Wedge nanostructures for plasmonic nanofocusing

doi:10.1364/OE.20.016224

Wedge nanostructures for plasmonic nanofocusing

D. Garoli, P. Zilio, M. Natali, M. Carli, F. Enrichi, and F. Romanato »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 15, pp. 16224-16233 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.016224

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Abstract

We report numerical and experimental results on the optical response of transparent metal coated wedges arrays for plasmonic nanofocusing. Light normally impinging from the dielectric side is coupled to Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPPs) at the oblique metal-air interfaces. A dielectric phase shifter has been implemented in the structure in order to allow constructive interference of SPPs at the wedge apex. Finite Elements simulations were used to design the system. Focused Ion Beam (FIB) milling, chemical etching and replica molding were used for the fabrication. NSOM and Raman measurements demonstrate that plasmonic nanofocusing actually takes place in the structure.

OCIS Codes
(240.6680) Optics at surfaces : Surface plasmons
(220.4241) Optical design and fabrication : Nanostructure fabrication
(250.5403) Optoelectronics : Plasmonics

ToC Category:
Optics at Surfaces

History
Original Manuscript: April 30, 2012
Revised Manuscript: May 25, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: June 2, 2012
Published: July 2, 2012

Virtual Issues
Vol. 7, Iss. 9 Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics

Citation
D. Garoli, P. Zilio, M. Natali, M. Carli, F. Enrichi, and F. Romanato, "Wedge nanostructures for plasmonic nanofocusing," Opt. Express 20, 16224-16233 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/vjbo/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-15-16224

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References

D. K. Gramotnev and S. I. Bozhevolnyi, “Plasmonics beyond the diffraction limit,” Nat. Photonics4(2), 83–91 (2010). [CrossRef]
A. V. Kabashin, P. Evans, S. Pastkovsky, W. Hendren, G. A. Wurtz, R. Atkinson, R. Pollard, V. A. Podolskiy, and A. V. Zayats, “Plasmonic nanorod metamaterials for biosensing,” Nat. Mater.8(11), 867–871 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
G. Schider, J. R. Krenn, A. Hohenau, H. Ditlbacher, A. Leitner, F. R. Aussenegg, W. L. Schaich, I. Puscasu, B. Monacelli, and G. Boreman, “Plasmon dispersion relation of Au and Ag nanowires,” Phys. Rev. B68(15), 155427 (2003). [CrossRef]
E. Verhagen, M. Spasenović, A. Polman, and L. K. Kuipers, “Nanowire Plasmon Excitation by Adiabatic Mode Transformation,” Phys. Rev. Lett.102(20), 203904 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
K. Kato, A. Ono, W. Inami, and Y. Kawata, “Plasmonic nanofocusing using a metal-coated axicon prism,” Opt. Express18(13), 13580–13585 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
N. C. Lindquist, P. Nagpal, A. Lesuffleur, D. J. Norris, and S.-H. Oh, “Three-Dimensional Plasmonic Nanofocusing,” Nano Lett.10(4), 1369–1373 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
P. Nagpal, N. C. Lindquist, S.-H. Oh, and D. J. Norris, “Ultrasmooth Patterned Metals for Plasmonics and Metamaterials,” Science325(5940), 594–597 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Ohtsu, K. Kobayashi, T. Kawazoe, S. Sangu, and T. Yatsui, “Nanophotonics: design, fabrication, and operation of nanometric devices using optical near fields,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.8(4), 839–862 (2002). [CrossRef]
D. K. Gramotnev and K. C. Vernon, “Adiabatic nano-focusing of plasmons by sharp metallic wedges,” Appl. Phys. B86(1), 7–17 (2006). [CrossRef]
M. I. Stockman, “Nanofocusing of Optical Energy in Tapered Plasmonic Waveguides,” Phys. Rev. Lett.93(13), 137404 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. W. Vogel and D. K. Gramotnev, “Shape effects in tapered metal rods during adiabatic nanofocusing of plasmons,” J. Appl. Phys.107(4), 044303–044311 (2010). [CrossRef]
D. K. Gramotnev, M. W. Vogel, and M. I. Stockman, “Optimized nonadiabatic nanofocusing of plasmons by tapered metal rods,” J. Appl. Phys.104(3), 034311–034319 (2008). [CrossRef]
D. F. P. Pile, T. Ogawa, D. K. Gramotnev, T. Okamoto, M. Haraguchi, M. Fukui, and S. Matsuo, “Theoretical and experimental investigation of strongly localized plasmons on triangular metal wedges for subwavelength waveguiding,” Appl. Phys. Lett.87(6), 061106 (2005). [CrossRef]
A. Boltasseva, V. S. Volkov, R. B. Nielsen, E. Moreno, S. G. Rodrigo, and S. I. Bozhevolnyi, “Triangular metal wedges for subwavelength plasmon-polariton guiding at telecom wavelengths,” Opt. Express16(8), 5252–5260 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
F. De Angelis, R. P. Zaccaria, M. Francardi, C. Liberale, and E. Di Fabrizio, “Multi-scheme approach for efficient surface plasmon polariton generation in metallic conical tips on AFM-based cantilevers,” Opt. Express19(22), 22268–22279 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
D. O’Connor, M. McCurry, B. Lafferty, and A. V. Zayats, “Plasmonic waveguide as an efficient transducer for high-density data storage,” Appl. Phys. Lett.95(17), 171112 (2009). [CrossRef]
K. C. Vernon, D. K. Gramotnev, and D. F. Pile, “Adiabatic nanofocusing of plasmons by a sharp metal wedge on a dielectric substrate,” J. Appl. Phys.101(10), 104312 (2007). [CrossRef]
E. Verhagen, L. K. Kuipers, and A. Polman, “Plasmonic nanofocusing in a dielectric wedge,” Nano Lett.10(9), 3665–3669 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
H. Raether, Surface Plasmons (Springer-Verlag, 1988).
D. K. Gramotnev, “Adiabatic nanofocusing of plasmons by sharp metallic grooves: Geometrical optics approach,” J. Appl. Phys.98(10), 104302 (2005). [CrossRef]
D. F. P. Pile and D. K. Gramotnev, “Adiabatic and nonadiabatic nanofocusing of plasmons by tapered gap plasmon waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89(4), 041111 (2006). [CrossRef]
E. Moreno, S. G. Rodrigo, S. I. Bozhevolnyi, L. Martín-Moreno, and F. J. García-Vidal, “Guiding and Focusing of Electromagnetic Fields with Wedge Plasmon Polaritons,” Phys. Rev. Lett.100(2), 023901 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
W. Chen, D. C. Abeysinghe, R. L. Nelson, and Q. Zhan, “Experimental confirmation of miniature spiral plasmonic lens as a circular polarization analyzer,” Nano Lett.10(6), 2075–2079 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. Yamamoto and H. Watarai, “Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Dodecanethiol-Bound Silver Nanoparticles at the Liquid/Liquid Interface,” Langmuir22(15), 6562–6569 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Appl. Phys. B

D. K. Gramotnev and K. C. Vernon, “Adiabatic nano-focusing of plasmons by sharp metallic wedges,” Appl. Phys. B86(1), 7–17 (2006). [CrossRef]

Appl. Phys. Lett.

D. F. P. Pile, T. Ogawa, D. K. Gramotnev, T. Okamoto, M. Haraguchi, M. Fukui, and S. Matsuo, “Theoretical and experimental investigation of strongly localized plasmons on triangular metal wedges for subwavelength waveguiding,” Appl. Phys. Lett.87(6), 061106 (2005). [CrossRef]
D. O’Connor, M. McCurry, B. Lafferty, and A. V. Zayats, “Plasmonic waveguide as an efficient transducer for high-density data storage,” Appl. Phys. Lett.95(17), 171112 (2009). [CrossRef]
D. F. P. Pile and D. K. Gramotnev, “Adiabatic and nonadiabatic nanofocusing of plasmons by tapered gap plasmon waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89(4), 041111 (2006). [CrossRef]

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.

M. Ohtsu, K. Kobayashi, T. Kawazoe, S. Sangu, and T. Yatsui, “Nanophotonics: design, fabrication, and operation of nanometric devices using optical near fields,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.8(4), 839–862 (2002). [CrossRef]

J. Appl. Phys.

D. K. Gramotnev, “Adiabatic nanofocusing of plasmons by sharp metallic grooves: Geometrical optics approach,” J. Appl. Phys.98(10), 104302 (2005). [CrossRef]
K. C. Vernon, D. K. Gramotnev, and D. F. Pile, “Adiabatic nanofocusing of plasmons by a sharp metal wedge on a dielectric substrate,” J. Appl. Phys.101(10), 104312 (2007). [CrossRef]
M. W. Vogel and D. K. Gramotnev, “Shape effects in tapered metal rods during adiabatic nanofocusing of plasmons,” J. Appl. Phys.107(4), 044303–044311 (2010). [CrossRef]
D. K. Gramotnev, M. W. Vogel, and M. I. Stockman, “Optimized nonadiabatic nanofocusing of plasmons by tapered metal rods,” J. Appl. Phys.104(3), 034311–034319 (2008). [CrossRef]

Langmuir

S. Yamamoto and H. Watarai, “Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Dodecanethiol-Bound Silver Nanoparticles at the Liquid/Liquid Interface,” Langmuir22(15), 6562–6569 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Nano Lett.

W. Chen, D. C. Abeysinghe, R. L. Nelson, and Q. Zhan, “Experimental confirmation of miniature spiral plasmonic lens as a circular polarization analyzer,” Nano Lett.10(6), 2075–2079 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
E. Verhagen, L. K. Kuipers, and A. Polman, “Plasmonic nanofocusing in a dielectric wedge,” Nano Lett.10(9), 3665–3669 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
N. C. Lindquist, P. Nagpal, A. Lesuffleur, D. J. Norris, and S.-H. Oh, “Three-Dimensional Plasmonic Nanofocusing,” Nano Lett.10(4), 1369–1373 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Nat. Mater.

A. V. Kabashin, P. Evans, S. Pastkovsky, W. Hendren, G. A. Wurtz, R. Atkinson, R. Pollard, V. A. Podolskiy, and A. V. Zayats, “Plasmonic nanorod metamaterials for biosensing,” Nat. Mater.8(11), 867–871 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Nat. Photonics

D. K. Gramotnev and S. I. Bozhevolnyi, “Plasmonics beyond the diffraction limit,” Nat. Photonics4(2), 83–91 (2010). [CrossRef]

Opt. Express

Phys. Rev. B

G. Schider, J. R. Krenn, A. Hohenau, H. Ditlbacher, A. Leitner, F. R. Aussenegg, W. L. Schaich, I. Puscasu, B. Monacelli, and G. Boreman, “Plasmon dispersion relation of Au and Ag nanowires,” Phys. Rev. B68(15), 155427 (2003). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev. Lett.

E. Verhagen, M. Spasenović, A. Polman, and L. K. Kuipers, “Nanowire Plasmon Excitation by Adiabatic Mode Transformation,” Phys. Rev. Lett.102(20), 203904 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. I. Stockman, “Nanofocusing of Optical Energy in Tapered Plasmonic Waveguides,” Phys. Rev. Lett.93(13), 137404 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
E. Moreno, S. G. Rodrigo, S. I. Bozhevolnyi, L. Martín-Moreno, and F. J. García-Vidal, “Guiding and Focusing of Electromagnetic Fields with Wedge Plasmon Polaritons,” Phys. Rev. Lett.100(2), 023901 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Science

P. Nagpal, N. C. Lindquist, S.-H. Oh, and D. J. Norris, “Ultrasmooth Patterned Metals for Plasmonics and Metamaterials,” Science325(5940), 594–597 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Other

H. Raether, Surface Plasmons (Springer-Verlag, 1988).

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[1] D. K. Gramotnev and S. I. Bozhevolnyi, “Plasmonics beyond the diffraction limit,” Nat. Photonics4(2), 83–91 (2010). [CrossRef]

[2] A. V. Kabashin, P. Evans, S. Pastkovsky, W. Hendren, G. A. Wurtz, R. Atkinson, R. Pollard, V. A. Podolskiy, and A. V. Zayats, “Plasmonic nanorod metamaterials for biosensing,” Nat. Mater.8(11), 867–871 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[3] G. Schider, J. R. Krenn, A. Hohenau, H. Ditlbacher, A. Leitner, F. R. Aussenegg, W. L. Schaich, I. Puscasu, B. Monacelli, and G. Boreman, “Plasmon dispersion relation of Au and Ag nanowires,” Phys. Rev. B68(15), 155427 (2003). [CrossRef]

[4] E. Verhagen, M. Spasenović, A. Polman, and L. K. Kuipers, “Nanowire Plasmon Excitation by Adiabatic Mode Transformation,” Phys. Rev. Lett.102(20), 203904 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[5] K. Kato, A. Ono, W. Inami, and Y. Kawata, “Plasmonic nanofocusing using a metal-coated axicon prism,” Opt. Express18(13), 13580–13585 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[6] N. C. Lindquist, P. Nagpal, A. Lesuffleur, D. J. Norris, and S.-H. Oh, “Three-Dimensional Plasmonic Nanofocusing,” Nano Lett.10(4), 1369–1373 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[7] P. Nagpal, N. C. Lindquist, S.-H. Oh, and D. J. Norris, “Ultrasmooth Patterned Metals for Plasmonics and Metamaterials,” Science325(5940), 594–597 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[8] M. Ohtsu, K. Kobayashi, T. Kawazoe, S. Sangu, and T. Yatsui, “Nanophotonics: design, fabrication, and operation of nanometric devices using optical near fields,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.8(4), 839–862 (2002). [CrossRef]

[9] D. K. Gramotnev and K. C. Vernon, “Adiabatic nano-focusing of plasmons by sharp metallic wedges,” Appl. Phys. B86(1), 7–17 (2006). [CrossRef]

[10] M. I. Stockman, “Nanofocusing of Optical Energy in Tapered Plasmonic Waveguides,” Phys. Rev. Lett.93(13), 137404 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[11] M. W. Vogel and D. K. Gramotnev, “Shape effects in tapered metal rods during adiabatic nanofocusing of plasmons,” J. Appl. Phys.107(4), 044303–044311 (2010). [CrossRef]

[12] D. K. Gramotnev, M. W. Vogel, and M. I. Stockman, “Optimized nonadiabatic nanofocusing of plasmons by tapered metal rods,” J. Appl. Phys.104(3), 034311–034319 (2008). [CrossRef]

[13] D. F. P. Pile, T. Ogawa, D. K. Gramotnev, T. Okamoto, M. Haraguchi, M. Fukui, and S. Matsuo, “Theoretical and experimental investigation of strongly localized plasmons on triangular metal wedges for subwavelength waveguiding,” Appl. Phys. Lett.87(6), 061106 (2005). [CrossRef]

[14] A. Boltasseva, V. S. Volkov, R. B. Nielsen, E. Moreno, S. G. Rodrigo, and S. I. Bozhevolnyi, “Triangular metal wedges for subwavelength plasmon-polariton guiding at telecom wavelengths,” Opt. Express16(8), 5252–5260 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[15] F. De Angelis, R. P. Zaccaria, M. Francardi, C. Liberale, and E. Di Fabrizio, “Multi-scheme approach for efficient surface plasmon polariton generation in metallic conical tips on AFM-based cantilevers,” Opt. Express19(22), 22268–22279 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[16] D. O’Connor, M. McCurry, B. Lafferty, and A. V. Zayats, “Plasmonic waveguide as an efficient transducer for high-density data storage,” Appl. Phys. Lett.95(17), 171112 (2009). [CrossRef]

[17] K. C. Vernon, D. K. Gramotnev, and D. F. Pile, “Adiabatic nanofocusing of plasmons by a sharp metal wedge on a dielectric substrate,” J. Appl. Phys.101(10), 104312 (2007). [CrossRef]

[18] E. Verhagen, L. K. Kuipers, and A. Polman, “Plasmonic nanofocusing in a dielectric wedge,” Nano Lett.10(9), 3665–3669 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[19] H. Raether, Surface Plasmons (Springer-Verlag, 1988).

[20] D. K. Gramotnev, “Adiabatic nanofocusing of plasmons by sharp metallic grooves: Geometrical optics approach,” J. Appl. Phys.98(10), 104302 (2005). [CrossRef]

[21] D. F. P. Pile and D. K. Gramotnev, “Adiabatic and nonadiabatic nanofocusing of plasmons by tapered gap plasmon waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89(4), 041111 (2006). [CrossRef]

[22] E. Moreno, S. G. Rodrigo, S. I. Bozhevolnyi, L. Martín-Moreno, and F. J. García-Vidal, “Guiding and Focusing of Electromagnetic Fields with Wedge Plasmon Polaritons,” Phys. Rev. Lett.100(2), 023901 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[23] W. Chen, D. C. Abeysinghe, R. L. Nelson, and Q. Zhan, “Experimental confirmation of miniature spiral plasmonic lens as a circular polarization analyzer,” Nano Lett.10(6), 2075–2079 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[24] S. Yamamoto and H. Watarai, “Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Dodecanethiol-Bound Silver Nanoparticles at the Liquid/Liquid Interface,” Langmuir22(15), 6562–6569 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics

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Wedge nanostructures for plasmonic nanofocusing