Generation of copper nanoparticles induced by fs-laser irradiation in borosilicate glass

doi:10.1364/OE.20.015106

Generation of copper nanoparticles induced by fs-laser irradiation in borosilicate glass

J. M. P. Almeida, L. De Boni, W. Avansi, C. Ribeiro, E. Longo, A. C. Hernandes, and C. R. Mendonca »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 14, pp. 15106-15113 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.015106

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Abstract

Glasses containing metallic nanoparticles are promising materials for technological applications in optics and photonics. Although several methods are available to generate nanoparticles in glass, only femtosecond lasers allow controlling it three-dimensionally. In this direction, the present work investigates the generation of copper nanoparticles on the surface and in the bulk of a borosilicate glass by fs-laser irradiation. We verified the formation of copper nanoparticles, after heat treatment, by UV-Vis absorption, transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. A preferential growth of copper nanoparticles was observed in the bottom of the irradiated region, which was attributed to self-focusing in the glass.

OCIS Codes
(160.2750) Materials : Glass and other amorphous materials
(190.4720) Nonlinear optics : Optical nonlinearities of condensed matter
(220.4000) Optical design and fabrication : Microstructure fabrication

ToC Category:
Laser Microfabrication

History
Original Manuscript: May 16, 2012
Revised Manuscript: June 8, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: June 9, 2012
Published: June 20, 2012

Virtual Issues
Vol. 7, Iss. 9 Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics

Citation
J. M. P. Almeida, L. De Boni, W. Avansi, C. Ribeiro, E. Longo, A. C. Hernandes, and C. R. Mendonca, "Generation of copper nanoparticles induced by fs-laser irradiation in borosilicate glass," Opt. Express 20, 15106-15113 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/vjbo/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-14-15106

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References

P. P. Prasad, Nanophotonics (John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2004).
T. Tokizaki, A. Nakamura, S. Kaneko, K. Uchida, S. Omi, H. Tanji, and Y. Asahara, “Subpicosecond time response of third-order optical nonlinearity of small copper particles in glass,” Appl. Phys. Lett.65(8), 941–943 (1994). [CrossRef]
C. Silva, J. M. P. Coelho, A. Ruivo, and A. P. de Matos, “Infrared nanosecond laser effects on the formation of copper nanoparticles,” Mater. Lett.64(6), 705–707 (2010). [CrossRef]
L. De Boni, E. C. Barbano, T. A. de Assumpção, L. Misoguti, L. R. P. Kassab, and S. C. Zilio, “Femtosecond third-order nonlinear spectra of lead-germanium oxide glasses containing silver nanoparticles,” Opt. Express20(6), 6844–6850 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. L. Qu, Y. C. Gao, X. W. Jiang, H. D. Zeng, Y. L. Song, H. R. Qiu, C. S. Zhu, and K. Hirao, “Nonlinear absorption and optical limiting in gold-precipitated glasses induced by a femtosecond laser,” Opt. Commun.224(4-6), 321–327 (2003). [CrossRef]
Y. Teng, B. Qian, N. Jiang, Y. Liu, F. Luo, S. Ye, J. Zhou, B. Zhu, H. Zeng, and J. Qiu, “Light and heat driven precipitation of copper nanoparticles inside Cu(2+)-doped borate glasses,” Chem. Phys. Lett.485(1-3), 91–94 (2010). [CrossRef]
Y. Teng, J. Zhou, F. Luo, G. Lin, and J. Qiu, “Controllable space selective precipitation of copper nanoparticles in borosilicate glasses using ultrafast laser irradiation,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids357(11-13), 2380–2383 (2011). [CrossRef]
R. R. Gattass and E. Mazur, “Femtosecond laser micromachining in transparent materials,” Nat. Photonics2(4), 219–225 (2008). [CrossRef]
D. S. Correa, M. R. Cardoso, V. Tribuzi, L. Misoguti, and C. R. Mendonca, “Femtosecond laser in polymeric materials: microfabrication of doped structures and micromachining,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.18(1), 176–186 (2012). [CrossRef]
A. Royon, Y. Petit, G. Papon, M. Richardson, and L. Canioni, “Femtosecond laser induced photochemistry in materials tailored with photosensitive agents [Invited],” Opt. Mater. Express1(5), 866–882 (2011). [CrossRef]
D. M. Krol, “Femtosecond laser modification of glass,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids354(2-9), 416–424 (2008). [CrossRef]
J. R. Qiu, M. Shirai, T. Nakaya, J. H. Si, X. W. Jiang, C. S. Zhu, and K. Hirao, “Space-selective precipitation of metal nanoparticles inside glasses,” Appl. Phys. Lett.81(16), 3040–3042 (2002). [CrossRef]
J. R. Qiu, X. W. Jiang, C. S. Zhu, M. Shirai, J. Si, N. Jiang, and K. Hirao, “Manipulation of gold nanoparticles inside transparent materials,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.43(17), 2230–2234 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Shin, K. Jang, K.-S. Lim, I.-B. Sohn, Y.-C. Noh, and J. Lee, “Formation and control of Au and Ag nanoparticles inside borate glasses using femtosecond laser and heat treatment,” Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process93, 923–927 (2008).
K. Uchida, S. Kaneko, S. Omi, C. Hata, H. Tanji, Y. Asahara, A. J. Ikushima, T. Tokizaki, and A. Nakamura, “Optical nonlinearities of a high-concentration of small metal particles dispersed in glass: copper and silver particles,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B11(7), 1236–1243 (1994). [CrossRef]
J. M. P. Almeida, L. De Boni, A. C. Hernandes, and C. R. Mendonça, “Third-order nonlinear spectra and optical limiting of lead oxifluoroborate glasses,” Opt. Express19(18), 17220–17225 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
N. Srinivasa Rao, L. Srinivasa Rao, Y. Gandhi, V. Ravikumar, and N. Veeraiah, “Copper ion as a structural probe in lead bismuth arsenate glasses by means of dielectric and spectroscopic studies,” Physica B405(19), 4092–4100 (2010). [CrossRef]
A. Lin, B. H. Kim, D. S. Moon, Y. Chung, and W.-T. Han, “Cu2+-doped germano-silicate glass fiber with high resonant nonlinearity,” Opt. Express15(7), 3665–3672 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Q. Zhang, G. Chen, G. Dong, G. Zhang, X. Liu, J. Qiu, Q. Zhou, Q. Chen, and D. Chen, “The reduction of Cu2+ to Cu+ and optical properties of Cu+ ions in Cu-doped and Cu/Al-codoped high silica glasses sintered in an air atmosphere,” Chem. Phys. Lett.482(4-6), 228–233 (2009). [CrossRef]
G. Lakshminarayana and S. Buddhudu, “Spectral analysis of Cu2+: B2O3–ZnO–PbO glasses,” Spectrochim. Acta, Part A.62(1-3), 364–371 (2005). [CrossRef]
M. Shareefuddin, M. Jamal, and M. Narasimha Chary, “Electron spin resonance and optical absorption spectra of Cu2+ ions in xNaI-(30 - x)Na2O¸70B2O3 glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids201(1-2), 95–101 (1996). [CrossRef]
J. Lakshmana Rao, G. Sivaramaiah, and N. O. Gopal, “EPR and optical absorption spectral studies of Cu2+ ions doped in alkali lead tetraborate glasses,” Physica B349(1-4), 206–213 (2004). [CrossRef]
B. Hua, Y. Shimotsuma, M. Nishi, K. Miura, and K. Hirao, “Micro-modification of metal-doped glasses by a femtosecond laser,” J. Laser Micro/Nanoeng 2(1), 36–39 (2007). [CrossRef]
A. Bishay, “Radiation induced color centers in multicomponent glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids3(1), 54–114 (1970). [CrossRef]
H. D. Schreiber, M. A. Stone, and A. M. Swink, “Novel red-blue dichroic glass containing copper nanocrystals,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids352(6-7), 534–538 (2006). [CrossRef]
M. El Sherif, O. A. Bayoumi, and T. Z. N. Sokkar, “Prediction of absorbance from reflectance for an absorbing-scattering fabric,” Color Res. Appl.22(1), 32–39 (1997). [CrossRef]
F. Gan and L. Xu, Photonic Glass (World Scientific, 2006).
Y. Dai, G. Yu, M. He, H. Ma, X. Yan, and G. Ma, “High repetition rate femtosecond laser irradiation-induced elements redistribution in Ag-doped glass,” Appl. Phys. B 103(3), 663–667 (2011). [CrossRef]
D. G. Papazoglou and S. Tzortzakis, “Physical mechanisms of fused silica restructuring and densification after femtosecond laser excitation [Invited],” Opt. Mater. Express1(4), 625–632 (2011). [CrossRef]
L. Sudrie, A. Couairon, M. Franco, B. Lamouroux, B. Prade, S. Tzortzakis, and A. Mysyrowicz, “Femtosecond laser-induced damage and filamentary propagation in fused silica,” Phys. Rev. Lett.89(18), 186601 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
L. Sudrie, M. Franco, B. Prade, and A. Mysyrowicz, “Study of damage in fused silica induced by ultra-short IR laser pulses,” Opt. Commun.191(3-6), 333–339 (2001). [CrossRef]
A. Mermillod-Blondin, J. Bonse, A. Rosenfeld, I. V. Hertel, Y. P. Meshcheryakov, N. M. Bulgakova, E. Audouard, and R. Stoian, “Dynamics of femtosecond laser induced voidlike structures in fused silica,” Appl. Phys. Lett.94(4), 041911 (2009). [CrossRef]

Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.

J. R. Qiu, X. W. Jiang, C. S. Zhu, M. Shirai, J. Si, N. Jiang, and K. Hirao, “Manipulation of gold nanoparticles inside transparent materials,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.43(17), 2230–2234 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process

J. Shin, K. Jang, K.-S. Lim, I.-B. Sohn, Y.-C. Noh, and J. Lee, “Formation and control of Au and Ag nanoparticles inside borate glasses using femtosecond laser and heat treatment,” Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process93, 923–927 (2008).

Appl. Phys. B

Y. Dai, G. Yu, M. He, H. Ma, X. Yan, and G. Ma, “High repetition rate femtosecond laser irradiation-induced elements redistribution in Ag-doped glass,” Appl. Phys. B 103(3), 663–667 (2011). [CrossRef]

Appl. Phys. Lett.

A. Mermillod-Blondin, J. Bonse, A. Rosenfeld, I. V. Hertel, Y. P. Meshcheryakov, N. M. Bulgakova, E. Audouard, and R. Stoian, “Dynamics of femtosecond laser induced voidlike structures in fused silica,” Appl. Phys. Lett.94(4), 041911 (2009). [CrossRef]
J. R. Qiu, M. Shirai, T. Nakaya, J. H. Si, X. W. Jiang, C. S. Zhu, and K. Hirao, “Space-selective precipitation of metal nanoparticles inside glasses,” Appl. Phys. Lett.81(16), 3040–3042 (2002). [CrossRef]
T. Tokizaki, A. Nakamura, S. Kaneko, K. Uchida, S. Omi, H. Tanji, and Y. Asahara, “Subpicosecond time response of third-order optical nonlinearity of small copper particles in glass,” Appl. Phys. Lett.65(8), 941–943 (1994). [CrossRef]

Chem. Phys. Lett.

Y. Teng, B. Qian, N. Jiang, Y. Liu, F. Luo, S. Ye, J. Zhou, B. Zhu, H. Zeng, and J. Qiu, “Light and heat driven precipitation of copper nanoparticles inside Cu(2+)-doped borate glasses,” Chem. Phys. Lett.485(1-3), 91–94 (2010). [CrossRef]
Q. Zhang, G. Chen, G. Dong, G. Zhang, X. Liu, J. Qiu, Q. Zhou, Q. Chen, and D. Chen, “The reduction of Cu2+ to Cu+ and optical properties of Cu+ ions in Cu-doped and Cu/Al-codoped high silica glasses sintered in an air atmosphere,” Chem. Phys. Lett.482(4-6), 228–233 (2009). [CrossRef]

Color Res. Appl.

M. El Sherif, O. A. Bayoumi, and T. Z. N. Sokkar, “Prediction of absorbance from reflectance for an absorbing-scattering fabric,” Color Res. Appl.22(1), 32–39 (1997). [CrossRef]

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.

D. S. Correa, M. R. Cardoso, V. Tribuzi, L. Misoguti, and C. R. Mendonca, “Femtosecond laser in polymeric materials: microfabrication of doped structures and micromachining,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.18(1), 176–186 (2012). [CrossRef]

J. Laser Micro/Nanoeng

B. Hua, Y. Shimotsuma, M. Nishi, K. Miura, and K. Hirao, “Micro-modification of metal-doped glasses by a femtosecond laser,” J. Laser Micro/Nanoeng 2(1), 36–39 (2007). [CrossRef]

J. Non-Cryst. Solids

A. Bishay, “Radiation induced color centers in multicomponent glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids3(1), 54–114 (1970). [CrossRef]
H. D. Schreiber, M. A. Stone, and A. M. Swink, “Novel red-blue dichroic glass containing copper nanocrystals,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids352(6-7), 534–538 (2006). [CrossRef]
M. Shareefuddin, M. Jamal, and M. Narasimha Chary, “Electron spin resonance and optical absorption spectra of Cu2+ ions in xNaI-(30 - x)Na2O¸70B2O3 glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids201(1-2), 95–101 (1996). [CrossRef]
Y. Teng, J. Zhou, F. Luo, G. Lin, and J. Qiu, “Controllable space selective precipitation of copper nanoparticles in borosilicate glasses using ultrafast laser irradiation,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids357(11-13), 2380–2383 (2011). [CrossRef]
D. M. Krol, “Femtosecond laser modification of glass,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids354(2-9), 416–424 (2008). [CrossRef]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B

K. Uchida, S. Kaneko, S. Omi, C. Hata, H. Tanji, Y. Asahara, A. J. Ikushima, T. Tokizaki, and A. Nakamura, “Optical nonlinearities of a high-concentration of small metal particles dispersed in glass: copper and silver particles,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B11(7), 1236–1243 (1994). [CrossRef]

Mater. Lett.

C. Silva, J. M. P. Coelho, A. Ruivo, and A. P. de Matos, “Infrared nanosecond laser effects on the formation of copper nanoparticles,” Mater. Lett.64(6), 705–707 (2010). [CrossRef]

Nat. Photonics

R. R. Gattass and E. Mazur, “Femtosecond laser micromachining in transparent materials,” Nat. Photonics2(4), 219–225 (2008). [CrossRef]

Opt. Commun.

S. L. Qu, Y. C. Gao, X. W. Jiang, H. D. Zeng, Y. L. Song, H. R. Qiu, C. S. Zhu, and K. Hirao, “Nonlinear absorption and optical limiting in gold-precipitated glasses induced by a femtosecond laser,” Opt. Commun.224(4-6), 321–327 (2003). [CrossRef]
L. Sudrie, M. Franco, B. Prade, and A. Mysyrowicz, “Study of damage in fused silica induced by ultra-short IR laser pulses,” Opt. Commun.191(3-6), 333–339 (2001). [CrossRef]

Opt. Express

Opt. Mater. Express

Phys. Rev. Lett.

L. Sudrie, A. Couairon, M. Franco, B. Lamouroux, B. Prade, S. Tzortzakis, and A. Mysyrowicz, “Femtosecond laser-induced damage and filamentary propagation in fused silica,” Phys. Rev. Lett.89(18), 186601 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Physica B

J. Lakshmana Rao, G. Sivaramaiah, and N. O. Gopal, “EPR and optical absorption spectral studies of Cu2+ ions doped in alkali lead tetraborate glasses,” Physica B349(1-4), 206–213 (2004). [CrossRef]
N. Srinivasa Rao, L. Srinivasa Rao, Y. Gandhi, V. Ravikumar, and N. Veeraiah, “Copper ion as a structural probe in lead bismuth arsenate glasses by means of dielectric and spectroscopic studies,” Physica B405(19), 4092–4100 (2010). [CrossRef]

Spectrochim. Acta, Part A.

G. Lakshminarayana and S. Buddhudu, “Spectral analysis of Cu2+: B2O3–ZnO–PbO glasses,” Spectrochim. Acta, Part A.62(1-3), 364–371 (2005). [CrossRef]

Other

P. P. Prasad, Nanophotonics (John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2004).
F. Gan and L. Xu, Photonic Glass (World Scientific, 2006).

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[1] P. P. Prasad, Nanophotonics (John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2004).

[2] T. Tokizaki, A. Nakamura, S. Kaneko, K. Uchida, S. Omi, H. Tanji, and Y. Asahara, “Subpicosecond time response of third-order optical nonlinearity of small copper particles in glass,” Appl. Phys. Lett.65(8), 941–943 (1994). [CrossRef]

[3] C. Silva, J. M. P. Coelho, A. Ruivo, and A. P. de Matos, “Infrared nanosecond laser effects on the formation of copper nanoparticles,” Mater. Lett.64(6), 705–707 (2010). [CrossRef]

[4] L. De Boni, E. C. Barbano, T. A. de Assumpção, L. Misoguti, L. R. P. Kassab, and S. C. Zilio, “Femtosecond third-order nonlinear spectra of lead-germanium oxide glasses containing silver nanoparticles,” Opt. Express20(6), 6844–6850 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[5] S. L. Qu, Y. C. Gao, X. W. Jiang, H. D. Zeng, Y. L. Song, H. R. Qiu, C. S. Zhu, and K. Hirao, “Nonlinear absorption and optical limiting in gold-precipitated glasses induced by a femtosecond laser,” Opt. Commun.224(4-6), 321–327 (2003). [CrossRef]

[6] Y. Teng, B. Qian, N. Jiang, Y. Liu, F. Luo, S. Ye, J. Zhou, B. Zhu, H. Zeng, and J. Qiu, “Light and heat driven precipitation of copper nanoparticles inside Cu(2+)-doped borate glasses,” Chem. Phys. Lett.485(1-3), 91–94 (2010). [CrossRef]

[7] Y. Teng, J. Zhou, F. Luo, G. Lin, and J. Qiu, “Controllable space selective precipitation of copper nanoparticles in borosilicate glasses using ultrafast laser irradiation,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids357(11-13), 2380–2383 (2011). [CrossRef]

[8] R. R. Gattass and E. Mazur, “Femtosecond laser micromachining in transparent materials,” Nat. Photonics2(4), 219–225 (2008). [CrossRef]

[9] D. S. Correa, M. R. Cardoso, V. Tribuzi, L. Misoguti, and C. R. Mendonca, “Femtosecond laser in polymeric materials: microfabrication of doped structures and micromachining,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.18(1), 176–186 (2012). [CrossRef]

[10] A. Royon, Y. Petit, G. Papon, M. Richardson, and L. Canioni, “Femtosecond laser induced photochemistry in materials tailored with photosensitive agents [Invited],” Opt. Mater. Express1(5), 866–882 (2011). [CrossRef]

[11] D. M. Krol, “Femtosecond laser modification of glass,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids354(2-9), 416–424 (2008). [CrossRef]

[12] J. R. Qiu, M. Shirai, T. Nakaya, J. H. Si, X. W. Jiang, C. S. Zhu, and K. Hirao, “Space-selective precipitation of metal nanoparticles inside glasses,” Appl. Phys. Lett.81(16), 3040–3042 (2002). [CrossRef]

[13] J. R. Qiu, X. W. Jiang, C. S. Zhu, M. Shirai, J. Si, N. Jiang, and K. Hirao, “Manipulation of gold nanoparticles inside transparent materials,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.43(17), 2230–2234 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[14] J. Shin, K. Jang, K.-S. Lim, I.-B. Sohn, Y.-C. Noh, and J. Lee, “Formation and control of Au and Ag nanoparticles inside borate glasses using femtosecond laser and heat treatment,” Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process93, 923–927 (2008).

[15] K. Uchida, S. Kaneko, S. Omi, C. Hata, H. Tanji, Y. Asahara, A. J. Ikushima, T. Tokizaki, and A. Nakamura, “Optical nonlinearities of a high-concentration of small metal particles dispersed in glass: copper and silver particles,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B11(7), 1236–1243 (1994). [CrossRef]

[16] J. M. P. Almeida, L. De Boni, A. C. Hernandes, and C. R. Mendonça, “Third-order nonlinear spectra and optical limiting of lead oxifluoroborate glasses,” Opt. Express19(18), 17220–17225 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[17] N. Srinivasa Rao, L. Srinivasa Rao, Y. Gandhi, V. Ravikumar, and N. Veeraiah, “Copper ion as a structural probe in lead bismuth arsenate glasses by means of dielectric and spectroscopic studies,” Physica B405(19), 4092–4100 (2010). [CrossRef]

[18] A. Lin, B. H. Kim, D. S. Moon, Y. Chung, and W.-T. Han, “Cu2+-doped germano-silicate glass fiber with high resonant nonlinearity,” Opt. Express15(7), 3665–3672 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[19] Q. Zhang, G. Chen, G. Dong, G. Zhang, X. Liu, J. Qiu, Q. Zhou, Q. Chen, and D. Chen, “The reduction of Cu2+ to Cu+ and optical properties of Cu+ ions in Cu-doped and Cu/Al-codoped high silica glasses sintered in an air atmosphere,” Chem. Phys. Lett.482(4-6), 228–233 (2009). [CrossRef]

[20] G. Lakshminarayana and S. Buddhudu, “Spectral analysis of Cu2+: B2O3–ZnO–PbO glasses,” Spectrochim. Acta, Part A.62(1-3), 364–371 (2005). [CrossRef]

[21] M. Shareefuddin, M. Jamal, and M. Narasimha Chary, “Electron spin resonance and optical absorption spectra of Cu2+ ions in xNaI-(30 - x)Na2O¸70B2O3 glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids201(1-2), 95–101 (1996). [CrossRef]

[22] J. Lakshmana Rao, G. Sivaramaiah, and N. O. Gopal, “EPR and optical absorption spectral studies of Cu2+ ions doped in alkali lead tetraborate glasses,” Physica B349(1-4), 206–213 (2004). [CrossRef]

[23] B. Hua, Y. Shimotsuma, M. Nishi, K. Miura, and K. Hirao, “Micro-modification of metal-doped glasses by a femtosecond laser,” J. Laser Micro/Nanoeng 2(1), 36–39 (2007). [CrossRef]

[24] A. Bishay, “Radiation induced color centers in multicomponent glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids3(1), 54–114 (1970). [CrossRef]

[25] H. D. Schreiber, M. A. Stone, and A. M. Swink, “Novel red-blue dichroic glass containing copper nanocrystals,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids352(6-7), 534–538 (2006). [CrossRef]

[26] M. El Sherif, O. A. Bayoumi, and T. Z. N. Sokkar, “Prediction of absorbance from reflectance for an absorbing-scattering fabric,” Color Res. Appl.22(1), 32–39 (1997). [CrossRef]

[27] F. Gan and L. Xu, Photonic Glass (World Scientific, 2006).

[28] Y. Dai, G. Yu, M. He, H. Ma, X. Yan, and G. Ma, “High repetition rate femtosecond laser irradiation-induced elements redistribution in Ag-doped glass,” Appl. Phys. B 103(3), 663–667 (2011). [CrossRef]

[29] D. G. Papazoglou and S. Tzortzakis, “Physical mechanisms of fused silica restructuring and densification after femtosecond laser excitation [Invited],” Opt. Mater. Express1(4), 625–632 (2011). [CrossRef]

[30] L. Sudrie, A. Couairon, M. Franco, B. Lamouroux, B. Prade, S. Tzortzakis, and A. Mysyrowicz, “Femtosecond laser-induced damage and filamentary propagation in fused silica,” Phys. Rev. Lett.89(18), 186601 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[31] L. Sudrie, M. Franco, B. Prade, and A. Mysyrowicz, “Study of damage in fused silica induced by ultra-short IR laser pulses,” Opt. Commun.191(3-6), 333–339 (2001). [CrossRef]

[32] A. Mermillod-Blondin, J. Bonse, A. Rosenfeld, I. V. Hertel, Y. P. Meshcheryakov, N. M. Bulgakova, E. Audouard, and R. Stoian, “Dynamics of femtosecond laser induced voidlike structures in fused silica,” Appl. Phys. Lett.94(4), 041911 (2009). [CrossRef]

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Generation of copper nanoparticles induced by fs-laser irradiation in borosilicate glass