Abstract
Functional connections between billions of neurons in central and peripheral nervous
systems enable thousands of specialized functions, from sensory to motor activities. This has
created significant priorities in the scientific community to develop precise stimulation and
imaging tools for probing complex neural circuitry. We demonstrated a two-photon optogenetic
stimulation (TPOS) of excitable cells and brain slices using scanning near-infrared (NIR)
femtosecond laser beams five years ago. Since then, applications of this method for probing
neural circuitry have been growing.
© 2013 Optical Society of America
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