Polarisation-resolved near-field mapping of a coupled gold nanowire array

doi:10.1364/OE.20.028409

Polarisation-resolved near-field mapping of a coupled gold nanowire array

Patrick Uebel, Markus A. Schmidt, Howard W. Lee, and Philip St.J. Russell »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 27, pp. 28409-28417 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.028409

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Abstract

We report direct observation of the 2D transverse near-field intensity and polarisation distribution of surface plasmon polaritons guided on metal nanowires. Quadrupolar modes are excited on an array of coupled nanowires arranged around the central glass core in a photonic crystal fibre, with lobes whose orientation depends on the polarisation state of the launched core light. The radial electric field is resolved using a polarization sensitive near-field probe in light-collection mode.

OCIS Codes
(230.7370) Optical devices : Waveguides
(240.6680) Optics at surfaces : Surface plasmons
(180.4243) Microscopy : Near-field microscopy
(060.5295) Fiber optics and optical communications : Photonic crystal fibers

ToC Category:
Optics at Surfaces

History
Original Manuscript: September 13, 2012
Revised Manuscript: November 5, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: November 6, 2012
Published: December 7, 2012

Virtual Issues
Vol. 8, Iss. 1 Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics

Citation
Patrick Uebel, Markus A. Schmidt, Howard W. Lee, and Philip St.J. Russell, "Polarisation-resolved near-field mapping of a coupled gold nanowire array," Opt. Express 20, 28409-28417 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/vjbo/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-27-28409

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References

H. Raether, Surface Plasmons on Smooth and Rough Surfaces and on Gratings 1st ed., (Springer, 1988).
S. A. Maier, Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications 1st ed., (Springer, 2007).
W. L. Barnes, A. Dereux, and T. W. Ebbesen, “Surface Plasmon subwavelength Optics,” Nature424(6950), 824–830 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
H. A. Atwater, “The Promise of Plasmonics,” Sci. Am.296(4), 56–62 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
D. K. Gramotnev and S. I. Bozhevolnyi, “Plasmonics beyond the Diffraction Limit,” Nat. Photonics4(2), 83–91 (2010). [CrossRef]
E. T. Arakawa, M. W. Williams, R. N. Hamm, and R. H. Ritchie, “Effect of Damping on Surface Plasmon Dispersion,” Phys. Rev. Lett.31(18), 1127–1129 (1973). [CrossRef]
E. Kretschmann and H. Raether, “Radiative Decay of non radiative Surface Plasmons excited by light,” Z. Naturforsch. A23, 2135–2136 (1968).
A. Otto, “Excitation of nonradiative Surface Plasma Waves in Silver by Method of frustrated total Reflection,” Z. Phys.216(4), 398–410 (1968). [CrossRef]
B. Hecht, H. Bielefeldt, L. Novotny, Y. Inouye, and D. W. Pohl, “Local Excitation, Scattering, and Interference of Surface Plasmons,” Phys. Rev. Lett.77(9), 1889–1892 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
H. Ditlbacher, A. Hohenau, D. Wagner, U. Kreibig, M. Rogers, F. Hofer, F. R. Aussenegg, and J. R. Krenn, “Silver Nanowires as Surface Plasmon Resonators,” Phys. Rev. Lett.95(25), 257403 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
L. Novotny and N. van Hulst, “Antennas for Light,” Nat. Photonics5(2), 83–90 (2011). [CrossRef]
R. A. Wahsheh, Z. L. Lu, and M. A. G. Abushagur, “Nanoplasmonic Couplers and Splitters,” Opt. Express17(21), 19033–19040 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
K. F. MacDonald, Z. L. Samson, M. I. Stockman, and N. I. Zheludev, “Ultrafast active Plasmonics,” Nat. Photonics3(1), 55–58 (2009). [CrossRef]
J. A. Dionne, K. Diest, L. A. Sweatlock, and H. A. Atwater, “PlasMOStor: A Metal-Oxide-Si Field Effect plasmonic Modulator,” Nano Lett.9(2), 897–902 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
V. A. Zenin, V. S. Volkov, Z. Han, S. I. Bozhevolnyi, E. Devaux, and T. W. Ebbesen, “Directional coupling in Channel Plasmon-Polariton Waveguides,” Opt. Express20(6), 6124–6134 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. Kriesch, J. Wen, D. Ploss, P. Banzer, and U. Peschel, “Probing nanoplasmonic Waveguides and Couplers with optical Antennas,” in CLEO/Europe and EQEC (Munich, 2011).
T. W. Ebbesen, C. Genet, and S. I. Bozhevolnyi, “Surface-Plasmon Circuitry,” Phys. Today61(5), 44–50 (2008). [CrossRef]
S. A. Maier, P. G. Kik, H. A. Atwater, S. Meltzer, E. Harel, B. E. Koel, and A. A. G. Requicha, “Local Detection of electromagnetic Energy Transport below the Diffraction Limit in metal nanoparticle Plasmon Waveguides,” Nat. Mater.2(4), 229–232 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Schnell, P. Alonso-Gonzalez, L. Arzubiaga, F. Casanova, L. E. Hueso, A. Chuvilin, and R. Hillenbrand, “Nanofocusing of mid-infrared Energy with tapered Transmission Lines,” Nat. Photonics5(5), 283–287 (2011). [CrossRef]
K. G. Lee, H. W. Kihm, J. E. Kihm, W. J. Choi, H. Kim, C. Ropers, D. J. Park, Y. C. Yoon, S. B. Choi, H. Woo, J. Kim, B. Lee, Q. H. Park, C. Lienau, and D. S. Kim, “Vector Field microscopic Imaging of Light,” Nat. Photonics1(1), 53–56 (2007). [CrossRef]
E. Verhagen, M. Spasenović, A. Polman, and L. K. Kuipers, “Nanowire Plasmon Excitation by adiabatic Mode Transformation,” Phys. Rev. Lett.102(20), 203904 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Schnell, A. Garcia-Etxarri, J. Alkorta, J. Aizpurua, and R. Hillenbrand, “Phase-resolved Mapping of the near-field Vector and Polarization State in Nanoscale Antenna Gaps,” Nano Lett.10(9), 3524–3528 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
R. Esteban, R. Vogelgesang, J. Dorfmüller, A. Dmitriev, C. Rockstuhl, C. Etrich, and K. Kern, “Direct near-field optical Imaging of higher Order plasmonic Resonances,” Nano Lett.8(10), 3155–3159 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. A. Schmidt and P. St. J. Russell, “Long-range spiralling surface plasmon Modes on metallic Nanowires,” Opt. Express16(18), 13617–13623 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
P. G. Etchegoin, E. C. Le Ru, and M. Meyer, “An analytic Model for the optical Properties of Gold,” J. Chem. Phys.125, 164705 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
I. H. Malitson, “Interspecimen Comparison of Refractive Index of fused Silica,” J. Opt. Soc. Am.55(10), 1205–1208 (1965). [CrossRef]
P. St. J. Russell, “Photonic Crystal Fibers,” Science299(5605), 358–362 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. C. Knight, “Photonic Crystal Fibres,” Nature424(6950), 847–851 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
H. W. Lee, M. A. Schmidt, R. F. Russell, N. Y. Joly, H. K. Tyagi, P. Uebel, and P. St. J. Russell, “Pressure-assisted melt-filling and optical Characterization of Au nano-wires in microstructured Fibers,” Opt. Express19(13), 12180–12189 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. W. Snyder and J. D. Love, Optical Waveguide Theory (Chapman and Hall, 1983).
http://www.witec.de/en/home/
P. Biagioni, D. Polli, M. Labardi, A. Pucci, G. Ruggeri, G. Cerullo, M. Finazzi, and L. Duo, “Unexpected Polarization Behavior at the Aperture of hollow-pyramid near-field Probes,” Appl. Phys. Lett.87(22), 223112 (2005). [CrossRef]

Appl. Phys. Lett.

P. Biagioni, D. Polli, M. Labardi, A. Pucci, G. Ruggeri, G. Cerullo, M. Finazzi, and L. Duo, “Unexpected Polarization Behavior at the Aperture of hollow-pyramid near-field Probes,” Appl. Phys. Lett.87(22), 223112 (2005). [CrossRef]

J. Chem. Phys.

P. G. Etchegoin, E. C. Le Ru, and M. Meyer, “An analytic Model for the optical Properties of Gold,” J. Chem. Phys.125, 164705 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

J. Opt. Soc. Am.

I. H. Malitson, “Interspecimen Comparison of Refractive Index of fused Silica,” J. Opt. Soc. Am.55(10), 1205–1208 (1965). [CrossRef]

Nano Lett.

M. Schnell, A. Garcia-Etxarri, J. Alkorta, J. Aizpurua, and R. Hillenbrand, “Phase-resolved Mapping of the near-field Vector and Polarization State in Nanoscale Antenna Gaps,” Nano Lett.10(9), 3524–3528 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
R. Esteban, R. Vogelgesang, J. Dorfmüller, A. Dmitriev, C. Rockstuhl, C. Etrich, and K. Kern, “Direct near-field optical Imaging of higher Order plasmonic Resonances,” Nano Lett.8(10), 3155–3159 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. A. Dionne, K. Diest, L. A. Sweatlock, and H. A. Atwater, “PlasMOStor: A Metal-Oxide-Si Field Effect plasmonic Modulator,” Nano Lett.9(2), 897–902 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Nat. Mater.

S. A. Maier, P. G. Kik, H. A. Atwater, S. Meltzer, E. Harel, B. E. Koel, and A. A. G. Requicha, “Local Detection of electromagnetic Energy Transport below the Diffraction Limit in metal nanoparticle Plasmon Waveguides,” Nat. Mater.2(4), 229–232 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Nat. Photonics

M. Schnell, P. Alonso-Gonzalez, L. Arzubiaga, F. Casanova, L. E. Hueso, A. Chuvilin, and R. Hillenbrand, “Nanofocusing of mid-infrared Energy with tapered Transmission Lines,” Nat. Photonics5(5), 283–287 (2011). [CrossRef]
K. G. Lee, H. W. Kihm, J. E. Kihm, W. J. Choi, H. Kim, C. Ropers, D. J. Park, Y. C. Yoon, S. B. Choi, H. Woo, J. Kim, B. Lee, Q. H. Park, C. Lienau, and D. S. Kim, “Vector Field microscopic Imaging of Light,” Nat. Photonics1(1), 53–56 (2007). [CrossRef]
K. F. MacDonald, Z. L. Samson, M. I. Stockman, and N. I. Zheludev, “Ultrafast active Plasmonics,” Nat. Photonics3(1), 55–58 (2009). [CrossRef]
L. Novotny and N. van Hulst, “Antennas for Light,” Nat. Photonics5(2), 83–90 (2011). [CrossRef]
D. K. Gramotnev and S. I. Bozhevolnyi, “Plasmonics beyond the Diffraction Limit,” Nat. Photonics4(2), 83–91 (2010). [CrossRef]

Nature

W. L. Barnes, A. Dereux, and T. W. Ebbesen, “Surface Plasmon subwavelength Optics,” Nature424(6950), 824–830 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. C. Knight, “Photonic Crystal Fibres,” Nature424(6950), 847–851 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Express

Phys. Rev. Lett.

B. Hecht, H. Bielefeldt, L. Novotny, Y. Inouye, and D. W. Pohl, “Local Excitation, Scattering, and Interference of Surface Plasmons,” Phys. Rev. Lett.77(9), 1889–1892 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
H. Ditlbacher, A. Hohenau, D. Wagner, U. Kreibig, M. Rogers, F. Hofer, F. R. Aussenegg, and J. R. Krenn, “Silver Nanowires as Surface Plasmon Resonators,” Phys. Rev. Lett.95(25), 257403 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
E. T. Arakawa, M. W. Williams, R. N. Hamm, and R. H. Ritchie, “Effect of Damping on Surface Plasmon Dispersion,” Phys. Rev. Lett.31(18), 1127–1129 (1973). [CrossRef]
E. Verhagen, M. Spasenović, A. Polman, and L. K. Kuipers, “Nanowire Plasmon Excitation by adiabatic Mode Transformation,” Phys. Rev. Lett.102(20), 203904 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Phys. Today

T. W. Ebbesen, C. Genet, and S. I. Bozhevolnyi, “Surface-Plasmon Circuitry,” Phys. Today61(5), 44–50 (2008). [CrossRef]

Sci. Am.

H. A. Atwater, “The Promise of Plasmonics,” Sci. Am.296(4), 56–62 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Science

P. St. J. Russell, “Photonic Crystal Fibers,” Science299(5605), 358–362 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Z. Naturforsch. A

E. Kretschmann and H. Raether, “Radiative Decay of non radiative Surface Plasmons excited by light,” Z. Naturforsch. A23, 2135–2136 (1968).

Z. Phys.

A. Otto, “Excitation of nonradiative Surface Plasma Waves in Silver by Method of frustrated total Reflection,” Z. Phys.216(4), 398–410 (1968). [CrossRef]

Other

H. Raether, Surface Plasmons on Smooth and Rough Surfaces and on Gratings 1st ed., (Springer, 1988).
S. A. Maier, Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications 1st ed., (Springer, 2007).
A. Kriesch, J. Wen, D. Ploss, P. Banzer, and U. Peschel, “Probing nanoplasmonic Waveguides and Couplers with optical Antennas,” in CLEO/Europe and EQEC (Munich, 2011).
A. W. Snyder and J. D. Love, Optical Waveguide Theory (Chapman and Hall, 1983).
http://www.witec.de/en/home/

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[1] H. Raether, Surface Plasmons on Smooth and Rough Surfaces and on Gratings 1st ed., (Springer, 1988).

[2] S. A. Maier, Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications 1st ed., (Springer, 2007).

[3] W. L. Barnes, A. Dereux, and T. W. Ebbesen, “Surface Plasmon subwavelength Optics,” Nature424(6950), 824–830 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[4] H. A. Atwater, “The Promise of Plasmonics,” Sci. Am.296(4), 56–62 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[5] D. K. Gramotnev and S. I. Bozhevolnyi, “Plasmonics beyond the Diffraction Limit,” Nat. Photonics4(2), 83–91 (2010). [CrossRef]

[6] E. T. Arakawa, M. W. Williams, R. N. Hamm, and R. H. Ritchie, “Effect of Damping on Surface Plasmon Dispersion,” Phys. Rev. Lett.31(18), 1127–1129 (1973). [CrossRef]

[7] E. Kretschmann and H. Raether, “Radiative Decay of non radiative Surface Plasmons excited by light,” Z. Naturforsch. A23, 2135–2136 (1968).

[8] A. Otto, “Excitation of nonradiative Surface Plasma Waves in Silver by Method of frustrated total Reflection,” Z. Phys.216(4), 398–410 (1968). [CrossRef]

[9] B. Hecht, H. Bielefeldt, L. Novotny, Y. Inouye, and D. W. Pohl, “Local Excitation, Scattering, and Interference of Surface Plasmons,” Phys. Rev. Lett.77(9), 1889–1892 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[10] H. Ditlbacher, A. Hohenau, D. Wagner, U. Kreibig, M. Rogers, F. Hofer, F. R. Aussenegg, and J. R. Krenn, “Silver Nanowires as Surface Plasmon Resonators,” Phys. Rev. Lett.95(25), 257403 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[11] L. Novotny and N. van Hulst, “Antennas for Light,” Nat. Photonics5(2), 83–90 (2011). [CrossRef]

[12] R. A. Wahsheh, Z. L. Lu, and M. A. G. Abushagur, “Nanoplasmonic Couplers and Splitters,” Opt. Express17(21), 19033–19040 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[13] K. F. MacDonald, Z. L. Samson, M. I. Stockman, and N. I. Zheludev, “Ultrafast active Plasmonics,” Nat. Photonics3(1), 55–58 (2009). [CrossRef]

[14] J. A. Dionne, K. Diest, L. A. Sweatlock, and H. A. Atwater, “PlasMOStor: A Metal-Oxide-Si Field Effect plasmonic Modulator,” Nano Lett.9(2), 897–902 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[15] V. A. Zenin, V. S. Volkov, Z. Han, S. I. Bozhevolnyi, E. Devaux, and T. W. Ebbesen, “Directional coupling in Channel Plasmon-Polariton Waveguides,” Opt. Express20(6), 6124–6134 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[16] A. Kriesch, J. Wen, D. Ploss, P. Banzer, and U. Peschel, “Probing nanoplasmonic Waveguides and Couplers with optical Antennas,” in CLEO/Europe and EQEC (Munich, 2011).

[17] T. W. Ebbesen, C. Genet, and S. I. Bozhevolnyi, “Surface-Plasmon Circuitry,” Phys. Today61(5), 44–50 (2008). [CrossRef]

[18] S. A. Maier, P. G. Kik, H. A. Atwater, S. Meltzer, E. Harel, B. E. Koel, and A. A. G. Requicha, “Local Detection of electromagnetic Energy Transport below the Diffraction Limit in metal nanoparticle Plasmon Waveguides,” Nat. Mater.2(4), 229–232 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[19] M. Schnell, P. Alonso-Gonzalez, L. Arzubiaga, F. Casanova, L. E. Hueso, A. Chuvilin, and R. Hillenbrand, “Nanofocusing of mid-infrared Energy with tapered Transmission Lines,” Nat. Photonics5(5), 283–287 (2011). [CrossRef]

[20] K. G. Lee, H. W. Kihm, J. E. Kihm, W. J. Choi, H. Kim, C. Ropers, D. J. Park, Y. C. Yoon, S. B. Choi, H. Woo, J. Kim, B. Lee, Q. H. Park, C. Lienau, and D. S. Kim, “Vector Field microscopic Imaging of Light,” Nat. Photonics1(1), 53–56 (2007). [CrossRef]

[21] E. Verhagen, M. Spasenović, A. Polman, and L. K. Kuipers, “Nanowire Plasmon Excitation by adiabatic Mode Transformation,” Phys. Rev. Lett.102(20), 203904 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[22] M. Schnell, A. Garcia-Etxarri, J. Alkorta, J. Aizpurua, and R. Hillenbrand, “Phase-resolved Mapping of the near-field Vector and Polarization State in Nanoscale Antenna Gaps,” Nano Lett.10(9), 3524–3528 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[23] R. Esteban, R. Vogelgesang, J. Dorfmüller, A. Dmitriev, C. Rockstuhl, C. Etrich, and K. Kern, “Direct near-field optical Imaging of higher Order plasmonic Resonances,” Nano Lett.8(10), 3155–3159 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[24] M. A. Schmidt and P. St. J. Russell, “Long-range spiralling surface plasmon Modes on metallic Nanowires,” Opt. Express16(18), 13617–13623 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[25] P. G. Etchegoin, E. C. Le Ru, and M. Meyer, “An analytic Model for the optical Properties of Gold,” J. Chem. Phys.125, 164705 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[26] I. H. Malitson, “Interspecimen Comparison of Refractive Index of fused Silica,” J. Opt. Soc. Am.55(10), 1205–1208 (1965). [CrossRef]

[27] P. St. J. Russell, “Photonic Crystal Fibers,” Science299(5605), 358–362 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[28] J. C. Knight, “Photonic Crystal Fibres,” Nature424(6950), 847–851 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[29] H. W. Lee, M. A. Schmidt, R. F. Russell, N. Y. Joly, H. K. Tyagi, P. Uebel, and P. St. J. Russell, “Pressure-assisted melt-filling and optical Characterization of Au nano-wires in microstructured Fibers,” Opt. Express19(13), 12180–12189 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[30] A. W. Snyder and J. D. Love, Optical Waveguide Theory (Chapman and Hall, 1983).

[31] http://www.witec.de/en/home/

[32] P. Biagioni, D. Polli, M. Labardi, A. Pucci, G. Ruggeri, G. Cerullo, M. Finazzi, and L. Duo, “Unexpected Polarization Behavior at the Aperture of hollow-pyramid near-field Probes,” Appl. Phys. Lett.87(22), 223112 (2005). [CrossRef]

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Polarisation-resolved near-field mapping of a coupled gold nanowire array