Raman scattering,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.15(12), 1418–1432 (1979). [CrossRef]
- A. Owyoung, “Sensitivity limitations for CW stimulated Raman spectroscopy,” Opt. Commun.22(3), 323–328 (1977). [CrossRef]
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