Periodic and quasi-periodic non-diffracting wave fields generated by superposition of multiple Bessel beams

doi:10.1364/OE.15.016748

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Periodic and quasi-periodic non-diffracting wave fields generated by superposition of multiple Bessel beams

Victor Arrizón, Sabino Chavez-Cerda, Ulises Ruiz, and Rosibel Carrada »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 15, Issue 25, pp. 16748-16753 (2007)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.15.016748

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▸ Article Outline
– Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Hologram defined in terms of the Jacobi-Anger identity
3. Computational implementation of under-sampled holograms
4. Experimental implementation of holograms
5. Concluding remarks
– References and links

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Abstract

We discuss a computer generated hologram whose transmittance is defined in terms of the Jacobi-Anger identity. If the hologram is implemented with a continuous phase spatial light modulator it generates integer-order non-diffracting Bessel beams, with a common asymptotic radial frequency, at separated propagation axes. On the other hand, when the hologram is implemented with a low-resolution pixelated phase modulator, it is possible to generate multiple Bessel beams with a common propagation axis. We employ this superposition of multiple Bessel beams to generate non-diffracting periodic and quasi-periodic wave fields.

1. Introduction

Non-diffracting Bessel beams have attracted the attention of Optics researchers through the last three decades due to their invariant properties and their applications [1

J. Durnin, “Exact solutions for non-diffracting beams. I. The scalar theory,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 4, 651–654 (1986). [CrossRef]

–6

R. P. Macdonal, S. A. Boothroyd, T. Okamoto, J. Chrostowoski, and B. A. Syrett, “Interboard optical data distribution by Bessel beam shadowing,” Opt. Commun. 122, 169–177 (1996). [CrossRef]

]. Classic techniques to synthesize Bessel beams are based on the use of axicons [7

J. H. McLeod, “The axicon: a new type of optical element,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 44,592–597 (1954). [CrossRef]

] and annular slits [8

J. Durnin, J. J. Miceli Jr., and J. H. Eberly, “Diffraction-free beams,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 1499–1501 (1987). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. Unfortunately, the use of these approaches restricts the order of the generated beams. In addition, the efficiency of the second approach is extremely low. A different method, based on the use of computer generated holograms (CGHs) [9

S. H. Tao, X-C Yuan, and B. S. Ahluwalia, “The generation of an array of nondiffracting beams by a single composite computer generated hologram,” J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 7, 40–46 (2005). [CrossRef]

–12

V. Arrizón, U. Ruiz, R. Carrada, and L. A. González, “Pixelated phase computer holograms for the accurate encoding of scalar complex fields,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 24, 3500–3507(2007). [CrossRef]

], allows the generation of arbitrary complex fields. A particular interesting task is the simultaneous generation of multiple non-diffracting beams. Obvious methods that perform this task are based on the sampling of an annular slit [13

Z. Bouchal and J. Courtial, “The connection of singular and nondiffracting optics” J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 6, S184–8, 2004. [CrossRef]

] and in the use of an array of microaxicons [14

R. Grunwald, U. Griebner, F. Tschirschwitz, E. T. J. Nibbering, T. Elsaesser, V. Kebbel, H-J Hartmann, and W. Jüptner, “Generation of femtosecond Bessel beams with microaxicon arrays” Opt. Lett. 25, 981–983, 2000. [CrossRef]

]. A different method, proposed by Kotlyar et al [15

V. V. Kotlyar, S. N. Khonina, and V. A. Soifer, “Light fields decomposition in angular harmonics by means of diffractive optics,” J. Mod. Opt. 45, 1495–1506 (1998). [CrossRef]

], employs an iterative algorithm to encode multiple diffraction-free Bessel beams into a single phase CGH. Another approach consists in the generation of multiple Bessel beams implementing an array of CGHs in a single spatial light modulator (SLM) [9

We discuss a special phase CGH, whose transmittance is analytically specified in terms of the Jacobi-Anger identity [16

G. N. Watson, A treatise on the theory of Bessel functions (Cambridge University Press, 1922), p. 22.

], which is useful for the optical generation of multiple non-diffracting Bessel beams. We firstly specify the hologram transmittance as a continuous phase function that enables the spatial separation of the different encoded beams. However, we focus our attention on the performance of the hologram when a low-resolution phase SLM is employed for its implementation. We show that certain under-sampled versions of the CGH, implemented with a pixelated SLM, allow the generation of multiple Bessel beams with a common asymptotic radial frequency propagating in a common axis. The spatial superposition of these multiple Bessel beams produces special types of non-diffracting, periodic and quasi-periodic wave fields.

2. Hologram defined in terms of the Jacobi-Anger identity

The complex amplitude of the q-th order non-diffracting Bessel beam can be expressed as

b_{q} (x, y) = J_{q} (2 π ρ_{0} r) \exp (iq θ),

(1)

where J_q denotes the Bessel function of integer order q, (r,θ) represent the radial and azimuthal polar coordinates, respectively, and ρ ₀ is the asymptotic radial frequency of the beam. The explicit dependence of the Bessel function b_q (x,y) on the rectangular coordinates (x,y), is obtained by means of the relations r=(x ²+y ²)^1/2 and θ=arctan(y/x). According to the Jacobi-Anger identity [16

G. N. Watson, A treatise on the theory of Bessel functions (Cambridge University Press, 1922), p. 22.

] the sum of all the non-diffracting Bessel beams is given by

\exp [i 2 π ρ_{0} r \sin (θ)] = \sum_{q = - \infty}^{\infty} b_{q} (x, y) .

(2)

At first sight the function at the left side of Eq. (2) can be interpreted as a phase hologram that encodes the complete set of non-diffracting Bessel beams, without modulation error. However, employing the coordinate conversion y=r sin(θ), this function is identified as the tilted plane wave exp[i2πρ₀y]. Therefore, the Bessel beams can not be physically isolated (by spatial frequency filtering) from the Fourier spectrum of this phase modulation, which is given by an off-axis Dirac delta.

A phase hologram that enables the generation and isolation of the Bessel beams is obtained by adding the linear carrier function 2π(u₀x+v₀y), with spatial frequencies (u₀ ,v₀ ), to the coordinate θ of the phase function in Eq. (2). Performing this modification, the hologram transmittance is transformed into

h (x, y) = \exp {i 2 π ρ_{0} r \sin [θ + 2 π (u_{0} x + v_{0} y)]} .

(3)

Considering the Jacobi-Anger identity again, the new hologram transmittance can be expressed by the Fourier series

h (x, y) = \sum_{q = - \infty}^{\infty} b_{q} (x, y) \exp [i 2 π (q u_{0} x + q v_{0} y)] .

(4)

For this hologram, the spatial separation of the encoded Bessel beam b_q (x,y) is enabled by the linear phase modulation exp[i2π(qu₀x+qv₀y)]. Indeed, the Fourier spectrum of the hologram h(x,y) is given by

H (u, v) = \sum_{q = - \infty}^{\infty} B_{q} (u - q u_{0}, v - q v_{0}),

(5)

where B_q (u,v) is the Fourier transform of the Bessel beam b_q (x,y), and (u,v) denote the spatial frequency coordinates, respectively associated to the spatial variables (x,y). Thus, the function in Eq. (3) represents a phase CGH that encodes the complete set of non-diffracting Bessel beams. The encoded beams occupy different regions at the hologram Fourier spectrum domain. Specifically, the spectrum of the q-th order beam is centered at the spatial frequencies (qu₀ ,qv₀ ). The Bessel beams encoded by the CGH can be spatially separated if at least one of the carrier frequencies (u₀ ,v₀ ) is greater than 2ρ₀.

The CGH presents the Fourier spectrum structure of Eq. (5) when it is implemented with a continuous phase SLM, or with a high resolution pixelated SLM. On the other hand, if the hologram transmittance h(x,y) is implemented with a low-resolution pixelated SLM, its Fourier spectrum is formed by laterally shifted replicas of the function H(u,v). If the CGH transmittance implemented with the pixelated SLM is under-sampled, these spectrum replicas show some degree of overlapping. We prove below that an extreme overlapping of the replicas of the spectrum function H(u,v), may be applied for the generation of multiple Bessel beams at a common propagation axis.

Let us assume that the CGH defined by Eq. (3), is implemented with a low-resolution pixelated phase SLM. For simplicity we consider that the SLM pixel pitch, δx, is the same in the horizontal and the vertical axes, and that the pixels are squares of width b. Under such conditions, the Fourier spectrum of the pixelated CGH is given by

H_{p} (u, v) = E (u, v) \sum_{n = - \infty}^{\infty} \sum_{m = - \infty}^{\infty} H (u - n Δ u, v - m Δ u),

(6)

where Δu=1/δx is the SLM bandwidth, H(u,v) is the Fourier spectrum of the continuous CGH, given by Eq. (5), and E(u,v)=b ² sinc(bu) sinc(bv) is the Fourier transform of the square pixel window. In the expression for E(u,v) we employed the definition sinc(α)≡(πα)^-1 sin(πα). A strong under-sampling of the CGH transmittance propitiates a significant overlapping among the different terms H(u-nΔu,v-mΔu) in the CGH spectrum. We can take advantage of this overlapping to obtain multiple Bessel beams propagating at a common axis. In particular, these beams are generated if the CGH carrier frequencies are given as u ₀=v ₀=Δu/Q, where Q is a positive integer (greater than 1). In this case it is straightforward to prove that the beams spectra B_p _+jQ(u,v), which are specified by two fixed integer indices p and Q and a variable index j, appear centered at the spatial frequency coordinates (pu₀ ,pu₀ ). The superposition of these spectra terms is expressed as

S_{pQ} (u, v) = E (u, v) \sum_{j = - \infty}^{\infty} B_{p + j Q} (u - p u_{0}, v - p u_{0}) .

(7)

The spectrum function S_pQ (u,v) can be spatially isolated, with an appropriate pupil, from other field contributions that are present at the CGH spectrum. Performing this spatial filtering and neglecting the influence of the factor E(u,v), one obtains the non-diffracting wave field

s_{pQ} (x, y) = \exp [i 2 π p u_{0} (x + y)] \sum_{j = - \infty}^{\infty} b_{p + jQ} (x, y),

(8)

by means of the Fourier transformation of the spectrum function S_pQ (u,v). The field s_pQ (x,y) generated with the above procedure is formed by the infinite set of non-diffracting Bessel beams of orders p+jQ. This set, which is characterized by the fixed integer indices p and Q, includes the beams of orders p, p±Q, p±2Q, and so on. Different sets of Bessel beams s_pQ (x,y), corresponding to different values of the index p, are generated by the CGH with carrier frequencies u ₀=v ₀=Δu/Q.

3. Computational implementation of under-sampled holograms

In a first numerical simulation, we specified a pixelated CGH with carrier frequencies u ₀=v ₀=Δu/Q, with Q=6, to encode Bessel beams of radial frequency ρ ₀=u ₀/4. In addition the CGH limiting aperture is assumed to be a circle of diameter D=6/ρ₀ . For this combination of parameters the diameter of the CGH support is equivalent to 144 pixels of the phase SLM. The phase distribution of the computed CGH, depicted in Fig. 1(a), shows a periodicity that is originated in a severe under-sampling of the CGH transmittance. The normalized intensity of the CGH Fourier spectrum is partially shown in Fig. 1(b). In this figure the separated arrays of spots correspond to 3 Fourier spectra S_p6 (u,v) with p=0, 1, 2 (from top-left to bottom-right). It is remarkable that each Fourier spectrum function S_p6 (u,v) is formed by 6 symmetrically arranged spots.

Fig. 1. (a) Phase distribution of a under-sampled CGH designed with carrier frequencies u ₀=v ₀=Δu/6, and (b) arrays of spots S_p6 (u,v), with p=0, 1, 2, in the CGH Fourier spectrum domain.

In other numerical simulations we obtained that, in general, the Fourier spectrum S_pQ (u,v) is formed by Q symmetric spots, placed at the corners of a regular polygon of Q sides. This fact is consequence of a general significant result, namely that the infinite series of Bessel beams in Eq. (8) is equivalent to the sum of Q plane waves. This equivalence is explicitly given by

\sum_{j = - \infty}^{\infty} b_{p + jQ} (x, y) = Q^{- 1} \sum_{m = 0}^{Q - 1} \exp (ipm Δ) \exp [i 2 π ρ_{0} r \sin (θ - m Δ)],

(9)

where Δ=2π/Q. A prove of this relation is obtained by developing and reducing the exponential at the right side of Eq. (9), by means of the Jacobi-Anger identity. The obtained formula represents an interesting generalization of the Jacobi-Anger identity. Indeed, it is straightforward to show that Eq. (9) reduces to Eq. (2) assuming Q=1 and p=0. It must be noted that the plane wave corresponding to the index m in Eq. (9) is modulated by a phase shift exp(ipmΔ). This phase shift provides a topological charge of order p to the array of spots in the spectrum function S_pQ (u,v).

Continuing with the simulation, the wave fields s₀₆ (x,y) and s₁₆ (x,y) are obtained performing the Fourier transformation of the hexagonal spectra spots arrays S₀₆ (u,v) and S₁₆ (u,v), respectively. Each one of these spectra functions is isolated by spatial filtering in the CGH Fourier domain. The computed intensities and phases of the wave fields s₀₆ (x,y) and s₁₆ (x,y) are shown in Fig. 2. The field s₀₆ (x,y), which corresponds to the sum of 6 plane waves without phase shifts [Eq. (9)], presents the binary phase of a real function [Fig. 2(b)]. On the other hand, the phase shifts for the 6 plane waves that form the field s₁₆ (x,y) increases monotonically with the plane wave index m. In this case a remarkable result is the field intensity distribution with the form of a honeycomb [Fig. 2(c)]. In addition, each cell of this array is centered at a perfect vortex of topological charge 1 [Fig. 2(d)], originated in the topological charge of the array of spots in the spectrum function S₁₆ (u,v). For the displayed phase of the field s₁₆ (x,y) we have omitted the linear phase factor exp[i2πu₀ (x+y)].

Fig. 2. (a) Intensity and (b) phase of the wavefield s₀₆(x,y) obtained from the CGH depicted in Fig. 1. The intensity and phase of the field s₁₆(x,y), generated with the same CGH, are respectively shown in (c), and (d).

Extending our numerical simulations we obtained that the periodic non-diffracting fields that can be generated with under-sampled CGHs correspond to the functions s_pQ (x,y), with indices Q=2, 3, 4, and 6. For other values of Q, the field s_pQ (x,y) presents a quasi-periodic structure.

4. Experimental implementation of holograms

In order to confirm the theory developed above we employed the reflective phase modulator SLM512, of Boulder Nonlinear Systems. The pixel count of this SLM is 512×512 and the pixel pitch is p=15µm. The phase modulation depth of 2π radians is obtained (with approximately 70 unequal steps) illuminating the SLM with a He-Ne laser beam (633 nm). We employed this SLM to implement the CGH described in the first numerical simulation presented in section 3, and experimentally generated the non-diffracting field s₁₆ (x,y). The phase distribution of this CGH was shown in Fig. 1(a). The experimentally recorded intensities of the Fourier spectrum S₁₆ (u,v), and its corresponding periodic field s₁₆ (x,y), are shown in Fig. 3. We also implemented other CGHs for generation of quasi-periodic nondiffracting fields s_1Q (x,y) with Q=5 and Q=12. The parameters that we employed for the second CGH [that generates s₁₅ (x,y)] are u ₀=v ₀=Δu/5, ρ ₀=u ₀/4, and D=12/ρ₀ (D is the CGH pupil diameter, equivalent to 240 SLM pixels). The case with Q=12 was implemented with parameters u ₀=v ₀=Δu/12, ρ₀ =u ₀/3, and D=14/ρ₀ . The intensities of these quasi-periodic fields, obtained experimentally, are shown in Fig. 4.

5. Concluding remarks

We have discussed a phase CGH, whose transmittance is defined in terms of the Jacobi-Anger identity, that simultaneously generates multiple Bessel beams with a common asymptotic radial frequency. This CGH, implemented with a continuous or with a high resolution pixelated SLM, generates Bessel beams of different orders at different propagation axes. A different result occurs when we implement a severely under-sampled version of the CGH transmittance, with a low-resolution SLM. If the carrier frequencies of this under-sampled CGH are u ₀=v ₀=Δu/Q, with an integer Q (greater than 1), then a collection of Bessel beams of orders p+jQ (characterized by the fixed integer numbers p and Q, and a variable integer number j), share the spatial frequency coordinates (pu ₀,pv ₀), at the CGH Fourier domain. The superposition of beams that share these frequency coordinates, denoted s_pQ (x,y), is equivalent to the sum of Q plane waves, whose spectrum spots appear at the corners of a regular polygon of Q-sides. This result, expressed in Eq. (9), represents a generalization of the Jacobi-Anger identity. These Q plane waves, numbered by the index m (with values from 0 to Q-1), are modulated by the phase factors exp(ipmΔ), with Δ=2π/Q, which represents a topological charge of order p.

Fig. 3. (a) Experimentally recorded intensity of the spectrum spots array S₁₆ (u,v) generated with the CGH displayed in Fig. 1, and (b) intensity of the generated field s₁₆ (x,y).

Fig. 4. (a) Experimentally recorded intensities of the quasi-periodic fields s_1Q (x,y), generated with CGHs designed with parameters (a) Q=5 and (b) Q=12.

The superposition of the infinite set of Bessel beams s_pQ (x,y), equivalent to the Q-plane waves specified above, generates special types of non-diffracting fields. We have established, in numerical simulations, that the non-diffracting fields s_pQ (x,y) are transversally periodic (when Q=2, 3, 4, and 6) or quasi-periodic (for other values of Q). This kind of fields can be used to create dynamic photonic lattices in nonlinear media [17

Z. Chen, H. Martin, A. Bezryadina, D. Neshev, Y. S. Kivshar, and D. N. Christodoulides, “Experiments on Gaussian beams and vortices in optically induced photonic lattices,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 22, 1395–1405 (2005). [CrossRef]

,18

A. S. Desyatnikov, Y. S. Kivshar, V. S. Shchesnovich, S. B. Cavalcanti, and J. M. Hickmann, “Resonant Zener tunneling in two-dimensional periodic photonic lattices,” Opt. Lett. 32, 325–327 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. Its possible application in free-space optical communications [19

G. Gibson, J. Courtial, M. Padgett, M. Vasnetsov, V. Pas’ko, S. Barnett, and S. Franke-Arnold, “Free-space information transfer using light beams carrying orbital angular momentum,” Opt. Express 12, 5448–5456 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

] also deserves future consideration.

The developed theory and the results in numerical simulations were experimentally supported by the implementation of CGHs for the generation of the periodic field s₁₆ (x,y), and the quasi-periodic fields s_1Q (x,y) with Q=5, 12. The experimentally generated fields (Figs. 3 and 4) reproduced with remarkable high fidelity the features of the numerically generated fields. This high fidelity is illustrated in the case of the field s₁₆ (x,y) by comparison of Fig. 2(c) with Fig. 3(b). The high fidelity of the generated fields is propitiated by a unique feature of the CGH, namely that the high order diffraction field contributions transmitted by this hologram, form part of the encoded fields. This is not the case of conventional CGHs, for which the high order diffraction contributions represent sources of noise.

Acknowledgment

This study was financially supported by CONACyT, México, under the Project 24430.

References and links

1.	J. Durnin, “Exact solutions for non-diffracting beams. I. The scalar theory,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 4, 651–654 (1986). [CrossRef]
2.	S. Chavez-Cerda. “A new approach to Bessel beams,” J. Mod. Opt. , 46, 923–930 (1999).
3.	J. Lu and J. F. Greenleaf, “Diffraction-limited beams and their applications for ultrasonic imaging and tissue characterization,” Proc. SPIE 1733, 92–119 (1992). [CrossRef]
4.	R. M. Herman and T. A. Wiggins, “Productions and uses of diffraction less beams,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 8, 932–942 (1999). [CrossRef]
5.	V. Garcés-Chávez, D. McGloin, H. Melville, W. Sibbett, and K. Dholakia, “Simultaneous micromanipulation in multiple planes using a self-reconstructing light beam,” Nature 419, 145–147 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
6.	R. P. Macdonal, S. A. Boothroyd, T. Okamoto, J. Chrostowoski, and B. A. Syrett, “Interboard optical data distribution by Bessel beam shadowing,” Opt. Commun. 122, 169–177 (1996). [CrossRef]
7.	J. H. McLeod, “The axicon: a new type of optical element,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 44,592–597 (1954). [CrossRef]
8.	J. Durnin, J. J. Miceli Jr., and J. H. Eberly, “Diffraction-free beams,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 1499–1501 (1987). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
9.	S. H. Tao, X-C Yuan, and B. S. Ahluwalia, “The generation of an array of nondiffracting beams by a single composite computer generated hologram,” J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 7, 40–46 (2005). [CrossRef]
10.	A. Vasara, J. Turunen, and A. T. Friberg, “Realization of general nondiffracting beams with computergenerated holograms,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 6, 1748–1754 (1989). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11.	V. Arrizón, “Optimum on-axis computer-generated hologram encoded into low-resolution phasemodulation devices,” Opt. Lett. 28, 2521–253 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12.	V. Arrizón, U. Ruiz, R. Carrada, and L. A. González, “Pixelated phase computer holograms for the accurate encoding of scalar complex fields,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 24, 3500–3507(2007). [CrossRef]
13.	Z. Bouchal and J. Courtial, “The connection of singular and nondiffracting optics” J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 6, S184–8, 2004. [CrossRef]
14.	R. Grunwald, U. Griebner, F. Tschirschwitz, E. T. J. Nibbering, T. Elsaesser, V. Kebbel, H-J Hartmann, and W. Jüptner, “Generation of femtosecond Bessel beams with microaxicon arrays” Opt. Lett. 25, 981–983, 2000. [CrossRef]
15.	V. V. Kotlyar, S. N. Khonina, and V. A. Soifer, “Light fields decomposition in angular harmonics by means of diffractive optics,” J. Mod. Opt. 45, 1495–1506 (1998). [CrossRef]
16.	G. N. Watson, A treatise on the theory of Bessel functions (Cambridge University Press, 1922), p. 22.
17.	Z. Chen, H. Martin, A. Bezryadina, D. Neshev, Y. S. Kivshar, and D. N. Christodoulides, “Experiments on Gaussian beams and vortices in optically induced photonic lattices,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 22, 1395–1405 (2005). [CrossRef]
18.	A. S. Desyatnikov, Y. S. Kivshar, V. S. Shchesnovich, S. B. Cavalcanti, and J. M. Hickmann, “Resonant Zener tunneling in two-dimensional periodic photonic lattices,” Opt. Lett. 32, 325–327 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
19.	G. Gibson, J. Courtial, M. Padgett, M. Vasnetsov, V. Pas’ko, S. Barnett, and S. Franke-Arnold, “Free-space information transfer using light beams carrying orbital angular momentum,” Opt. Express 12, 5448–5456 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

OCIS Codes
(070.0070) Fourier optics and signal processing : Fourier optics and signal processing
(090.1760) Holography : Computer holography
(230.6120) Optical devices : Spatial light modulators
(350.4855) Other areas of optics : Optical tweezers or optical manipulation
(080.4865) Geometric optics : Optical vortices

ToC Category:
Holography

History
Original Manuscript: October 9, 2007
Revised Manuscript: November 5, 2007
Manuscript Accepted: November 6, 2007
Published: December 3, 2007

Virtual Issues
Vol. 3, Iss. 1 Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics

Citation
Victor Arrizón, Sabino Chavez-Cerda, Ulises Ruiz, and Rosibel Carrada, "Periodic and quasi-periodic non-diffracting wave fields generated by superposition of multiple Bessel beams," Opt. Express 15, 16748-16753 (2007)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/vjbo/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-25-16748

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References

J. Durnin, " Exact solutions for nondiffracting beams. I. The scalar theory," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 4, 651-654 (1986). [CrossRef]
S. Chavez-Cerda. "A new approach to Bessel beams," J. Mod. Opt., 46, 923-930 (1999).
J. Lu and J. F. Greenleaf, "Diffraction-limited beams and their applications for ultrasonic imaging and tissue characterization," Proc. SPIE 1733, 92-119 (1992). [CrossRef]
R. M. Herman and T. A. Wiggins, "Productions and uses of diffraction less beams," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 8, 932- 942 (1999). [CrossRef]
V. Garcés-Chávez, D. McGloin, H. Melville, W. Sibbett, K. Dholakia, "Simultaneous micromanipulation in multiple planes using a self-reconstructing light beam," Nature 419, 145-147 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
R. P. Macdonal, S. A. Boothroyd, T. Okamoto, J. Chrostowoski, B. A. Syrett, "Interboard optical data distribution by Bessel beam shadowing," Opt. Commun. 122, 169-177 (1996). [CrossRef]
J. H. McLeod, "The axicon: a new type of optical element," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 44,592-597 (1954). [CrossRef]
J. Durnin, J. J. Miceli, Jr., J. H. Eberly, "Diffraction-free beams," Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 1499-1501 (1987). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. H. Tao, X-C Yuan, B. S. Ahluwalia, "The generation of an array of nondiffracting beams by a single composite computer generated hologram," J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 7,40-46 (2005). [CrossRef]
A. Vasara, J. Turunen, A. T. Friberg, "Realization of general nondiffracting beams with computer-generated holograms," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 6, 1748-1754 (1989). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
V. Arrizón, "Optimum on-axis computer-generated hologram encoded into low-resolution phase-modulation devices," Opt. Lett. 28, 2521-253 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
V. Arrizón, U. Ruiz, R. Carrada, and L. A. González, "Pixelated phase computer holograms for the accurate encoding of scalar complex fields," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 24, 3500-3507 (2007). [CrossRef]
Z. Bouchal, J. Courtial, "The connection of singular and nondiffracting optics" J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 6, S184-8, 2004. [CrossRef]
R. Grunwald, U. Griebner, F. Tschirschwitz, E. T. J. Nibbering, T. Elsaesser, V. Kebbel, H-J Hartmann, W. Jüptner, "Generation of femtosecond Bessel beams with microaxicon arrays" Opt. Lett. 25,981-983, 2000. [CrossRef]
V. V. Kotlyar, S. N. Khonina, V. A. Soifer, "Light fields decomposition in angular harmonics by means of diffractive optics," J. Mod. Opt. 45, 1495-1506 (1998). [CrossRef]
G. N. Watson, A treatise on the theory of Bessel functions (Cambridge University Press, 1922), p. 22.
Z. Chen, H. Martin, A. Bezryadina, D. Neshev, Y. S. Kivshar, D. N. Christodoulides, "Experiments on Gaussian beams and vortices in optically induced photonic lattices," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 22, 1395-1405 (2005). [CrossRef]
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