An automated chorio-scleral interface (CSI) detection algorithm based on polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) is presented. This algorithm employs a two-step scheme based on the phase retardation variation detected by PS-OCT. In the first step, a rough CSI segmentation is implemented to distinguish the choroid and sclera by using depth-oriented second derivative of the phase retardation. Second, the CSI is further finely defined as the intersection of lines fitted to the phase retardation in the choroid and sclera. This algorithm challenges the current back-scattering intensity based CSI segmentation approaches that are not fully based on anatomical and morphological evidence, and provides a rational segmentation method for the morphological investigation of the choroid. Applications of this algorithm are demonstrated on in vivo posterior images acquired by a PS-OCT system with 1-μm probe.

© 2012 OSA

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Am. J. Ophthalmol.

• L. M. Parver, C. Auker, and D. O. Carpenter, “Choroidal blood flow as a heat dissipating mechanism in the macula,” Am. J. Ophthalmol.89, 641–646 (1980). . [PubMed]
• R. F. Spaide, H. Koizumi, and M. C. Pozonni, “Enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography,” Am. J. Ophthalmol.146, 496–500 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• T. Fujiwara, Y. Imamura, R. Margolis, J. S. Slakter, and R. F. Spaide, “Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of the choroid in highly myopic eyes,” Am. J. Ophthalmol.148, 445–450 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• R. Margolis and R. F. Spaide, “A pilot study of enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of the choroid in normal eyes,” Am. J. Ophthalmol.147, 811–815 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• V. Manjunath, M. Taha, J. G. Fujimoto, and J. S. Duker, “Choroidal thickness in normal eyes measured using cirrus hd optical coherence tomography,” Am. J. Ophthalmol.150, 325–329.e1 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Arch. Ophthalmol.

• K. Polak, A. Luksch, F. Berisha, G. Fuchsjaeger-Mayrl, S. Dallinger, and L. Schmetterer, “Altered nitric oxide system in patients with Open-Angle glaucoma,” Arch. Ophthalmol.125, 494–498 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• M. Hee, J. Izatt, E. Swanson, D. Huang, J. Schuman, C. Lin, C. Puliafito, and J. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography of the human retina,” Arch. Ophthalmol.113, 325–332 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Archives of Ophthalmology

• J. A. Izatt, M. R. Hee, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, D. Huang, J. S. Schuman, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Micrometer-scale resolution imaging of the anterior eye in vivo with optical coherence tomography,” Archives of Ophthalmology112, 1584–1589 (1994). . [PubMed]

Biomed. Opt. Express

• V. Kajić, M. Esmaeelpour, B. Považay, D. Marshall, P. L. Rosin, and W. Drexler, “Automated choroidal segmentation of 1060 nm oct in healthy and pathologic eyes using a statistical model,” Biomed. Opt. Express3, 86–103 (2012). [CrossRef]
• Y. Lim, M. Yamanari, S. Fukuda, Y. Kaji, T. Kiuchi, M. Miura, T. Oshika, and Y. Yasuno, “Birefringence measurement of cornea and anterior segment by office-based polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography,” Biomed. Opt. Express2, 2392–2402 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Br. J. Ophthalmol.

• T. Kubota, J. B. Jonas, and G. O. Naumann, “Decreased choroidal thickness in eyes with secondary angle closure glaucoma. an aetiological factor for deep retinal changes in glaucoma?” Br. J. Ophthalmol.77, 430–432 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol.

• F. John V, “In vivo near-infrared fluorescence imaging,” Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol.7, 626–634 (2003). [CrossRef]

Invest. Ophth. Vis. Sci.

• J. W. Kiel and W. A. van Heuven, “Ocular perfusion pressure and choroidal blood flow in the rabbit.” Invest. Ophth. Vis. Sci.36, 579–585 (1995).
• R. A. Linsenmeier and L. Padnick-Silver, “Metabolic dependence of photoreceptors on the choroid in the normal and detached retina,” Invest. Ophth. Vis. Sci.41, 3117–3123 (2000).
• C. W. Spraul, G. E. Lang, and H. E. Grossniklaus, “Morphometric analysis of the choroid, bruch’s membrane, and retinal pigment epithelium in eyes with age-related macular degeneration.” Invest. Ophth. Vis. Sci.37, 2724–2735 (1996).
• D. M. de Bruin, D. L. Burnes, J. Loewenstein, Y. Chen, S. Chang, T. C. Chen, D. D. Esmaili, and J. F. de Boer, “In vivo three-dimensional imaging of neovascular age-related macular degeneration using optical frequency domain imaging at 1050 nm,” Invest. Ophth. Vis. Sci.49, 4545–4552 (2008). [CrossRef]
• V. J. Srinivasan, D. C. Adler, Y. Chen, I. Gorczynska, R. Huber, J. S. Duker, J. S. Schuman, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Ultrahigh-speed optical coherence tomography for three-dimensional and en face imaging of the retina and optic nerve head,” Invest. Ophth. Vis. Sci.49, 5103–5110 (2008). [CrossRef]
• Y. Yasuno, M. Miura, K. Kawana, S. Makita, M. Sato, F. Okamoto, M. Yamanari, T. Iwasaki, T. Yatagai, and T. Oshika, “Visualization of sub-retinal pigment epithelium morphologies of exudative macular diseases by high-penetration optical coherence tomography,” Invest. Ophth. Vis. Sci.50, 405–413 (2009). [CrossRef]
• M. Pircher, E. Götzinger, O. Findl, S. Michels, W. Geitzenauer, C. Leydolt, U. Schmidt-Erfurth, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “Human macula investigated in vivo with polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography,” Invest. Ophth. Vis. Sci.47, 5487–5494 (2006). [CrossRef]

J. Biomed. Opt.

• S. Jiao and L. V. Wang, “Jones-matrix imaging of biological tissues with quadruple-channel optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.7, 350–358 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• M. Yamanari, M. Miura, S. Makita, T. Yatagai, and Y. Yasuno, “Phase retardation measurement of retinal nerve fiber layer by polarization-sensitive spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and scanning laser polarimetry,” J. Biomed. Opt.13, 014013 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• Y. Yasuno, M. Yamanari, K. Kawana, M. Miura, S. Fukuda, S. Makita, S. Sakai, and T. Oshika, “Visibility of trabecular meshwork by standard and polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.15, 061705 (2010). [CrossRef]
• B. Považay, B. Hermann, A. Unterhuber, B. Hofer, H. Sattmann, F. Zeiler, J. E. Morgan, C. Falkner-Radler, C. Glittenberg, S. Blinder, and W. Drexler, “Three-dimensional optical coherence tomography at 1050Mm versus 800Mm in retinal pathologies: enhanced performance and choroidal penetration in cataract patients,” J. Biomed. Opt.12, 041211 (2007). [CrossRef]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B: Opt. Phys.

• M. Hee, D. Huang, E. Swanson, and J. Fujimoto, “Polarization-sensitive low-coherence reflectometer for birefringence characterization and ranging,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B: Opt. Phys.9, 903–908 (1992). [CrossRef]

Med. Eng. Phys.

• M. Baroni, P. Fortunato, and A. L. Torre, “Towards quantitative analysis of retinal features in optical coherence tomography,” Med. Eng. Phys.29, 432–441 (2007). [CrossRef]

Ophthalmology

• M. Destro and C. A. Puliafito, “Indocyanine green videoangiography of choroidal neovascularization,” Ophthalmology96, 846–853 (1989). . [PubMed]
• D. R. Guyer, L. A. Yannuzzi, J. S. Slakter, J. A. Sorenson, M. Hope-Ross, and D. R. Orlock, “Digital indocyanine-green videoangiography of occult choroidal neovascularization,” Ophthalmology101, 1727–1735; discussion 1735–1737 (1994). . [PubMed]
• D. Coleman, R. H. Silverman, A. Chabi, M. J. Rondeau, K. Shung, J. Cannata, and H. Lincoff, “High-resolution ultrasonic imaging of the posterior segment,” Ophthalmology111, 1344–1351 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Commun.

• A. Fercher, C. Hitzenberger, G. Kamp, and S. El-Zaiat, “Measurement of intraocular distances by backscattering spectral interferometry,” Opt. Commun.117, 43–48 (1995). [CrossRef]

Opt. Express

• R. Leitgeb, C. Hitzenberger, and A. Fercher, “Performance of fourier domain vs. time domain optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express11, 889–894 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• M. Choma, M. Sarunic, C. Yang, and J. Izatt, “Sensitivity advantage of swept source and fourier domain optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express11, 2183–2189 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• J. G. Fujimoto, W. Drexler, J. S. Schuman, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “Optical coherence tomography (OCT) in ophthalmology: Introduction,” Opt. Express17, 3978–3979 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• T. Klein, W. Wieser, C. M. Eigenwillig, B. R. Biedermann, and R. Huber, “Megahertz oct for ultrawide-field retinal imaging with a 1050nm fourier domain mode-locked laser,” Opt. Express19, 3044–3062 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• S. J. Chiu, X. T. Li, P. Nicholas, C. A. Toth, J. A. Izatt, and S. Farsiu, “Automatic segmentation of seven retinal layers in sdoct images congruent with expert manual segmentation,” Opt. Express18, 19413–19428 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• Y. Yasuno, Y. Hong, S. Makita, M. Yamanari, M. Akiba, M. Miura, and T. Yatagai, “In vivo high-contrast imaging of deep posterior eye by 1-um swept source optical coherence tomography and scattering optical coherence angiography,” Opt. Express15, 6121–6139 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• Q. Yang, C. A. Reisman, Z. Wang, Y. Fukuma, M. Hangai, N. Yoshimura, A. Tomidokoro, M. Araie, A. S. Raza, D. C. Hood, and K. Chan, “Automated layer segmentation of macular OCT images using dual-scale gradient information,” Opt. Express18, 21293–21307 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• S. Makita, Y. Hong, M. Yamanari, T. Yatagai, and Y. Yasuno, “Optical coherence angiography,” Opt. Express14, 7821–7840 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• G. Maguluri, M. Mujat, B. H. Park, K. H. Kim, W. Sun, N. V. Iftimia, R. D. Ferguson, D. X. Hammer, T. C. Chen, and J. F. de Boer, “Three dimensional tracking for volumetric spectral-domain optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express15, 16808–16817 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• M. Pircher, E. Götzinger, H. Sattmann, R. A. Leitgeb, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “In vivo investigation of human cone photoreceptors with slo/oct in combination with 3d motion correction on a cellular level,” Opt. Express18, 13935–13944 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• L. Duan, S. Makita, M. Yamanari, Y. Lim, and Y. Yasuno, “Monte-carlo-based phase retardation estimator for polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express19, 16330–16345 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• E. Götzinger, M. Pircher, W. Geitzenauer, C. Ahlers, B. Baumann, S. Michels, U. Schmidt-Erfurth, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “Retinal pigment epithelium segmentation by polarization sensitive optical coherencetomography,” Opt. Express16, 16410–16422 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• M. Yamanari, Y. Lim, S. Makita, and Y. Yasuno, “Visualization of phase retardation of deep posterior eye by polarization-sensitive swept-sourceoptical coherence tomography with1-μm probe,” Opt. Express17, 12385–12396 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• M. Yamanari, S. Makita, Y. Lim, and Y Yasuno, “Full-range polarization-sensitiveswept-source optical coher-encetomography by simultaneous transversaland spectral modulation,” Opt. Express18, 13964–13980 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• M. Yamanari, S. Makita, V. D. Madjarova, T. Yatagai, and Y. Yasuno, “Fiber-based polarization-sensitive fourier domain optical coherence tomography using b-scan-oriented polarization modulation method,” Opt. Express14, 6502–6515 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• M. Yamanari, S. Makita, and Y. Yasuno, “Polarization-sensitive swept-source optical coherence tomography with continuous source polarization modulation,” Opt. Express16, 5892–5906 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• S. Makita, M. Yamanari, and Y. Yasuno, “Generalized Jones matrix optical coherence tomography: performance and local birefringence imaging,” Opt. Express18, 854–876 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• E. Götzinger, M. Pircher, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “High speed spectral domain polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography of the human retina,” Opt. Express13, 10217–10229 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett.

• G. Yao and L. V. Wang, “Two-dimensional depth-resolved Mueller matrix characterization of biological tissue by optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett.24, 537–539 (1999). [CrossRef]
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